Ceylon; an Account of the Island Physical, Historical, and Topographical with Notices of Its Natural History, Antiquities and Productions, Volume 1
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The Project Gutenberg eBook, Ceylon; an Account of the Island Physical, Historical, and Topographical with Notices of Its Natural History, Antiquities and Productions, Volume 1 (of 2), by James Emerson Tennent
E-text prepared by Carnegie Mellon University, Juliet Sutherland, Leonard Johnson, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
CEYLON
AN ACCOUNT OF THE ISLAND
PHYSICAL, HISTORICAL, AND TOPOGRAPHICAL
NOTICES OF ITS NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND PRODUCTIONS
PHYSICAL, HISTORICAL, AND TOPOGRAPHICAL
NOTICES OF ITS NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND PRODUCTIONS
SIR JAMES EMERSON TENNENT, K.C.S. LL.D. &c.
FOURTH EDITION, THOROUGHLY REVISED
VOLUME I.
LONDON
1860
LONDON
1860
FOURTH EDITION, THOROUGHLY REVISED
VOLUME I.
LONDON
1860
LONDON
1860
CONTENTS
OF
OF
THE FIRST VOLUME.
PART I.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER I.
GEOLOGY.—MINERALOGY.—GEMS.
GEOLOGY.—MINERALOGY.—GEMS.
CHAP. II.
CLIMATE.—HEALTH AND DISEASE.
CLIMATE.—HEALTH AND DISEASE.
CHAP. III
VEGETATION.—TREES AND PLANTS.
VEGETATION.—TREES AND PLANTS.
PART II.
ZOOLOGY.
ZOOLOGY.
CHAPTER I.
MAMMALIA.
MAMMALIA.
CHAP. II.
BIRDS.
BIRDS.
CHAP. III.
REPTILES.
REPTILES.
CHAP. IV.
FISHES.
FISHES.
CHAP. V.
MOLLUSCA, RADIATA, AND ACALEPHÆ.
MOLLUSCA, RADIATA, AND ACALEPHÆ.
CHAP. VI.
INSECTS.
INSECTS.
CHAP. VII.
ARACHNIDE, MYRIOPODA, CRUSTACEA, ETC.
ARACHNIDE, MYRIOPODA, CRUSTACEA, ETC.
PART III.
THE SINGHALESE CHRONICLES.
THE SINGHALESE CHRONICLES.
CHAPTER I.
SOURCES OF SINGHALESE HISTORY—THE MAHAWANSO.
SOURCES OF SINGHALESE HISTORY—THE MAHAWANSO.
CHAP. II.
THE ABORIGINES.
THE ABORIGINES.
CHAP. III.
CONQUEST OF WIJAYO, B.C. 543.—ESTABLISHMENT OF BUDDHISM, B.C. 307.
CONQUEST OF WIJAYO, B.C. 543.—ESTABLISHMENT OF BUDDHISM, B.C. 307.
CHAP. IV.
THE BUDDHIST MONUMENTS.
THE BUDDHIST MONUMENTS.
CHAP. V.
SINGHALESE CHIVALRY.—ELALA AND DUTUGAIMUNU.
SINGHALESE CHIVALRY.—ELALA AND DUTUGAIMUNU.
CHAP. VI.
THE INFLUENCES OP BUDDHISM ON CIVILISATION.
THE INFLUENCES OP BUDDHISM ON CIVILISATION.
CHAP. VII.
FATE OF THE ABORIGINES.
FATE OF THE ABORIGINES.
CHAP. VIII.
EXTINCTION OF THE GREAT DYNASTY.
EXTINCTION OF THE GREAT DYNASTY.
CHAP. IX
KINGS OF THE LOWER DYNASTY.
KINGS OF THE LOWER DYNASTY.
CHAP. X.
DOMINATION OF THE MALABARS.
DOMINATION OF THE MALABARS.
CHAP. XI.
THE REIGN OF PRAKRAMA BAHU.
THE REIGN OF PRAKRAMA BAHU.
CHAP. XII.
FATE OF THE SINGHALESE MONARCHY.
ARRIVAL OF THE PORTUGUESE, A.D. 1505.
FATE OF THE SINGHALESE MONARCHY.
ARRIVAL OF THE PORTUGUESE, A.D. 1505.
PART IV.
SCIENCES AND SOCIAL ARTS.
SCIENCES AND SOCIAL ARTS.
CHAPTER I.
POPULATION, CASTE, SLAVERY, AND RAJA-KARIYA.
POPULATION, CASTE, SLAVERY, AND RAJA-KARIYA.
CHAP. II.
AGRICULTURE, IRRIGATION, CATTLE, AND CROPS.
