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The Life of Columbus

By Sir Arthur Helps

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THE LIFE OF COLUMBUS
CHIEFLY BY SIR ARTHUR HELPS K.C.B. AUTHOR OF "THE SPANISH CONQUEST IN AMERICA" "FRIENDS IN COUNCIL" ETC.
- PREFACE.
- CONTENTS.
- CHAPTER I. Early Discoveries in the Fifteenth Century.
  - LEGENDS OF THE SEA.
  - INCITEMENTS TO DISCOVERY.
  - EARLY ADVENTURERS.
  - MEDIAEVAL MAP OF THE WORLD; THE ROMAN DOMINION.
  - PRINCE HENRY OF PORTUGAL; HIS MOTIVES FOR DISCOVERY.
  - IMPORTANT EXPEDITION
  - DISCOVERY OF PORTO SANTO.
  - MADEIRA DISCOVERED.
  - AFRICAN COAST EXPLORED.
  - BARRIER OF ROCKS.
  - POPULAR OBJECTIONS.
  - MISGIVINGS OF PRINCE HENRY; GIL EANNES.
  - GIL EANNES' SUCCESSFUL VOYAGE.
  - ANTONIO GONCALVEZ AND HIS CAPTURE OF MOORS
  - COMMENCEMENT OF THE SLAVE TRADE.
  - AIM OF THE ADVENTURERS.
  - CA DA MOSTO.
  - TRADE WITH THE ARABS.
  - THE SENEGAL RIVER.
  - KING BUDOMEL.
  - THE RIVER GAMBRA
  - FURTHER DISCOVERIES.
  - DEATH OF PRINCE HENRY.
  - HIS CHARACTER.
  - PRINCE HENRY'S CHARACTER.
  - PRESTER JOHN
  - BARTHOLOMEW COLUMBUS.
  - PASSAGE IN THE "LUSIADAS"
  - COVILHAM AND PAIVA.
  - BEMOIN, PRINCE OF JALOF.
  - BEMOIN'S RECEPTION AT LISBON,
  - BEMOIN'S FATE
  - PRINCE HENRY'S PERSEVERANCE.
  - SPIRIT OF ENTERPRISE
- LEGENDS OF THE SEA.
- INCITEMENTS TO DISCOVERY.
- EARLY ADVENTURERS.
- MEDIAEVAL MAP OF THE WORLD; THE ROMAN DOMINION.
- PRINCE HENRY OF PORTUGAL; HIS MOTIVES FOR DISCOVERY.
- IMPORTANT EXPEDITION
- DISCOVERY OF PORTO SANTO.
- MADEIRA DISCOVERED.
- AFRICAN COAST EXPLORED.
- BARRIER OF ROCKS.
- POPULAR OBJECTIONS.
- MISGIVINGS OF PRINCE HENRY; GIL EANNES.
- GIL EANNES' SUCCESSFUL VOYAGE.
- ANTONIO GONCALVEZ AND HIS CAPTURE OF MOORS
- COMMENCEMENT OF THE SLAVE TRADE.
- AIM OF THE ADVENTURERS.
- CA DA MOSTO.
- TRADE WITH THE ARABS.
- THE SENEGAL RIVER.
- KING BUDOMEL.
- THE RIVER GAMBRA
- FURTHER DISCOVERIES.
- DEATH OF PRINCE HENRY.
- HIS CHARACTER.
- PRINCE HENRY'S CHARACTER.
- PRESTER JOHN
- BARTHOLOMEW COLUMBUS.
- PASSAGE IN THE "LUSIADAS"
- COVILHAM AND PAIVA.
- BEMOIN, PRINCE OF JALOF.
- BEMOIN'S RECEPTION AT LISBON,
- BEMOIN'S FATE
- PRINCE HENRY'S PERSEVERANCE.
- SPIRIT OF ENTERPRISE
- CHAPTER II. Early Years of Columbus.
  - BIRTH OF COLUMBUS
  - EARLY VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS.
