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Seasoning of Wood

By J. B. (Joseph Bernard) Wagner

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Table of Contents

SEASONING OF WOOD
PREFACE
- CONTENTS
- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
SEASONING OF WOOD
- SECTION I
TIMBER
- Characteristics and Properties
  - Structure of Wood
  - Properties of Wood
  - Classes of Trees
- Structure of Wood
- Properties of Wood
- Classes of Trees
- SECTION II
CONIFEROUS TREES
- WOOD OF THE CONIFEROUS TREES
  - Bark and Pith
  - Sap and Heartwood
  - The Annual or Yearly Rings
  - Spring- and Summer-Wood
  - Anatomical Structure
- Bark and Pith
- Sap and Heartwood
- The Annual or Yearly Rings
- Spring- and Summer-Wood
- Anatomical Structure
- LIST OF IMPORTANT CONIFEROUS WOODS
  - CEDAR
  - (a) White Cedars
  - (b) Red Cedars
  - CYPRESS
  - FIR
  - HEMLOCK
  - LARCH or TAMARACK
  - PINE
  - (a) Soft Pines
  - (b) Hard Pines
  - REDWOOD (See Cedar)
  - SPRUCE
  - BASTARD SPRUCE
  - TAMARACK (See Larch)
  - YEW
- CEDAR
- (a) White Cedars
- (b) Red Cedars
- CYPRESS
- FIR
- HEMLOCK
- LARCH or TAMARACK
- PINE
- (a) Soft Pines
- (b) Hard Pines
- REDWOOD (See Cedar)
- SPRUCE
- BASTARD SPRUCE
- TAMARACK (See Larch)
- YEW
- SECTION III
BROAD-LEAVED TREES
- WOOD OF BROAD-LEAVED TREES
  - Minute Structure
- Minute Structure
- LIST OF MOST IMPORTANT BROAD-LEAVED TREES (HARDWOODS)
  - AILANTHUS
  - ASH
  - ASPEN (See Poplar)
  - BASSWOOD
  - BEECH
  - BIRCH
  - BLACK WALNUT (See Walnut)
  - BLUE BEECH
  - BOIS D'ARC (See Osage Orange)
  - BUCKEYE
  - BUCKTHORNE
  - BUTTERNUT
  - CATALPA
  - CHERRY
  - CHESTNUT
  - COFFEE TREE
  - COTTONWOOD (See Poplar)
  - CRAB APPLE
  - CUCUMBER TREE (See Magnolia)
  - DOGWOOD
  - ELM
  - GUM
  - Range of Red Gum
  - Form of the Red Gum
  - Tolerance of Red Gum
  - Demands upon Soil and Moisture
  - Reproduction of Red Gum
  - Second-Growth Red Gum
  - Uses of Tupelo Gum
  - Range of Tupelo Gum
  - HACKBERRY
  - HICKORY
  - HOLLY
  - HORSE CHESTNUT (See Buckeye)
  - IRONWOOD
  - LAUREL
  - LOCUST
  - MAGNOLIA
  - MAPLE
  - MULBERRY
  - MYRTLE (See Laurel)
  - OAK
  - OSAGE ORANGE
  - PAPAW
  - PERSIMMON
  - POPLAR (See also Tulip Wood)
  - RED GUM (See Gum)
  - SASSAFRAS
  - SOUR GUM (See Gum)
  - SOURWOOD
  - SWEET GUM (See Gum)
  - SYCAMORE
  - TULIP TREE
  - TUPELO (See Gum)
  - WAAHOO
  - WALNUT
  - WHITE WALNUT (See Butternut)
  - WHITE WOOD (See Tulip and also Basswood)
  - WHITE WILLOW
  - YELLOW WOOD
- AILANTHUS
- ASH
- ASPEN (See Poplar)
- BASSWOOD
- BEECH
- BIRCH
- BLACK WALNUT (See Walnut)
- BLUE BEECH
- BOIS D'ARC (See Osage Orange)
- BUCKEYE
- BUCKTHORNE
- BUTTERNUT
- CATALPA
- CHERRY
- CHESTNUT
- COFFEE TREE
- COTTONWOOD (See Poplar)
- CRAB APPLE
- CUCUMBER TREE (See Magnolia)
- DOGWOOD
- ELM
- GUM
- Range of Red Gum
- Form of the Red Gum
- Tolerance of Red Gum
- Demands upon Soil and Moisture
- Reproduction of Red Gum
- Second-Growth Red Gum