AGRICULTURE, IRRIGATION, CATTLE, AND CROPS.
CHAP. III.
EARLY COMMERCE, SHIPPING, AND PRODUCTIONS.
EARLY COMMERCE, SHIPPING, AND PRODUCTIONS.
CHAP. IV.
MANUFACTURES.
MANUFACTURES.
CHAP. V.
WORKING IN METALS.
WORKING IN METALS.
CHAP. VI.
ENGINEERING.
ENGINEERING.
CHAP. VII.
THE FINE ARTS.
THE FINE ARTS.
CHAP. VIII.
SOCIAL LIFE.
SOCIAL LIFE.
CHAP. IX.
SCIENCES.
SCIENCES.
CHAP. X.
SINGHALESE LITERATURE.
SINGHALESE LITERATURE.
CHAP. XI.
BUDDHISM AND DEMON-WORSHIP.
BUDDHISM AND DEMON-WORSHIP.
PART V.
MEDIÆVAL HISTORY.
MEDIÆVAL HISTORY.
CHAPTER I.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE GREEKS AND ROMANS.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE GREEKS AND ROMANS.
CHAP. II.
INDIAN, ARABIAN, AND PERSIAN AUTHORITIES.
INDIAN, ARABIAN, AND PERSIAN AUTHORITIES.
CHAP. III.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE CHINESE.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE CHINESE.
CHAP. IV.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE MOORS, GENOESE, AND VENETIANS.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE MOORS, GENOESE, AND VENETIANS.
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE FIRST VOLUME
PART I.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER I.
GEOLOGY.—MINERALOGY.—GEMS.
GEOLOGY.—MINERALOGY.—GEMS.
CHAP. II.
CLIMATE.—HEALTH AND DISEASE.
CLIMATE.—HEALTH AND DISEASE.
CHAP. III
VEGETATION.—TREES AND PLANTS.
VEGETATION.—TREES AND PLANTS.
PART II.
ZOOLOGY.
ZOOLOGY.
CHAPTER I.
MAMMALIA.
MAMMALIA.
CHAP. II.
BIRDS.
BIRDS.
CHAP. III.
REPTILES.
REPTILES.
CHAP. IV.
FISHES.
FISHES.
CHAP. V.
MOLLUSCA, RADIATA, AND ACALEPHÆ.
MOLLUSCA, RADIATA, AND ACALEPHÆ.
CHAP. VI.
INSECTS.
INSECTS.
CHAP. VII.
ARACHNIDE, MYRIOPODA, CRUSTACEA, ETC.
ARACHNIDE, MYRIOPODA, CRUSTACEA, ETC.
PART III.
THE SINGHALESE CHRONICLES.
THE SINGHALESE CHRONICLES.
CHAPTER I.
SOURCES OF SINGHALESE HISTORY—THE MAHAWANSO.
SOURCES OF SINGHALESE HISTORY—THE MAHAWANSO.
CHAP. II.
THE ABORIGINES.
THE ABORIGINES.
CHAP. III.
CONQUEST OF WIJAYO, B.C. 543.—ESTABLISHMENT OF BUDDHISM, B.C. 307.
CONQUEST OF WIJAYO, B.C. 543.—ESTABLISHMENT OF BUDDHISM, B.C. 307.
CHAP. IV.
THE BUDDHIST MONUMENTS.
THE BUDDHIST MONUMENTS.
CHAP. V.
SINGHALESE CHIVALRY.—ELALA AND DUTUGAIMUNU.
SINGHALESE CHIVALRY.—ELALA AND DUTUGAIMUNU.
CHAP. VI.
THE INFLUENCES OP BUDDHISM ON CIVILISATION.
THE INFLUENCES OP BUDDHISM ON CIVILISATION.
CHAP. VII.
FATE OF THE ABORIGINES.
FATE OF THE ABORIGINES.
CHAP. VIII.
EXTINCTION OF THE GREAT DYNASTY.
EXTINCTION OF THE GREAT DYNASTY.
CHAP. IX
KINGS OF THE LOWER DYNASTY.
KINGS OF THE LOWER DYNASTY.
CHAP. X.
DOMINATION OF THE MALABARS.
DOMINATION OF THE MALABARS.
CHAP. XI.
THE REIGN OF PRAKRAMA BAHU.
THE REIGN OF PRAKRAMA BAHU.
CHAP. XII.
FATE OF THE SINGHALESE MONARCHY.
ARRIVAL OF THE PORTUGUESE, A.D. 1505.
FATE OF THE SINGHALESE MONARCHY.
ARRIVAL OF THE PORTUGUESE, A.D. 1505.
PART IV.