  - CHARACTERISTICS OF COLUMBUS
  - COLUMBUS'S DESIRE FOR DISCOVERY.
  - COLUMBUS'S THEORY.
  - CARDINAL ALIACO'S "COSMOGRAPHIA."
  - EVIDENCES OF A WESTERN WORLD.
  - COLUMBUS AT PORTO SANTO.
  - THE BISHOP OF CEUTA; RETURN OF THE CARAVEL.
- BIRTH OF COLUMBUS
- EARLY VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS.
- CHARACTERISTICS OF COLUMBUS
- COLUMBUS'S DESIRE FOR DISCOVERY.
- COLUMBUS'S THEORY.
- CARDINAL ALIACO'S "COSMOGRAPHIA."
- EVIDENCES OF A WESTERN WORLD.
- COLUMBUS AT PORTO SANTO.
- THE BISHOP OF CEUTA; RETURN OF THE CARAVEL.
- CHAPTER III. Columbus in Spain.
  - LETTER TO QUEEN ISABELLA.
  - COLUMBUS AT COURT; JUNTA OF COSMOGRAPHERS; DECISION OF THE JUNTA.
  - TEDIOUNESS OF COLUMBUS'S SUIT
  - ENCOURAGEMENT OF FRIENDS; GARCIA HERNANDEZ.
  - PEREZ WRITES TO THE QUEEN.
  - COLUMBUS'S CONDITIONS.
  - SANTANGLE'S ADDRESS.
  - SUCCESS OF THE ADDRESS.
  - THE AGREEMENT SETTLED.
  - FATE OF PROJECTORS' PLANS.
  - FERDINAND'S COLDNESS.
  - COLUMBUS'S AGREEMENT WITH THE COURT OF SPAIN.
  - COLUMBUS GOES TO PALOS.
  - ORDER TO PRESS MEN.
  - CHARACTER OF VESSELS AND CREWS.
- LETTER TO QUEEN ISABELLA.
- COLUMBUS AT COURT; JUNTA OF COSMOGRAPHERS; DECISION OF THE JUNTA.
- TEDIOUNESS OF COLUMBUS'S SUIT
- ENCOURAGEMENT OF FRIENDS; GARCIA HERNANDEZ.
- PEREZ WRITES TO THE QUEEN.
- COLUMBUS'S CONDITIONS.
- SANTANGLE'S ADDRESS.
- SUCCESS OF THE ADDRESS.
- THE AGREEMENT SETTLED.
- FATE OF PROJECTORS' PLANS.
- FERDINAND'S COLDNESS.
- COLUMBUS'S AGREEMENT WITH THE COURT OF SPAIN.
- COLUMBUS GOES TO PALOS.
- ORDER TO PRESS MEN.
- CHARACTER OF VESSELS AND CREWS.
- CHAPTER III. First Voyage.
  - CANARY ISLANDS REACHED.
  - RUMORS OF LAND SEEN.
  - PLAINS OF SEAWEED.
  - SIGNS OF LAND.
  - CONSPIRACY AMONG THE MEN.
  - HIS DETERMINATION TO PROCEED.
  - SIGNS OF LAND AGAIN.
  - LIGHT ON SHORE.
  - THE PROMISED PENSION.
  - RELIGIOUS MOTIVIES.
  - GOOD FAITH OF COLUMBUS.
  - CHARACTER OF THE QUEEN.
- CANARY ISLANDS REACHED.
- RUMORS OF LAND SEEN.
- PLAINS OF SEAWEED.
- SIGNS OF LAND.
- CONSPIRACY AMONG THE MEN.
- HIS DETERMINATION TO PROCEED.
- SIGNS OF LAND AGAIN.
- LIGHT ON SHORE.
- THE PROMISED PENSION.
- RELIGIOUS MOTIVIES.
- GOOD FAITH OF COLUMBUS.
- CHARACTER OF THE QUEEN.
- LANDING IN THE NEW WORLD.
