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Mechanics of the Household A Course of Study Devoted to Domestic Machinery and Household Mechanical Appliances

By E. S. (Edward Spencer) Keene

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Table of Contents

MECHANICS OF THE HOUSEHOLD
INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I THE STEAM HEATING PLANT
- Heat of Vaporization.
  - Steam Temperatures.
  - Gage Pressure—Absolute Pressure.
  - Two-pipe System.
  - Separate-return System.
  - Overhead or Drop System.
  - Water-filled Radiators.
  - Air Vents.
  - Automatic Air Vents.
  - Steam Radiator Valves.
- Steam Temperatures.
- Gage Pressure—Absolute Pressure.
- Two-pipe System.
- Separate-return System.
- Overhead or Drop System.
- Water-filled Radiators.
- Air Vents.
- Automatic Air Vents.
- Steam Radiator Valves.
- THE HOUSE-HEATING STEAM BOILER
  - Boiler Trimmings.
  - The Water Column.
  - The Steam Gage.
  - The Safety Valve.
  - The Draft Regulator.
- Boiler Trimmings.
- The Water Column.
- The Steam Gage.
- The Safety Valve.
- The Draft Regulator.
- RULE FOR PROPORTIONING RADIATORS
- PROPORTIONING THE SIZE OF MAINS
- FORMS OF RADIATORS
  - Radiator Finishings.
- Radiator Finishings.
- PIPE COVERINGS
  - Vapor-system Heating.
- Vapor-system Heating.
CHAPTER II THE HOT-WATER HEATING PLANT
- The Low-pressure Hot-water System.
  - The High-pressure Hot-water System.
  - Heating-plant Design.
  - Overhead System of Hot-water Heating.
  - Expansion Tanks.
  - Radiator Connection.
  - Hot-water Radiators.
  - Hot-water Radiator Valves.
  - Air Vents.
  - Automatic Hot-water Air Vents.
- The High-pressure Hot-water System.
- Heating-plant Design.
- Overhead System of Hot-water Heating.
- Expansion Tanks.
- Radiator Connection.
- Hot-water Radiators.
- Hot-water Radiator Valves.
- Air Vents.
- Automatic Hot-water Air Vents.
CHAPTER III THE HOT-AIR FURNACE
- CONSTRUCTION
  - Furnace-gas Leaks.
  - Location of the Furnace.
  - Flues.
  - Combination Hot-air and Hot-water Heater.
- Furnace-gas Leaks.
- Location of the Furnace.
- Flues.
- Combination Hot-air and Hot-water Heater.
CHAPTER IV TEMPERATURE REGULATION
- Hand Regulation.
  - Damper Regulator for Steam Boiler.
  - Damper Regulators for Hot-water Furnaces.
  - The Thermostat Motor.
  - Combined Thermostat and Damper Regulator.
  - Thermostat-motor Connections.
- Damper Regulator for Steam Boiler.
- Damper Regulators for Hot-water Furnaces.
- The Thermostat Motor.
- Combined Thermostat and Damper Regulator.
- Thermostat-motor Connections.
CHAPTER V MANAGEMENT OF HEATING PLANTS
- General Advice.
  - The Economy of Good Draft.
  - General Firing Rules.
  - Weather and Time of Day.
  - Night Firing.
  - First-day Firing.
  - Other-day Firing.
  - Economy and Fuels.
  - For Burning Soft Coal.
  - For Burning Coke.
  - Other Rules for Water Boilers
  - Air-vent Valves on Radiators.
  - Valves on Cellar Mains.
  - End of the Season.
  - Other Rules for Steam Boilers
  - To Control Radiators.
  - The Air Valves.
  - End of the Season.
- The Economy of Good Draft.
- General Firing Rules.
- Weather and Time of Day.
- Night Firing.
- First-day Firing.
- Other-day Firing.
- Economy and Fuels.
- For Burning Soft Coal.
- For Burning Coke.
- Other Rules for Water Boilers
- Air-vent Valves on Radiators.
- Valves on Cellar Mains.
- End of the Season.
- Other Rules for Steam Boilers
- To Control Radiators.
- The Air Valves.
- End of the Season.
- THE RIGHT CHIMNEY FLUE
  - “Smokey” Chimneys.
- “Smokey” Chimneys.
CHAPTER VI PLUMBING
- Water Supply.
- WATER COCKS
  - Bibb-cocks.