SCIENCES AND SOCIAL ARTS.
SCIENCES AND SOCIAL ARTS.
CHAPTER I.
POPULATION, CASTE, SLAVERY, AND RAJA-KARIYA.
POPULATION, CASTE, SLAVERY, AND RAJA-KARIYA.
CHAP. II.
AGRICULTURE, IRRIGATION, CATTLE, AND CROPS.
AGRICULTURE, IRRIGATION, CATTLE, AND CROPS.
CHAP. III.
EARLY COMMERCE, SHIPPING, AND PRODUCTIONS.
EARLY COMMERCE, SHIPPING, AND PRODUCTIONS.
CHAP. IV.
MANUFACTURES.
MANUFACTURES.
CHAP. V.
WORKING IN METALS.
WORKING IN METALS.
CHAP. VI.
ENGINEERING.
ENGINEERING.
CHAP. VII.
THE FINE ARTS.
THE FINE ARTS.
CHAP. VIII.
SOCIAL LIFE.
SOCIAL LIFE.
CHAP. IX.
SCIENCES.
SCIENCES.
CHAP. X.
SINGHALESE LITERATURE.
SINGHALESE LITERATURE.
CHAP. XI.
BUDDHISM AND DEMON-WORSHIP.
BUDDHISM AND DEMON-WORSHIP.
PART V.
MEDIÆVAL HISTORY.
MEDIÆVAL HISTORY.
CHAPTER I.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE GREEKS AND ROMANS.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE GREEKS AND ROMANS.
CHAP. II.
INDIAN, ARABIAN, AND PERSIAN AUTHORITIES.
INDIAN, ARABIAN, AND PERSIAN AUTHORITIES.
CHAP. III.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE CHINESE.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE CHINESE.
CHAP. IV.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE MOORS, GENOESE, AND VENETIANS.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE MOORS, GENOESE, AND VENETIANS.
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE FIRST VOLUME
NOTICE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.
NOTICE TO THE THIRD EDITION.
NOTICE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
INTRODUCTION.
PART I.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER I
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.—GEOLOGY.—MINERALOGY.—GEMS, CLIMATE, ETC.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.—GEOLOGY.—MINERALOGY.—GEMS, CLIMATE, ETC.
CHAP. II.
CLIMATE.—HEALTH AND DISEASE.
CLIMATE.—HEALTH AND DISEASE.
CHAP. III.
VEGETATION.—TREES AND PLANTS.
VEGETATION.—TREES AND PLANTS.
PART II.
ZOOLOGY.
ZOOLOGY.
CHAPTER I.
MAMMALIA.
NOTE (A.)
MAMMALIA.
NOTE (A.)
CHAP. II.
BIRDS.
List of Ceylon Birds.
NOTE.
BIRDS.
List of Ceylon Birds.
NOTE.
CHAP. III.
REPTILES.
REPTILES.
CHAP. IV.
FISHES.
NOTE (A.)
INSTANCES OF FISHES FALLING FROM THE CLOUDS IN INDIA.
INSTANCES OF FISHES FALLING FROM THE CLOUDS IN INDIA.
NOTE (B.)
MIGRATION OF FISHES OVER LAND.
MIGRATION OF FISHES OVER LAND.
NOTE (C.)
CEYLON FISHES.
CEYLON FISHES.
FISHES.
NOTE (A.)
INSTANCES OF FISHES FALLING FROM THE CLOUDS IN INDIA.
INSTANCES OF FISHES FALLING FROM THE CLOUDS IN INDIA.
NOTE (B.)
MIGRATION OF FISHES OVER LAND.
MIGRATION OF FISHES OVER LAND.
NOTE (C.)
CEYLON FISHES.
CEYLON FISHES.
CHAP. V.
CONCHOLOGY, ETC.
I. THE SHELLS OF CEYLON.
2 RADIATA.
CONCHOLOGY, ETC.
I. THE SHELLS OF CEYLON.
2 RADIATA.
CHAP. VI
INSECTS.
INSECTS.
CHAP. VII
ARACHNIDA—MYRIOPODA—CRUSTACEA, ETC.
ARACHNIDA—MYRIOPODA—CRUSTACEA, ETC.
PART III.
THE SINGHALESE CHRONICLES.
THE SINGHALESE CHRONICLES.
CHAPTER I.
SOURCES OF SINGHALESE HISTORY.—THE MAHAWANSO AND OTHER NATIVE ANNALS.
NOTE (A.)
ANCIENT MAP OF CEYLON.
ANCIENT MAP OF CEYLON.
NOTE (B.)
NATIVE SOVEREIGNS OF CEYLON.
NATIVE SOVEREIGNS OF CEYLON.
