Free

Prehistoric Men

By Robert J. (Robert John) Braidwood

Free

Read Now

Description Table of Contents Reviews

Book Description

Table of Contents

Prehistoric Men
Preface
Preface to the Third Edition
Contents
HOW WE LEARN about Prehistoric Men
- SCIENTISTS WHO FIND OUT ABOUT PREHISTORIC MEN
- ARCHEOLOGISTS
- SOME OTHER SCIENTISTS
- HOW THE SCIENTISTS FIND OUT
- ARCHEOLOGICAL INFORMATION
- EVERYTHING BEGINS TO FIT TOGETHER
THE CHANGING WORLD in which Prehistoric Men Lived
- CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENT
- GLACIERS CHANGE THE WEATHER
- OTHER CHANGES
Prehistoric Men THEMSELVES
- DO WE KNOW WHERE MAN ORIGINATED?
- MEN AND APES
- BRAINS, HANDS, AND TOOLS
- WHEN SHALL WE CALL MEN MEN?
- THE EARLIEST MEN WE KNOW
- PEKING MEN AND SOME EARLY WESTERNERS
- WHAT HAPPENED TO JAVA AND PEKING MEN
- TWO ENGLISHMEN WHO WEREN’T OLD
- TYPICAL “CAVE MEN”
- OTHER MEN CONTEMPORARY WITH THE NEANDERTHALOIDS
- EARLY MODERN MEN
- THE FIRST MODERNS
- DIFFERENCES IN THE EARLY MODERNS
- WHAT THE DIFFERENCES MEAN
- SUMMARY OF PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF FOSSIL MEN
Cultural BEGINNINGS
- WHAT IS CULTURE?
- SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
- PREHISTORIC CULTURES
- WHY LITTLE HAS LASTED FROM EARLY TIMES
- “EOLITHS”
- THE ROAD TO STANDARDIZATION
- PEBBLE TOOLS
- CORE-BIFACE TOOLS
- FLAKE TOOLS
- CHOPPERS AND ADZE-LIKE TOOLS
- DIFFERENCES WITHIN THE TOOL-MAKING TRADITIONS
- THE MEANING OF THE DIFFERENT TRADITIONS
- AN OLDER INTERPRETATION OF THE WESTERN TRADITIONS
- TRADITIONS ARE TOOL-MAKING HABITS, NOT CULTURES
- LIFE IN EARLIEST TIMES
- WHAT THE PEKING CAVE-FINDS TELL US
MORE EVIDENCE of Culture
- THE CAVE LAYERS
- AN “INDUSTRY” DEFINED
- THE EARLIEST EUROPEAN CAVE LAYERS
- THE ACHEULEAN INDUSTRY
- FLAKE INDUSTRIES FROM THE CAVES
- THE LEVALLOISIAN AND MOUSTERIAN
- THE MIXING OF TRADITIONS
- OTHER SUGGESTIONS OF LIFE IN THE EARLY CAVE LAYERS
- TOOLS FROM AFRICA AND ASIA ABOUT 100,000 YEARS AGO
- CULTURE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE LAST GREAT GLACIAL PERIOD
EARLY MODERNS
- A NEW TRADITION APPEARS
- BLADE TOOLS
- THE EARLIEST BLADE TOOLS
- SPECIAL TYPES OF BLADE TOOLS
- OTHER KINDS OF TOOLS
- THE BEGINNING OF ART
- CAVE PAINTINGS
- LIFE AT THE END OF THE ICE AGE IN EUROPE
- MICROLITHS
- LATER BLADE-TOOL INDUSTRIES OF THE NEAR EAST AND AFRICA
- NETHER AFRICA
- THE FAR EAST
- THE NEW WORLD BECOMES INHABITED
- THE NEW ERA
End and PRELUDE
- CHANGES AT THE END OF THE ICE AGE
- THE READJUSTMENTS COMPLETED IN EUROPE
- SOUTH AND CENTRAL EUROPE PERHAPS AS READJUSTED AS THE NORTH
- HOW MUCH REAL CHANGE WAS THERE?
- CHANGES IN OTHER AREAS?
- REAL CHANGE AND PRELUDE IN THE NEAR EAST
- QUESTIONS ABOUT CAUSE
- PRECONDITIONS FOR THE REVOLUTION
- CULTURAL “RECEPTIVENESS” AND PROMISING ENVIRONMENTS
- AN OLD THEORY AS TO THE CAUSE OF THE REVOLUTION
- THE OLD THEORY TOO SIMPLE FOR THE FACTS
- ABOUT STAGES AND ERAS