  - Self-closing Bibbs.
  - Lever-handle Bibbs.
  - Fuller Cocks.
  - Wash-tray Bibbs.
  - Basin Cocks.
  - Pantry Cocks.
  - Sill Cocks.
  - Valves.
  - Kitchen and Laundry Fixtures.
- Bibb-cocks.
- Self-closing Bibbs.
- Lever-handle Bibbs.
- Fuller Cocks.
- Wash-tray Bibbs.
- Basin Cocks.
- Pantry Cocks.
- Sill Cocks.
- Valves.
- Kitchen and Laundry Fixtures.
- THE BATHROOM
  - Bath Tubs.
  - Wash Stands and Lavatories.
  - Traps.
  - Back-venting.
  - Soil Pipe.
  - Water Closets.
  - Washdown Closets.
  - Siphon-jet Closet.
  - Flush Tanks.
  - Low-down Flush Tank.
  - Opening Stopped Pipes.
  - Sewer Gas.
- Bath Tubs.
- Wash Stands and Lavatories.
- Traps.
- Back-venting.
- Soil Pipe.
- Water Closets.
- Washdown Closets.
- Siphon-jet Closet.
- Flush Tanks.
- Low-down Flush Tank.
- Opening Stopped Pipes.
- Sewer Gas.
- RANGE BOILERS
  - The Water-back.
  - Excessive Pressure.
  - Blow-off Cock.
  - Location of Range Boiler.
  - Double Heater Connections.
  - Horizontal Range Boilers.
  - Tank Heaters.
  - Overheated Water.
  - Furnace Hot-water Heaters.
  - Instantaneous Heaters.
- The Water-back.
- Excessive Pressure.
- Blow-off Cock.
- Location of Range Boiler.
- Double Heater Connections.
- Horizontal Range Boilers.
- Tank Heaters.
- Overheated Water.
- Furnace Hot-water Heaters.
- Instantaneous Heaters.
CHAPTER VII WATER SUPPLY
- Water Analysis.
  - Pokegama Water.
  - River Water.
  - Artesian Water.
  - Medical Water.
  - Organic Matter.
  - Ammonia.
  - Hardness in Water.
  - Iron in Water.
  - Water Softening with Hydrated Silicates.
  - Chlorine.
  - Polluted Water.
  - Pollution of Wells.
  - Safe Distance in the Location of Wells.
  - Surface Pollution of Wells.
  - Water Table.
  - The Devining Rod.
  - Selection of a Type of Well.
  - Flowing Wells.
- Pokegama Water.
- River Water.
- Artesian Water.
- Medical Water.
- Organic Matter.
- Ammonia.
- Hardness in Water.
- Iron in Water.
- Water Softening with Hydrated Silicates.
- Chlorine.
- Polluted Water.
- Pollution of Wells.
- Safe Distance in the Location of Wells.
- Surface Pollution of Wells.
- Water Table.
- The Devining Rod.
- Selection of a Type of Well.
- Flowing Wells.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WELLS
  - Dug Wells.
  - Open Wells.
  - The Ideal Well.
  - Coverings of Concrete.
  - Artesian Wells.
  - Driven Wells.
  - Bored Wells.
  - Cleaning of Wells.
  - Gases in Wells.
  - Peculiarities of Wells.
  - Breathing Well.
  - Freezing Wells.
- Dug Wells.
- Open Wells.
- The Ideal Well.
- Coverings of Concrete.
- Artesian Wells.
- Driven Wells.
- Bored Wells.
- Cleaning of Wells.
- Gases in Wells.
- Peculiarities of Wells.
- Breathing Well.
- Freezing Wells.
- PUMPS
  - The Lift Pump.
  - The Force Pump.
  - Tank Pump.
- The Lift Pump.
- The Force Pump.
- Tank Pump.
- WELL PUMPS
  - Wooden Pump.
  - Pumps for Driven Wells.
  - Deep-well Pumps.
  - Tubular-well Cylinders.
  - Chain Pumps.
- Wooden Pump.
- Pumps for Driven Wells.
- Deep-well Pumps.
- Tubular-well Cylinders.
- Chain Pumps.
- RAIN-WATER CISTERNS
  - Filters.
- Filters.
- THE HYDRAULIC RAM
  - Single-acting Hydraulic Ram.
  - The Double-acting Hydraulic Ram.
- Single-acting Hydraulic Ram.