SOURCES OF SINGHALESE HISTORY.—THE MAHAWANSO AND OTHER NATIVE ANNALS.
NOTE (A.)
ANCIENT MAP OF CEYLON.
ANCIENT MAP OF CEYLON.
NOTE (B.)
NATIVE SOVEREIGNS OF CEYLON.
NATIVE SOVEREIGNS OF CEYLON.
CHAP. II.
THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS OF CEYLON.
NOTE.
DESCRIPTION IN THE MAHAWANSO OF THE LANDING OF WIJAYO.
DESCRIPTION IN THE MAHAWANSO OF THE LANDING OF WIJAYO.
THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS OF CEYLON.
NOTE.
DESCRIPTION IN THE MAHAWANSO OF THE LANDING OF WIJAYO.
DESCRIPTION IN THE MAHAWANSO OF THE LANDING OF WIJAYO.
CHAP. III
THE CONQUEST OF CEYLON BY WIJAYO, B.C. 543, AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BUDDHISM, B.C. 307.
THE CONQUEST OF CEYLON BY WIJAYO, B.C. 543, AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BUDDHISM, B.C. 307.
CHAP. IV.
THE EARLY BUDDHIST MONUMENTS.
THE EARLY BUDDHIST MONUMENTS.
CHAP V.
SINGHALESE CHIVALRY.—ELALA AND DUTUGAIMUNU.
SINGHALESE CHIVALRY.—ELALA AND DUTUGAIMUNU.
CHAP. VI.
THE INFLUENCE OF BUDDHISM ON CIVILISATION.
THE INFLUENCE OF BUDDHISM ON CIVILISATION.
CHAP. VII
FATE OF THE ABORIGINES.
FATE OF THE ABORIGINES.
CHAP. VIII
EXTINCTION OF THE "GREAT DYNASTY."
EXTINCTION OF THE "GREAT DYNASTY."
CHAP. IX.
KINGS OF THE "LOWER DYNASTY."
KINGS OF THE "LOWER DYNASTY."
CHAP. X.
THE DOMINATION OF THE MALABARS.
THE DOMINATION OF THE MALABARS.
CHAP XI.
THE REIGN OF PRAKRAMA BAHU.
THE REIGN OF PRAKRAMA BAHU.
CHAP. XII.
FATE OF THE SINGHALESE MONARCHY.—ARRIVAL OF THE PORTUGUESE, A.D. 1501.
FATE OF THE SINGHALESE MONARCHY.—ARRIVAL OF THE PORTUGUESE, A.D. 1501.
PART IV.
SCIENCES AND SOCIAL ARTS
OF
OF
THE ANCIENT SINGHALESE.
SCIENCES AND SOCIAL ARTS
OF
OF
THE ANCIENT SINGHALESE.
CHAPTER I
POPULATION.—CASTE.—SLAVERY AND RAJA-KARIYA.
POPULATION.—CASTE.—SLAVERY AND RAJA-KARIYA.
CHAP. II.
AGRICULTURE.—IRRIGATION.—CATTLE AND CROPS.
AGRICULTURE.—IRRIGATION.—CATTLE AND CROPS.
CHAP. III
EARLY COMMERCE, SHIPPING, AND PRODUCTIONS.
EARLY COMMERCE, SHIPPING, AND PRODUCTIONS.
CHAP. IV.
MANUFACTURES.
MANUFACTURES.
CHAP. V.
WORKING IN METALS.
WORKING IN METALS.
CHAP. VI.
ENGINEERING.
ENGINEERING.
CHAP. VII.
THE FINE ARTS.
THE FINE ARTS.
CHAP. VIII.
DOMESTIC LIFE.
DOMESTIC LIFE.
CHAP. IX.
ASTRONOMY, ETC.
ASTRONOMY, ETC.
CHAP. X.
SINGHALESE LITERATURE.
SINGHALESE LITERATURE.
CHAP. XI.
BUDDHISM AND DEMON-WORSHIP.[1]
BUDDHISM AND DEMON-WORSHIP.[1]
PART V.
MEDIÆVAL HISTORY.
MEDIÆVAL HISTORY.
CHAPTER I.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE GREEKS AND ROMANS.
NOTE (A).
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE GREEKS AND ROMANS.
NOTE (A).
CHAP. II
INDIAN, ARABIAN, AND PERSIAN AUTHORITIES.
INDIAN, ARABIAN, AND PERSIAN AUTHORITIES.
CHAP. III.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE CHINESE.
NOTE.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE CHINESE.
NOTE.
CHAP. IV.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE MOORS, GENOESE, AND VENETIANS.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE MOORS, GENOESE, AND VENETIANS.
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