  - THEIR GRATITUDE.
  - GENERAL RECONCILATION.
  - THEY TAKE LEGAL POSSESSION.
  - CHARACTER OF THE INDIANS.
  - THEIR HOUSES AND IMPLEMENTS.
  - DISCOVERY OF TOBACCO; ITS PECULIAR EFFECTS.
  - GOLD ORNAMENT'S OBSERVED.
  - FURTHER EXPLORATIONS.
  - INSUBORDINATION OF MARINERS.
  - WRECK OF ADMIRAL'S VESSEL.
  - KINDNESS OF INDIAN CHIEF.
  - A COLONY FOUNDED.
  - THE ADMIRAL RETURNS.
- THEIR GRATITUDE.
- GENERAL RECONCILATION.
- THEY TAKE LEGAL POSSESSION.
- CHARACTER OF THE INDIANS.
- THEIR HOUSES AND IMPLEMENTS.
- DISCOVERY OF TOBACCO; ITS PECULIAR EFFECTS.
- GOLD ORNAMENT'S OBSERVED.
- FURTHER EXPLORATIONS.
- INSUBORDINATION OF MARINERS.
- WRECK OF ADMIRAL'S VESSEL.
- KINDNESS OF INDIAN CHIEF.
- A COLONY FOUNDED.
- THE ADMIRAL RETURNS.
- CHAPTER V. Homeward bound.
  - PINZON'S EXPLANATION.
  - AFFRAY WITH ABORIGINES.
  - SEARCH FOR AMAZONIANS.
  - STORM ENCOUNTERED.
  - THE PROMISED PILGRAMAGE
  - NARRATIVE INCLOSED IN CASK.
  - THE PILGRIMS CAPTURED.
  - ARRIVAL IN THE TAGUS.
  - RECEPTION AT PALOS.
  - BAD FAITH OF PINZON.
  - SOLEMN RECEPTION.
  - MARKS OF APPROBATION.
  - GRANT BY THE POPE.
  - SECOND VOYAGE PLANNED.
  - COLONIAL DEPARTMENT.
  - HOME OF THE GOLD.
  - THE ADMIRAL'S INSTRUCTIONS.
- PINZON'S EXPLANATION.
- AFFRAY WITH ABORIGINES.
- SEARCH FOR AMAZONIANS.
- STORM ENCOUNTERED.
- THE PROMISED PILGRAMAGE
- NARRATIVE INCLOSED IN CASK.
- THE PILGRIMS CAPTURED.
- ARRIVAL IN THE TAGUS.
- RECEPTION AT PALOS.
- BAD FAITH OF PINZON.
- SOLEMN RECEPTION.
- MARKS OF APPROBATION.
- GRANT BY THE POPE.
- SECOND VOYAGE PLANNED.
- COLONIAL DEPARTMENT.
- HOME OF THE GOLD.
- THE ADMIRAL'S INSTRUCTIONS.
- CHAPTER VI. Second Voyage of Discovery.
  - ISLAND OF GUADALOUPE.
  - DESTRUCTION OF LA NAVIDAD.
  - LICENTIOUSNESS OF SETTLERS.
  - COLONY FOUNDED AT ISABELLA.
  - COLUMBUS DESPATCH TO THE COURT OF SPAIN.
  - CASTILIAN INTERPRETERS.
  - SLAVERY PROPOSED.
  - THE PROPOSAL REJECTED.
  - FORT ST. THOMAS FOUNDED.
  - DESIRE FOR DISCOVERY.
  - A COUNCIL APPOINTED.
- ISLAND OF GUADALOUPE.
- DESTRUCTION OF LA NAVIDAD.
- LICENTIOUSNESS OF SETTLERS.
- COLONY FOUNDED AT ISABELLA.
- COLUMBUS DESPATCH TO THE COURT OF SPAIN.
- CASTILIAN INTERPRETERS.
- SLAVERY PROPOSED.
- THE PROPOSAL REJECTED.
