Seasoning of Wood
J. B. (Joseph Bernard) Wagner
Computers & Technology
Seasoning of Wood
Free
Description
Contents
Reviews
Language
English
ISBN
Unknown
SEASONING OF WOOD
PREFACE
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
SEASONING OF WOOD
SECTION I
TIMBER
Characteristics and Properties
Structure of Wood
Properties of Wood
Classes of Trees
Structure of Wood
Properties of Wood
Classes of Trees
SECTION II
CONIFEROUS TREES
WOOD OF THE CONIFEROUS TREES
Bark and Pith
Sap and Heartwood
The Annual or Yearly Rings
Spring- and Summer-Wood
Anatomical Structure
Bark and Pith
Sap and Heartwood
The Annual or Yearly Rings
Spring- and Summer-Wood
Anatomical Structure
LIST OF IMPORTANT CONIFEROUS WOODS
CEDAR
(a) White Cedars
(b) Red Cedars
CYPRESS
FIR
HEMLOCK
LARCH or TAMARACK
PINE
(a) Soft Pines
(b) Hard Pines
REDWOOD (See Cedar)
SPRUCE
BASTARD SPRUCE
TAMARACK (See Larch)
YEW
CEDAR
(a) White Cedars
(b) Red Cedars
CYPRESS
FIR
HEMLOCK
LARCH or TAMARACK
PINE
(a) Soft Pines
(b) Hard Pines
REDWOOD (See Cedar)
SPRUCE
BASTARD SPRUCE
TAMARACK (See Larch)
YEW
SECTION III
BROAD-LEAVED TREES
WOOD OF BROAD-LEAVED TREES
Minute Structure
Minute Structure
LIST OF MOST IMPORTANT BROAD-LEAVED TREES (HARDWOODS)
AILANTHUS
ASH
ASPEN (See Poplar)
BASSWOOD
BEECH
BIRCH
BLACK WALNUT (See Walnut)
BLUE BEECH
BOIS D'ARC (See Osage Orange)
BUCKEYE
BUCKTHORNE
BUTTERNUT
CATALPA
CHERRY
CHESTNUT
COFFEE TREE
COTTONWOOD (See Poplar)
CRAB APPLE
CUCUMBER TREE (See Magnolia)
DOGWOOD
ELM
GUM
Range of Red Gum
Form of the Red Gum
Tolerance of Red Gum
Demands upon Soil and Moisture
Reproduction of Red Gum
Second-Growth Red Gum
Uses of Tupelo Gum
Range of Tupelo Gum
HACKBERRY
HICKORY
HOLLY
HORSE CHESTNUT (See Buckeye)
IRONWOOD
LAUREL
LOCUST
MAGNOLIA
MAPLE
MULBERRY
MYRTLE (See Laurel)
OAK
OSAGE ORANGE
PAPAW
PERSIMMON
POPLAR (See also Tulip Wood)
RED GUM (See Gum)
SASSAFRAS
SOUR GUM (See Gum)
SOURWOOD
SWEET GUM (See Gum)
SYCAMORE
TULIP TREE
TUPELO (See Gum)
WAAHOO
WALNUT
WHITE WALNUT (See Butternut)
WHITE WOOD (See Tulip and also Basswood)
WHITE WILLOW
YELLOW WOOD
AILANTHUS
ASH
ASPEN (See Poplar)
BASSWOOD
BEECH
BIRCH
BLACK WALNUT (See Walnut)
BLUE BEECH
BOIS D'ARC (See Osage Orange)
BUCKEYE
BUCKTHORNE
BUTTERNUT
CATALPA
CHERRY
CHESTNUT
COFFEE TREE
COTTONWOOD (See Poplar)
CRAB APPLE
CUCUMBER TREE (See Magnolia)
DOGWOOD
ELM
GUM
Range of Red Gum
Form of the Red Gum
Tolerance of Red Gum
Demands upon Soil and Moisture
Reproduction of Red Gum
Second-Growth Red Gum
Uses of Tupelo Gum
Range of Tupelo Gum
HACKBERRY
HICKORY
HOLLY
HORSE CHESTNUT (See Buckeye)
IRONWOOD
LAUREL
LOCUST
MAGNOLIA
MAPLE
MULBERRY
MYRTLE (See Laurel)
OAK
OSAGE ORANGE
PAPAW
PERSIMMON
POPLAR (See also Tulip Wood)
RED GUM (See Gum)
SASSAFRAS
SOUR GUM (See Gum)
SOURWOOD
SWEET GUM (See Gum)
SYCAMORE
TULIP TREE
TUPELO (See Gum)
WAAHOO
WALNUT
WHITE WALNUT (See Butternut)
WHITE WOOD (See Tulip and also Basswood)
WHITE WILLOW
YELLOW WOOD
SECTION IV
GRAIN, COLOR, ODOR, WEIGHT, AND FIGURE IN WOOD
DIFFERENT GRAINS OF WOOD
COLOR AND ODOR OF WOOD
WEIGHT OF WOOD
"FIGURE" IN WOOD
COLOR AND ODOR OF WOOD
WEIGHT OF WOOD
"FIGURE" IN WOOD
SECTION V
ENEMIES OF WOOD
Ambrosia or Timber Beetles
Round-headed Borers
Flat-headed Borers
Timber Worms
Powder Post Borers
Conditions Favorable for Insect Injury—Crude Products—Round Timber with Bark on
How to Prevent Injury
Saplings
Stave, Heading and Shingle Bolts
Unseasoned Products in the Rough
Seasoned Products in the Rough
Dry Cooperage Stock and Wooden Truss Hoops
Staves and Heads of Barrels containing Alcoholic Liquids
Round-headed Borers
Flat-headed Borers
Timber Worms
Powder Post Borers
Conditions Favorable for Insect Injury—Crude Products—Round Timber with Bark on
How to Prevent Injury
Saplings
Stave, Heading and Shingle Bolts
Unseasoned Products in the Rough
Seasoned Products in the Rough
Dry Cooperage Stock and Wooden Truss Hoops
Staves and Heads of Barrels containing Alcoholic Liquids
SECTION VI
WATER IN WOOD