- Uses of Tupelo Gum
- Range of Tupelo Gum
- HACKBERRY
- HICKORY
- HOLLY
- HORSE CHESTNUT (See Buckeye)
- IRONWOOD
- LAUREL
- LOCUST
- MAGNOLIA
- MAPLE
- MULBERRY
- MYRTLE (See Laurel)
- OAK
- OSAGE ORANGE
- PAPAW
- PERSIMMON
- POPLAR (See also Tulip Wood)
- RED GUM (See Gum)
- SASSAFRAS
- SOUR GUM (See Gum)
- SOURWOOD
- SWEET GUM (See Gum)
- SYCAMORE
- TULIP TREE
- TUPELO (See Gum)
- WAAHOO
- WALNUT
- WHITE WALNUT (See Butternut)
- WHITE WOOD (See Tulip and also Basswood)
- WHITE WILLOW
- YELLOW WOOD
- SECTION IV
GRAIN, COLOR, ODOR, WEIGHT, AND FIGURE IN WOOD
- DIFFERENT GRAINS OF WOOD
  - COLOR AND ODOR OF WOOD
  - WEIGHT OF WOOD
  - "FIGURE" IN WOOD
- COLOR AND ODOR OF WOOD
- WEIGHT OF WOOD
- "FIGURE" IN WOOD
- SECTION V
ENEMIES OF WOOD
- Ambrosia or Timber Beetles
  - Round-headed Borers
  - Flat-headed Borers
  - Timber Worms
  - Powder Post Borers
  - Conditions Favorable for Insect Injury—Crude Products—Round Timber with Bark on
  - How to Prevent Injury
  - Saplings
  - Stave, Heading and Shingle Bolts
  - Unseasoned Products in the Rough
  - Seasoned Products in the Rough
  - Dry Cooperage Stock and Wooden Truss Hoops
  - Staves and Heads of Barrels containing Alcoholic Liquids
- Round-headed Borers
- Flat-headed Borers
- Timber Worms
- Powder Post Borers
- Conditions Favorable for Insect Injury—Crude Products—Round Timber with Bark on
- How to Prevent Injury
- Saplings
- Stave, Heading and Shingle Bolts
- Unseasoned Products in the Rough
- Seasoned Products in the Rough
- Dry Cooperage Stock and Wooden Truss Hoops
- Staves and Heads of Barrels containing Alcoholic Liquids
- SECTION VI
WATER IN WOOD
- DISTRIBUTION OF WATER IN WOOD
  - Local Distribution of Water in Wood
  - Seasonal Distribution of Water in Wood
  - Composition of Sap
  - Effects of Moisture on Wood
  - The Fibre Saturation Point in Wood
- Local Distribution of Water in Wood
- Seasonal Distribution of Water in Wood
- Composition of Sap
- Effects of Moisture on Wood
- The Fibre Saturation Point in Wood
- SECTION VII
WHAT SEASONING IS
- Difference between Seasoned and Unseasoned Wood
  - Manner of Evaporation of Water
  - Rapidity of Evaporation
  - Physical Properties that influence Drying
- Manner of Evaporation of Water
- Rapidity of Evaporation
- Physical Properties that influence Drying
- SECTION VIII
ADVANTAGES IN SEASONING
- Prevention of Checking and Splitting
  - Shrinkage of Wood
  - Expansion of Wood
  - Elimination of Stain and Mildew
- Shrinkage of Wood
- Expansion of Wood
- Elimination of Stain and Mildew
- SECTION IX
DIFFICULTIES OF DRYING WOOD
- Changes rendering Drying difficult
  - Losses Due to Improper Kiln-drying
  - Properties of Wood that affect Drying
  - Unsolved Problems in Kiln-drying
- Losses Due to Improper Kiln-drying
- Properties of Wood that affect Drying
- Unsolved Problems in Kiln-drying
- SECTION X
HOW WOOD IS SEASONED
- Methods of Drying
  - Drying at Atmospheric Pressure
  - Drying under Pressure and Vacuum