- FORT ST. THOMAS FOUNDED.
- DESIRE FOR DISCOVERY.
- A COUNCIL APPOINTED.
- CHAPTER VII.
  - ILLNESS OF COLUMBUS.
  - DISORGANIZATION OF THE COLONY.
  - OPPRESSION OF INDIANS.
  - TRANSMISSION OF SLAVES,
  - SLAUGHRTER OF NATIVES.
  - CUNNING CAPTURE OF INDIAN CHIEF.
  - GOLD TRIBUTE IMPOSED.
  - REMARKABLE INDIAN SCHEME.
  - VIEWS OF COLUMBUS ON SLAVERY.
  - DISTRESS OF NATIVES.
  - SPANISH COMMISSIONER.
  - PLOTS TO UNDERMINE AND RUIN THE ADMIRAL
  - WRETCHED VOYAGE HOME
  - RECEPTION AT COURT.
- ILLNESS OF COLUMBUS.
- DISORGANIZATION OF THE COLONY.
- OPPRESSION OF INDIANS.
- TRANSMISSION OF SLAVES,
- SLAUGHRTER OF NATIVES.
- CUNNING CAPTURE OF INDIAN CHIEF.
- GOLD TRIBUTE IMPOSED.
- REMARKABLE INDIAN SCHEME.
- VIEWS OF COLUMBUS ON SLAVERY.
- DISTRESS OF NATIVES.
- SPANISH COMMISSIONER.
- PLOTS TO UNDERMINE AND RUIN THE ADMIRAL
- WRETCHED VOYAGE HOME
- RECEPTION AT COURT.
- CHAPTER VIII.
  - CRIMINALS SENT TO THE INDIES.
  - "REPARTIMIENTOS."
  - XARAGUA PENETRATED; TRIBUTE IMPOSED UPON THE INDIANS.
  - DISCONTENT OF THE SPANISIH COLONISTS.
  - INSURRECTION OF ROLDAN.
  - FLIGHT OF GUARIONEX.
  - MAIOBANEX AND HIS GUEST.
  - THEIR CAPTURE.
- CRIMINALS SENT TO THE INDIES.
- "REPARTIMIENTOS."
- XARAGUA PENETRATED; TRIBUTE IMPOSED UPON THE INDIANS.
- DISCONTENT OF THE SPANISIH COLONISTS.
- INSURRECTION OF ROLDAN.
- FLIGHT OF GUARIONEX.
- MAIOBANEX AND HIS GUEST.
- THEIR CAPTURE.
- CHAPTER IX.
  - COLUMBUS'S THIRD VOYAGE.
  - CAPE VERDE ISLANDS.
  - COLUMBUS SAILS WESTWARD.
  - TRINIDAD SEEN.
  - THE PEARL COAST.
  - FIRST VIEW OF AMERICAN CONTINENT
  - COLUMBUS MISTAKES THE CONTINENT FOR ISLANDS.
  - THE ADMIRAL'S REASONING ABOUT THE CONTINENT.
  - PECULIAR THEORY OF THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH.
  - GRACEFUL REARING OF NATIVES; BEAUTY OF THE LAND.
  - THE EARTHLY PARADISE.
  - ILLNESS OF COLUMBUS.
- COLUMBUS'S THIRD VOYAGE.
- CAPE VERDE ISLANDS.
- COLUMBUS SAILS WESTWARD.
- TRINIDAD SEEN.
- THE PEARL COAST.
- FIRST VIEW OF AMERICAN CONTINENT
- COLUMBUS MISTAKES THE CONTINENT FOR ISLANDS.
- THE ADMIRAL'S REASONING ABOUT THE CONTINENT.
- PECULIAR THEORY OF THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH.
- GRACEFUL REARING OF NATIVES; BEAUTY OF THE LAND.
- THE EARTHLY PARADISE.
- ILLNESS OF COLUMBUS.
- CHAPTER X.
