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Prehistoric Men

By Robert J. (Robert John) Braidwood

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Table of Contents

Prehistoric Men
Preface
Preface to the Third Edition
Contents
HOW WE LEARN about Prehistoric Men
- SCIENTISTS WHO FIND OUT ABOUT PREHISTORIC MEN
- ARCHEOLOGISTS
- SOME OTHER SCIENTISTS
- HOW THE SCIENTISTS FIND OUT
- ARCHEOLOGICAL INFORMATION
- EVERYTHING BEGINS TO FIT TOGETHER
THE CHANGING WORLD in which Prehistoric Men Lived
- CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENT
- GLACIERS CHANGE THE WEATHER
- OTHER CHANGES
Prehistoric Men THEMSELVES
- DO WE KNOW WHERE MAN ORIGINATED?
- MEN AND APES
- BRAINS, HANDS, AND TOOLS
- WHEN SHALL WE CALL MEN MEN?
- THE EARLIEST MEN WE KNOW
- PEKING MEN AND SOME EARLY WESTERNERS
- WHAT HAPPENED TO JAVA AND PEKING MEN
- TWO ENGLISHMEN WHO WEREN’T OLD
- TYPICAL “CAVE MEN”
- OTHER MEN CONTEMPORARY WITH THE NEANDERTHALOIDS
- EARLY MODERN MEN
- THE FIRST MODERNS
- DIFFERENCES IN THE EARLY MODERNS
- WHAT THE DIFFERENCES MEAN
- SUMMARY OF PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF FOSSIL MEN
Cultural BEGINNINGS
- WHAT IS CULTURE?
- SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
- PREHISTORIC CULTURES
- WHY LITTLE HAS LASTED FROM EARLY TIMES
- “EOLITHS”
- THE ROAD TO STANDARDIZATION
- PEBBLE TOOLS
- CORE-BIFACE TOOLS
- FLAKE TOOLS
- CHOPPERS AND ADZE-LIKE TOOLS
- DIFFERENCES WITHIN THE TOOL-MAKING TRADITIONS
- THE MEANING OF THE DIFFERENT TRADITIONS
- AN OLDER INTERPRETATION OF THE WESTERN TRADITIONS
- TRADITIONS ARE TOOL-MAKING HABITS, NOT CULTURES
- LIFE IN EARLIEST TIMES
- WHAT THE PEKING CAVE-FINDS TELL US
MORE EVIDENCE of Culture
- THE CAVE LAYERS
- AN “INDUSTRY” DEFINED
- THE EARLIEST EUROPEAN CAVE LAYERS
- THE ACHEULEAN INDUSTRY
- FLAKE INDUSTRIES FROM THE CAVES
- THE LEVALLOISIAN AND MOUSTERIAN
- THE MIXING OF TRADITIONS
- OTHER SUGGESTIONS OF LIFE IN THE EARLY CAVE LAYERS
- TOOLS FROM AFRICA AND ASIA ABOUT 100,000 YEARS AGO
- CULTURE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE LAST GREAT GLACIAL PERIOD
EARLY MODERNS
- A NEW TRADITION APPEARS
- BLADE TOOLS
- THE EARLIEST BLADE TOOLS
- SPECIAL TYPES OF BLADE TOOLS
- OTHER KINDS OF TOOLS
- THE BEGINNING OF ART
- CAVE PAINTINGS
- LIFE AT THE END OF THE ICE AGE IN EUROPE
- MICROLITHS
- LATER BLADE-TOOL INDUSTRIES OF THE NEAR EAST AND AFRICA
- NETHER AFRICA
- THE FAR EAST
- THE NEW WORLD BECOMES INHABITED
- THE NEW ERA
End and PRELUDE
- CHANGES AT THE END OF THE ICE AGE
- THE READJUSTMENTS COMPLETED IN EUROPE
- SOUTH AND CENTRAL EUROPE PERHAPS AS READJUSTED AS THE NORTH
- HOW MUCH REAL CHANGE WAS THERE?
- CHANGES IN OTHER AREAS?
- REAL CHANGE AND PRELUDE IN THE NEAR EAST
- QUESTIONS ABOUT CAUSE
- PRECONDITIONS FOR THE REVOLUTION
- CULTURAL “RECEPTIVENESS” AND PROMISING ENVIRONMENTS
