Initiative in Evolution
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INITIATIVE IN EVOLUTION
PREFACE.
CONTENTS.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
CHAPTER I. FROM KNOWN TO UNKNOWN
The Historian a Biologist.
Darwin.
Geology.
Anthropology.
The Sources of Rivers.
Genealogy.
Detection of a Crime.
A Parable.
The Forward Way.
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF THE POSITION
Three Blows to Darwin.
Bateson.
Two Parables.
Weismann.
Weismann’s Twelve Points.
Lighthouse Value.
Romanes on Weismann.
Germinal Selection.
Authority.
CHAPTER III. THE PROBLEMS PRESENTED.
Two Questions.
What the Problems are not.
The Problems Considered.
Correlation.
CHAPTER IV. INITIAL VARIATIONS AND TOTAL EXPERIENCE.
Total Experience.
Discontinuous Environments.
Mould and Sieve.
CHAPTER V. METHOD OF PROOF.
Thesis.
Procedure.
CHAPTER VI. EVIDENCE FROM ARRANGEMENT OF HAIR.
Ex Uno Disce Omnes.
Steps of the Inquiry.
How the Hair is Arranged on the Forearm.
The Dynamics of Hair-Pattern.
From Lemur to Ape.
From Ape to Man.
CHAPTER VII. THE EVOLUTION OF PATTERNS OF HAIR.
The Side of the Horse’s Neck.
The Normal Arrangement of Hair.
Fourteen Varieties.
CHAPTER VIII. CAN MUSCULAR ACTION CHANGE THE DIRECTION OF HAIR IN THE INDIVIDUAL?
Hairs of Human Eyebrows.
Evidence from Artists.
Eyebrows Interpreted by Wrinkles.
Some Examples.
A Conflict of Forces.
A Side-Issue.
CHAPTER IX. HABITS AND HAIR OF UNGULATES.
Horses.
Lessons from the Domestic Horse.
Some Habits of the Horse.
The Domestic Ass and Mule.
Horse and Zebra Compared.
CHAPTER X. HABITS AND HAIR OF UNGULATES.
Oxen.
Oxen.
A Cow’s Habits.
Light Occupations of the Cow.
CHAPTER XI. HABITS AND HAIR OF CARNIVORES.
Cats.
Lion.
Snout of the Cats
Lion’s Neck.
Lion’s Back.
CHAPTER XII. HABITS AND HAIR OF CARNIVORES.
Dogs.
Some of the Dog’s Habits.
Lying Attitude.
CHAPTER XIII. HABITS AND HAIR OF PRIMATES.
Hair and Habits of Man.
Hair of the Back of Man.
Passive Habits.
Hair of the Chest.
Interpretation of Records.
Struggles of the Platysma.
CHAPTER XIV. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
The Giraffe.
Habits.
Hair Patterns.
Bongo—Tragelaphus euryceros.
Kiang—Thibetan Wild Ass.
Llama—L.
The Parti-coloured Bear—Æluropus Melanoleucus.
Two-Toed Sloth—Cholæpus didactylus.
CHAPTER XV. EXPERIMENTAL.
Progress of Inquiry.
The Nature of Experiment.
Experiments for the Present Purpose.
Undesigned Experiments.
Harness on Horses.
Examples of the Effects of Pressure.
The Selected Example—Ventral Surface of Horse’s Neck.
The Normal Arrangement on the Ventral Surface of the Horse’s Neck.
Cart Horses.
Analogy.
Effects of Pressure by Harness.
The Proof of Transmission of Pattern.
Objections.
CHAPTER XVI. FIRST SUMMARY.
Causation.
To Some Critics.
CHAPTER XVII. VARIETIES OF EPIDERMIS.
Stimuli and Response.
Skin of Palm and Sole.
Some Chosen Examples of Palms and Soles.
Examples of Ridge-covered Palms and Soles.
Primates.
Palm and Sole of Man.
CHAPTER XVIII. ARRANGEMENT OF THE PAPILLARY RIDGES.
The Hand of Man.
Reasons for Arrangement Observed.
Foot of Man.
Lower Animals.
Some Undesigned Experiments in Ridges.
Direction of Ridges.
CHAPTER XIX. FLEXURES OF THE PALM AND SOLE.
Description of Flexures.
Chief Types.
Meaning.
CHAPTER XX. THE EVOLUTION OF A BURSA.
Bursæ Described.
Human Bursæ Enumerated.
Examination of Two Still-born Children.
Examination of Living Primates.
Dead Specimens.
Further Undesigned Experiments.
The Significance of the Proceeding.
CHAPTER XXI. THE PLANTAR ARCH.
A Crumbling Arch.
Non-Arboreal Man.
How the Arch was Built.
An Unique Phenomenon.
Equipment.
Description of the Arch.
CHAPTER XXII. MUSCLES.
Anatomists’ Views of Muscles.
Initiative in Muscles.
Cross-Roads in Evolution.
New Muscles.
Unstriped Muscles.
A Remarkable Example.
Facial Muscles of Expression.
Three Stages.
The Fly-shaker Muscle.
Other Muscles.
Muscles of Primates.
Hand and Foot of Man.
Peroneus Tertius.
CHAPTER XXIII. INNERVATION OF THE HUMAN SKIN.
Observed Facts.
Some Aspects of the Nervous System.
Origin of Cold, Warm, Pain and Touch Spots.
Cold and Pain.
Summary.
CHAPTER XXIV. THE BUILDING OF REFLEX ARCS.
Some Illustrations.
Abraham.
Mohammed.
Columbus.
Napoleon.
Migrations.
Some Changes in Habits of Man.
Primate Ancestry.
Insects, Mollusca, Birds.
Insectivores.
The Place of the Nervous System in Evolution.
Some Neural Phenomena.
Facilitation.
Raw Materials of the Central Nervous System.
Integration of Raw Materials.
Evidence.
Direct Evidence.
Indirect Evidence.
Facilitation.
The Scratch Reflex.
Purposes of Reflexes.
Scratch Reflex of the Cat.
SUMMARY.
INDEX.
FOOTNOTES:
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