  - Drying by Superheated Steam
  - Impregnation Methods
  - Preliminary Treatments
  - Out-of-door Seasoning
- Drying at Atmospheric Pressure
- Drying under Pressure and Vacuum
- Drying by Superheated Steam
- Impregnation Methods
- Preliminary Treatments
- Out-of-door Seasoning
- SECTION XI
KILN-DRYING OF WOOD
- Advantages of Kiln-drying over Air-drying
  - Physical Conditions governing the Drying of Wood
  - Theory of Kiln-drying
  - Requirements in a Satisfactory Dry Kiln
  - Theory and Description of the Forestry Service Kiln
  - KILN-DRYING
  - Remarks
  - Underlying Principles
  - Objects of Kiln-drying
  - Conditions of Success
  - Different Treatment according to Kind
  - Temperature depends
  - Air Circulation
  - Humidity
  - Kiln-drying
  - Kiln-drying Gum
  - Kiln-drying of Green Red Gum
- Physical Conditions governing the Drying of Wood
- Theory of Kiln-drying
- Requirements in a Satisfactory Dry Kiln
- Theory and Description of the Forestry Service Kiln
- KILN-DRYING
- Remarks
- Underlying Principles
- Objects of Kiln-drying
- Conditions of Success
- Different Treatment according to Kind
- Temperature depends
- Air Circulation
- Humidity
- Kiln-drying
- Kiln-drying Gum
- Kiln-drying of Green Red Gum
- SECTION XII
TYPES OF DRY KILNS
- DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRY KILNS
  - The "Blower" or "Hot Blast" Kiln
  - Operation of the "Blower" Dry Kiln
  - The "Pipe" or "Moist-air" Dry Kiln
  - Operation of the "Moist-air" Dry Kiln
  - Choice of Drying Method
  - Kilns of Different Types
  - The "Progressive" Dry Kiln
  - The "Apartment" Dry Kiln
  - The "Pocket" Dry Kiln
  - The "Tower" Dry Kiln
  - The "Box" Dry Kiln
- The "Blower" or "Hot Blast" Kiln
- Operation of the "Blower" Dry Kiln
- The "Pipe" or "Moist-air" Dry Kiln
- Operation of the "Moist-air" Dry Kiln
- Choice of Drying Method
- Kilns of Different Types
- The "Progressive" Dry Kiln
- The "Apartment" Dry Kiln
- The "Pocket" Dry Kiln
- The "Tower" Dry Kiln
- The "Box" Dry Kiln
- SECTION XIII
DRY KILN SPECIALTIES
- KILN CARS AND METHOD OF LOADING
  - Different Types of Kiln Doors
- Different Types of Kiln Doors
- SECTION XIV
HELPFUL APPLIANCES IN KILN-DRYING
- The Humidity Diagram
  - Examples of Use
  - The Hygrodeik
  - The Recording Hygrometer
  - The Registering Hygrometer
  - The Recording Thermometer
  - The Registering Thermometer
  - The Recording Steam Gauge
  - The Troemroid Scalometer
  - Keep Records of the Moisture Content
  - The Electric Heater
- Examples of Use
- The Hygrodeik
- The Recording Hygrometer
- The Registering Hygrometer
- The Recording Thermometer
- The Registering Thermometer
- The Recording Steam Gauge
- The Troemroid Scalometer
- Keep Records of the Moisture Content
- The Electric Heater
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- GLOSSARY
- INDEX OF LATIN NAMES
- INDEX
  - Transcriber's Note
- Transcriber's Note

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