- AN OLD THEORY AS TO THE CAUSE OF THE REVOLUTION
- THE OLD THEORY TOO SIMPLE FOR THE FACTS
- ABOUT STAGES AND ERAS
- THE TWO EARLIEST ERAS OF THE FOOD-PRODUCING STAGE
- NUCLEAR AREAS
- THE NUCLEAR NEAR EAST
- THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE NUCLEAR NEAR EAST
- THE ERA OF INCIPIENT CULTIVATION AND ANIMAL DOMESTICATION
- INCIPIENT ERAS AND NUCLEAR AREAS
- ARCHEOLOGICAL DIFFICULTIES IN SEEING THE INCIPIENT ERA
- SITES WITH ANTIQUITIES OF THE INCIPIENT ERA
- THE NATUFIAN, AN ASSEMBLAGE OF THE INCIPIENT ERA
- NATUFIAN ANTIQUITIES IN OTHER MATERIALS; BURIALS AND PEOPLE
- THE KARIM SHAHIR ASSEMBLAGE
- WERE THE NATUFIAN AND KARIM SHAHIR PEOPLES FOOD-PRODUCERS?
- SUMMARY
THE First Revolution
- THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FOOD-COLLECTORS AND FOOD-PRODUCERS
- THE FOOD-PRODUCING ECONOMY
- WAS FOOD-PRODUCTION A “REVOLUTION”?
- GAPS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE NEAR EAST
- EARLIEST SITES OF THE VILLAGE FARMERS
- THE GAP BETWEEN KARIM SHAHIR AND JARMO
- JARMO, IN THE KURDISH HILLS, IRAQ
- ARCHITECTURE: HALL-MARK OF THE VILLAGE
- HASSUNA, IN UPPER MESOPOTAMIAN IRAQ
- OTHER EARLY VILLAGE SITES IN THE NUCLEAR AREA
- THE IRANIAN PLATEAU AND THE NILE VALLEY
- SPREAD IN TIME AND SPACE
- THE SPREAD OF THE VILLAGE-FARMING COMMUNITY WAY OF LIFE INTO EUROPE
- THE WAYS TO EUROPE
- THE EARLIEST FARMERS OF ENGLAND
- THE EUROPEAN ACHIEVEMENT
THE Conquest of Civilization
- WHAT “CIVILIZATION” MEANS
- CIVILIZATION IMPOSSIBLE WITHOUT FOOD-PRODUCTION
- WHY DIDN’T CIVILIZATION COME TO ALL FOOD-PRODUCERS?
- WHERE CIVILIZATION FIRST APPEARED IN THE NEAR EAST
- THE HILLY-FLANKS ZONE VERSUS THE RIVER LANDS
- THE RIVERS MUST BE CONTROLLED
- CONTROL OF THE RIVERS THE BUSINESS OF EVERYONE
- THE GERM OF CIVILIZATION IN EGYPT AND MESOPOTAMIA
- THE ARCHEOLOGICAL SEQUENCE TO CIVILIZATION IN IRAQ
- CLASSIC SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA FIRST OCCUPIED
- THE UBAIDIAN ACHIEVEMENT
- THE WARKA PHASE IN THE SOUTH
- THE DAWN OF CIVILIZATION
- ART AND WRITING
- FROM PREHISTORY TO HISTORY
End of PREHISTORY
- METAL USERS REACH ENGLAND
- MORE INVASIONS
- “THIS ENGLAND”
- CREMATION BURIALS BEGIN
- REVERBERATIONS FROM CENTRAL EUROPE
- THE COMING OF IRON
- HILL-FORTS AND FARMS
- THE SECOND PHASE
- THE THIRD PHASE
- THE END OF PREHISTORY
- BRITAIN AS A SAMPLE OF THE GENERAL COURSE OF PREHISTORY IN EUROPE
Summary
- THE DRAMA OF THE PAST
- THE SECOND ACT
- THE FIRST GREAT CLIMAX OF THE SECOND ACT
- THE THIRD ACT
- WHY BOTHER WITH PREHISTORY?
List of Books
- BOOKS OF GENERAL INTEREST
- GEOCHRONOLOGY AND THE ICE AGE
- FOSSIL MEN AND RACE
- GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY
- GENERAL PREHISTORY
- THE NEAR EAST
Index
Transcriber’s Note
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