DISTRIBUTION OF WATER IN WOOD
Local Distribution of Water in Wood
Seasonal Distribution of Water in Wood
Composition of Sap
Effects of Moisture on Wood
The Fibre Saturation Point in Wood
Local Distribution of Water in Wood
Seasonal Distribution of Water in Wood
Composition of Sap
Effects of Moisture on Wood
The Fibre Saturation Point in Wood
SECTION VII
WHAT SEASONING IS
Difference between Seasoned and Unseasoned Wood
Manner of Evaporation of Water
Rapidity of Evaporation
Physical Properties that influence Drying
Manner of Evaporation of Water
Rapidity of Evaporation
Physical Properties that influence Drying
SECTION VIII
ADVANTAGES IN SEASONING
Prevention of Checking and Splitting
Shrinkage of Wood
Expansion of Wood
Elimination of Stain and Mildew
Shrinkage of Wood
Expansion of Wood
Elimination of Stain and Mildew
SECTION IX
DIFFICULTIES OF DRYING WOOD
Changes rendering Drying difficult
Losses Due to Improper Kiln-drying
Properties of Wood that affect Drying
Unsolved Problems in Kiln-drying
Losses Due to Improper Kiln-drying
Properties of Wood that affect Drying
Unsolved Problems in Kiln-drying
SECTION X
HOW WOOD IS SEASONED
Methods of Drying
Drying at Atmospheric Pressure
Drying under Pressure and Vacuum
Drying by Superheated Steam
Impregnation Methods
Preliminary Treatments
Out-of-door Seasoning
Drying at Atmospheric Pressure
Drying under Pressure and Vacuum
Drying by Superheated Steam
Impregnation Methods
Preliminary Treatments
Out-of-door Seasoning
SECTION XI
KILN-DRYING OF WOOD
Advantages of Kiln-drying over Air-drying
Physical Conditions governing the Drying of Wood
Theory of Kiln-drying
Requirements in a Satisfactory Dry Kiln
Theory and Description of the Forestry Service Kiln
KILN-DRYING
Remarks
Underlying Principles
Objects of Kiln-drying
Conditions of Success
Different Treatment according to Kind
Temperature depends
Air Circulation
Humidity
Kiln-drying
Kiln-drying Gum
Kiln-drying of Green Red Gum
Physical Conditions governing the Drying of Wood
Theory of Kiln-drying
Requirements in a Satisfactory Dry Kiln
Theory and Description of the Forestry Service Kiln
KILN-DRYING
Remarks
Underlying Principles
Objects of Kiln-drying
Conditions of Success
Different Treatment according to Kind
Temperature depends
Air Circulation
Humidity
Kiln-drying
Kiln-drying Gum
Kiln-drying of Green Red Gum
SECTION XII
TYPES OF DRY KILNS
DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRY KILNS
The "Blower" or "Hot Blast" Kiln
Operation of the "Blower" Dry Kiln
The "Pipe" or "Moist-air" Dry Kiln
Operation of the "Moist-air" Dry Kiln
Choice of Drying Method
Kilns of Different Types
The "Progressive" Dry Kiln
The "Apartment" Dry Kiln
The "Pocket" Dry Kiln
The "Tower" Dry Kiln
The "Box" Dry Kiln
The "Blower" or "Hot Blast" Kiln
Operation of the "Blower" Dry Kiln
The "Pipe" or "Moist-air" Dry Kiln
Operation of the "Moist-air" Dry Kiln
Choice of Drying Method
Kilns of Different Types
The "Progressive" Dry Kiln
The "Apartment" Dry Kiln
The "Pocket" Dry Kiln
The "Tower" Dry Kiln
The "Box" Dry Kiln
SECTION XIII
DRY KILN SPECIALTIES
KILN CARS AND METHOD OF LOADING
Different Types of Kiln Doors
Different Types of Kiln Doors
SECTION XIV
HELPFUL APPLIANCES IN KILN-DRYING
The Humidity Diagram
Examples of Use
The Hygrodeik
The Recording Hygrometer
The Registering Hygrometer
The Recording Thermometer
The Registering Thermometer
The Recording Steam Gauge
The Troemroid Scalometer
Keep Records of the Moisture Content
The Electric Heater
Examples of Use
The Hygrodeik
The Recording Hygrometer
The Registering Hygrometer
The Recording Thermometer
The Registering Thermometer
The Recording Steam Gauge
The Troemroid Scalometer
Keep Records of the Moisture Content
The Electric Heater
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GLOSSARY
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES
INDEX
Transcriber's Note
Transcriber's Note
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