- The Double-acting Hydraulic Ram.
- DOMESTIC WATER-SUPPLY PLANTS
  - Gravity Water-supply Plant.
  - Pressure-tank System of Water Supply.
  - The Pressure Tank.
  - Power Water-supply Plants.
  - Electric Power Water Supply.
  - Wind-power Water Supply.
  - The Water Lift.
- Gravity Water-supply Plant.
- Pressure-tank System of Water Supply.
- The Pressure Tank.
- Power Water-supply Plants.
- Electric Power Water Supply.
- Wind-power Water Supply.
- The Water Lift.
CHAPTER VIII SEWAGE DISPOSAL
- The Septic Tank.
  - The Septic Tank With a Sand-bed Filter.
  - The Septic Tank and Anaerobic Filter.
  - Limit of Efficiency.
- The Septic Tank With a Sand-bed Filter.
- The Septic Tank and Anaerobic Filter.
- Limit of Efficiency.
CHAPTER IX COAL
- Anthracite or hard coal
  - Bituminous or soft coal
  - Oxidation of Hydrocarbons.
  - Semi-bituminous coal
  - Graphitic Anthracite.
  - Cannel Coal.
  - Lignite.
  - Peat.
  - Wood.
  - Charcoal.
  - Coke.
  - Gas-coke,
  - Briquettes.
  - Comparative Value of Coal to Other Fuels.
  - Price of Coal.
- Bituminous or soft coal
- Oxidation of Hydrocarbons.
- Semi-bituminous coal
- Graphitic Anthracite.
- Cannel Coal.
- Lignite.
- Peat.
- Wood.
- Charcoal.
- Coke.
- Gas-coke,
- Briquettes.
- Comparative Value of Coal to Other Fuels.
- Price of Coal.
CHAPTER X ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY
- Humidity of the Air.
  - Relative Humidity.
  - The Hygrometer.
  - The Hygrodeik.
  - Dial Hygrometers.
  - The Swiss Cottage “Barometer.”
  - Dew-point.
  - To Determine the Dew-point.
  - Frost Prediction.
  - Prevention of Frost.
  - Humidifying Apparatus.
- Relative Humidity.
- The Hygrometer.
- The Hygrodeik.
- Dial Hygrometers.
- The Swiss Cottage “Barometer.”
- Dew-point.
- To Determine the Dew-point.
- Frost Prediction.
- Prevention of Frost.
- Humidifying Apparatus.
CHAPTER XI VENTILATION
- Quantity of Air Discharged by a Flue.
  - Cost of Ventilation.
  - The Wolpert Air Tester.
  - Pneumatic Temperature Regulation.
  - Mechanical Ventilation.
  - The Plenum Method.
  - Ventilation Apparatus.
  - Air Conditioning.
  - Humidifying Plants.
  - Vaporization as a Cooling Agent.
  - Air-cooling Plants.
  - Humidity Control.
- Cost of Ventilation.
- The Wolpert Air Tester.
- Pneumatic Temperature Regulation.
- Mechanical Ventilation.
- The Plenum Method.
- Ventilation Apparatus.
- Air Conditioning.
- Humidifying Plants.
- Vaporization as a Cooling Agent.
- Air-cooling Plants.
- Humidity Control.
CHAPTER XII GASEOUS AND LIQUID FUELS
- Gaseous and Liquid Fuels.
  - Coal Gas.
  - All-oil Water Gas.
  - Pintsch Gas.
  - Blau Gas.
  - Water Gas.
  - Measurement of Gas.
  - Gas Meters.
- Coal Gas.
- All-oil Water Gas.
- Pintsch Gas.
- Blau Gas.
- Water Gas.
- Measurement of Gas.
- Gas Meters.
- HOW TO READ THE INDEX
  - Prepayment Meters.
  - Gas-service Rules.
  - Gas Ranges.
  - Lighting and Heating with Gasoline.
  - Gasoline
  - “Kerosene.
- Prepayment Meters.
- Gas-service Rules.
- Gas Ranges.
- Lighting and Heating with Gasoline.
- Gasoline
- “Kerosene.
- LIGHTING AND HEATING WITH GASOLINE
- THE COLD-PROCESS GAS MACHINE
- THE HOLLOW-WIRE SYSTEM OF GASOLINE LIGHTING AND HEATING
  - Mantle Gas Lamps.
  - Open-flame Gas Burners.
