Evolution and Adaptation
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EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION
PREFACE
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM OF ADAPTATION
Structural Adaptations
Adjustments of the Individual to Changes in the Environment
Adaptations for the Good of the Species
Organs of Little Use to the Individual
Changes in the Organism that are of No Use to the Individual or to the Race
Comparison with Inorganic Phenomena
CHAPTER II THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Evidence in Favor of the Transmutation Theory
THE GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
EVIDENCE FROM DIRECT OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENT
MODERN CRITICISM OF THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
CHAPTER III THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION (Continued)
Conclusions
CHAPTER IV DARWIN’S THEORIES OF ARTIFICIAL AND OF NATURAL SELECTION
Variation and Competition in Nature
The Theory of Natural Selection
CHAPTER V THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION (Continued)
Sterility between Species
Weismann’s Germinal Selection
CHAPTER VI DARWIN’S THEORY OF SEXUAL SELECTION
General Criticism of the Theory of Sexual Selection
CHAPTER VII THE INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS AS A FACTOR IN EVOLUTION
Darwin’s Hypothesis of Pangenesis
The Neo-Lamarckian School
CHAPTER VIII CONTINUOUS AND DISCONTINUOUS VARIATION AND HEREDITY
Continuous Variation
Frequency of Different Types of Beech Leaves
Heredity and Continuous Variation
Discontinuous Variation
Mendel’s Law[24]
The Mutation Theory of De Vries
Conclusions
CHAPTER IX EVOLUTION AS THE RESULT OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACTORS
The Effect of External Influences
Responsive Changes in the Organism that adapt it to the New Environment
Nägeli’s Perfecting Principle
CHAPTER X THE ORIGIN OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF ADAPTATIONS
Form and Symmetry
Mutual Adaptation of Colonial Forms
Degeneration
Protective Coloration
Sexual Dimorphism[29] and Trimorphism
Length of Life as an Adaptation
Organs of Extreme Perfection
Secondary Sexual Organs as Adaptations
Individual Adjustments as Adaptations
Color Changes as Individual Adaptations
Increase of Organs through Use and Decrease through Disuse
Reactions of the Organism to Poisons, etc.
Regeneration
CHAPTER XI TROPISMS AND INSTINCTS AS ADAPTATIONS
CHAPTER XII SEX AS AN ADAPTATION
The Different Kinds of Sexual Individuals
The Determination of Sex
Sex as a Phenomenon of Adaptation
CHAPTER XIII SUMMARY AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
INDEX
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