- THE TWO EARLIEST ERAS OF THE FOOD-PRODUCING STAGE
- NUCLEAR AREAS
- THE NUCLEAR NEAR EAST
- THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE NUCLEAR NEAR EAST
- THE ERA OF INCIPIENT CULTIVATION AND ANIMAL DOMESTICATION
- INCIPIENT ERAS AND NUCLEAR AREAS
- ARCHEOLOGICAL DIFFICULTIES IN SEEING THE INCIPIENT ERA
- SITES WITH ANTIQUITIES OF THE INCIPIENT ERA
- THE NATUFIAN, AN ASSEMBLAGE OF THE INCIPIENT ERA
- NATUFIAN ANTIQUITIES IN OTHER MATERIALS; BURIALS AND PEOPLE
- THE KARIM SHAHIR ASSEMBLAGE
- WERE THE NATUFIAN AND KARIM SHAHIR PEOPLES FOOD-PRODUCERS?
- SUMMARY
THE First Revolution
- THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FOOD-COLLECTORS AND FOOD-PRODUCERS
- THE FOOD-PRODUCING ECONOMY
- WAS FOOD-PRODUCTION A “REVOLUTION”?
- GAPS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE NEAR EAST
- EARLIEST SITES OF THE VILLAGE FARMERS
- THE GAP BETWEEN KARIM SHAHIR AND JARMO
- JARMO, IN THE KURDISH HILLS, IRAQ
- ARCHITECTURE: HALL-MARK OF THE VILLAGE
- HASSUNA, IN UPPER MESOPOTAMIAN IRAQ
- OTHER EARLY VILLAGE SITES IN THE NUCLEAR AREA
- THE IRANIAN PLATEAU AND THE NILE VALLEY
- SPREAD IN TIME AND SPACE
- THE SPREAD OF THE VILLAGE-FARMING COMMUNITY WAY OF LIFE INTO EUROPE
- THE WAYS TO EUROPE
- THE EARLIEST FARMERS OF ENGLAND
- THE EUROPEAN ACHIEVEMENT
THE Conquest of Civilization
- WHAT “CIVILIZATION” MEANS
- CIVILIZATION IMPOSSIBLE WITHOUT FOOD-PRODUCTION
- WHY DIDN’T CIVILIZATION COME TO ALL FOOD-PRODUCERS?
- WHERE CIVILIZATION FIRST APPEARED IN THE NEAR EAST
- THE HILLY-FLANKS ZONE VERSUS THE RIVER LANDS
- THE RIVERS MUST BE CONTROLLED
- CONTROL OF THE RIVERS THE BUSINESS OF EVERYONE
- THE GERM OF CIVILIZATION IN EGYPT AND MESOPOTAMIA
- THE ARCHEOLOGICAL SEQUENCE TO CIVILIZATION IN IRAQ
- CLASSIC SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA FIRST OCCUPIED
- THE UBAIDIAN ACHIEVEMENT
- THE WARKA PHASE IN THE SOUTH
- THE DAWN OF CIVILIZATION
- ART AND WRITING
- FROM PREHISTORY TO HISTORY
End of PREHISTORY
- METAL USERS REACH ENGLAND
- MORE INVASIONS
- “THIS ENGLAND”
- CREMATION BURIALS BEGIN
- REVERBERATIONS FROM CENTRAL EUROPE
- THE COMING OF IRON
- HILL-FORTS AND FARMS
- THE SECOND PHASE
- THE THIRD PHASE
- THE END OF PREHISTORY
- BRITAIN AS A SAMPLE OF THE GENERAL COURSE OF PREHISTORY IN EUROPE
Summary
- THE DRAMA OF THE PAST
- THE SECOND ACT
- THE FIRST GREAT CLIMAX OF THE SECOND ACT
- THE THIRD ACT
- WHY BOTHER WITH PREHISTORY?
List of Books
- BOOKS OF GENERAL INTEREST
- GEOCHRONOLOGY AND THE ICE AGE
- FOSSIL MEN AND RACE
- GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY
- GENERAL PREHISTORY
- THE NEAR EAST
Index
Transcriber’s Note
START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
- Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
- Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
- Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
- Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
- Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.