  - The Inverted-mantle Gasoline Lamp.
  - Portable Gasoline Lamps.
  - Central-generator Plants.
  - Central-generator Gas Lamps.
  - Boulevard Lamps.
  - Burners for gasoline stoves
  - Gasoline Sad Irons.
  - Alcohol Sad Irons.
  - Alcohol Table Stoves.
  - Danger from Gaseous and Liquid Fuels.
- Mantle Gas Lamps.
- Open-flame Gas Burners.
- The Inverted-mantle Gasoline Lamp.
- Portable Gasoline Lamps.
- Central-generator Plants.
- Central-generator Gas Lamps.
- Boulevard Lamps.
- Burners for gasoline stoves
- Gasoline Sad Irons.
- Alcohol Sad Irons.
- Alcohol Table Stoves.
- Danger from Gaseous and Liquid Fuels.
- ACETYLENE-GAS MACHINES
  - Types of Acetylene Generators.
  - Gas Lighters.
  - Acetylene Stoves.
- Types of Acetylene Generators.
- Gas Lighters.
- Acetylene Stoves.
CHAPTER XIII ELECTRICITY
- Incandescent Electric Lamps.
  - The Mazda Lamp.
  - Candlepower.
  - Lamp Labels.
  - Illumination.
  - The Foot-candle.
  - The Lumen.
  - Reflectors.
  - Choice of Reflector.
  - Lamp Transformers.
  - Units of Electrical Measurement.
  - Miniature Lamps.
  - Effect of Voltage Variations.
  - Turn-down Electric Lamps.
  - The Dim-a-lite.
  - Gas-filled Lamps.
  - Daylight Lamps.
  - Miniature Tungsten Lamps.
  - Flash Lights.
  - The Electric Flat-iron.
  - The Electric Toaster.
  - Motors.
  - Fuse Plugs.
  - Electric Heaters.
  - Intercommunicating Telephones.
  - Electric Signals.
  - Buzzers.
  - Burglar Alarms.
  - Annunciators.
  - Table Pushes.
  - Bell-ringing Transformers.
  - The Recording Wattmeter.
  - To Read the Meter.
- The Mazda Lamp.
- Candlepower.
- Lamp Labels.
- Illumination.
- The Foot-candle.
- The Lumen.
- Reflectors.
- Choice of Reflector.
- Lamp Transformers.
- Units of Electrical Measurement.
- Miniature Lamps.
- Effect of Voltage Variations.
- Turn-down Electric Lamps.
- The Dim-a-lite.
- Gas-filled Lamps.
- Daylight Lamps.
- Miniature Tungsten Lamps.
- Flash Lights.
- The Electric Flat-iron.
- The Electric Toaster.
- Motors.
- Fuse Plugs.
- Electric Heaters.
- Intercommunicating Telephones.
- Electric Signals.
- Buzzers.
- Burglar Alarms.
- Annunciators.
- Table Pushes.
- Bell-ringing Transformers.
- The Recording Wattmeter.
- To Read the Meter.
- EXAMPLES OF METER READINGS
  - State Regulation of Meter Service.
- State Regulation of Meter Service.
- PERIODIC TESTS
  - Electric Batteries.
  - Battery Formation.
  - Battery Testers.
  - Electric Conductors.
  - Lamp Cord.
  - Portable Cord.
  - Annunciator Wire.
  - Private Electric Generating Plants.
  - Storage Batteries.
  - The Pilot Cell.
  - National Electrical Code.
  - Electric Light Wiring.
  - Outlet Boxes.
  - Automatic Door Switch.
  - Plug Receptacles.
  - Heater Switch, Pilot and Receptacle.
  - Service Switch.
  - Local Switches.
  - Pilot Lights.
  - Wall and Ceiling Sockets.
  - Drop Lights.
- Electric Batteries.
- Battery Formation.
- Battery Testers.
- Electric Conductors.
- Lamp Cord.
- Portable Cord.
- Annunciator Wire.
- Private Electric Generating Plants.
- Storage Batteries.
- The Pilot Cell.
- National Electrical Code.
- Electric Light Wiring.
- Outlet Boxes.
- Automatic Door Switch.
- Plug Receptacles.
- Heater Switch, Pilot and Receptacle.
- Service Switch.
- Local Switches.
- Pilot Lights.
- Wall and Ceiling Sockets.
- Drop Lights.
INDEX
Transcriber's Note
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