  - SLAVES AND LOGWOOD; PLAN OF SLAVE BARTER.
  - CONTENTION WITH ROLDAN.
  - THE QUEEN'S ANGER; PARTIAL RELEASE OF SLAVES.
  - THE ADMIRAL'S ENEMIES WORKING AT COURT.
  - SERIOUS DISSATISFACTION.
  - COLUMBUS SUPERSEDED.
  - HARSH TREATMENT OF COLUMBUS AND HIS BROTHERS
  - COLUMBUS SENT HOME BY BOBADILLA IN CHAINS.
- SLAVES AND LOGWOOD; PLAN OF SLAVE BARTER.
- CONTENTION WITH ROLDAN.
- THE QUEEN'S ANGER; PARTIAL RELEASE OF SLAVES.
- THE ADMIRAL'S ENEMIES WORKING AT COURT.
- SERIOUS DISSATISFACTION.
- COLUMBUS SUPERSEDED.
- HARSH TREATMENT OF COLUMBUS AND HIS BROTHERS
- COLUMBUS SENT HOME BY BOBADILLA IN CHAINS.
- CHAPTER XI.
  - REACTION AT COURT.
  - COLUMBUS PLEADS HIS CAUSE BEFORE THE QUEEN.
  - THE QUEEN'S DECISION; BOBADILLA'S TYRANNY
  - OVANDO AS GOVERNOR
  - HIS INSTRUCTIONS.
  - ADVICE TO OVANDO ON THE DUTIES OF A GOVERNOR.
  - HE ARRIVES AT ST. DOMINGO.
  - OVANDO'S ADMINISTRATION
  - AN INDIAN RECEPTION.
  - OVANDO VISITS XARAGUA.
  - HIS RECEPTION BY ANACAONA.
  - PRETENDED TOURNAMENT; MASSACRE OF INDIAN CHIEFS.
  - FERDINAND'S LETTER TO COLUMBUS
  - NEW ENTERPRISE.
  - COLUMBUS REFUSED SHELTER; DESTRUCTIVE TORNADO.
  - JAMIAICA PASSED.
  - INSUBORDINATION OF CREWS.
  - AN INDIAN PILOT.
  - CAPE GUACIAS A DIOS.
  - EASTERLY COURSE ABANDONED; THE BETHLEHEM RIVER.
  - A SETTLEMENT FORMED.
  - ATTACK BY INDIANS.
  - SETTLEMENT ABANDONED.
- REACTION AT COURT.
- COLUMBUS PLEADS HIS CAUSE BEFORE THE QUEEN.
- THE QUEEN'S DECISION; BOBADILLA'S TYRANNY
- OVANDO AS GOVERNOR
- HIS INSTRUCTIONS.
- ADVICE TO OVANDO ON THE DUTIES OF A GOVERNOR.
- HE ARRIVES AT ST. DOMINGO.
- OVANDO'S ADMINISTRATION
- AN INDIAN RECEPTION.
- OVANDO VISITS XARAGUA.
- HIS RECEPTION BY ANACAONA.
- PRETENDED TOURNAMENT; MASSACRE OF INDIAN CHIEFS.
- FERDINAND'S LETTER TO COLUMBUS
- NEW ENTERPRISE.
- COLUMBUS REFUSED SHELTER; DESTRUCTIVE TORNADO.
- JAMIAICA PASSED.
- INSUBORDINATION OF CREWS.
- AN INDIAN PILOT.
- CAPE GUACIAS A DIOS.
- EASTERLY COURSE ABANDONED; THE BETHLEHEM RIVER.
- A SETTLEMENT FORMED.
- ATTACK BY INDIANS.
- SETTLEMENT ABANDONED.
- CHAPTER XII.
  - SUPPLY OF PROVISIONS.
  - A MESSENGER SENT TO OVANDO; REMARKABLE DESPATCH TO THE SOVEREIGNS.
  - RELIGIOUS ENTHUSIASM.
  - CAPTURE OF MENDEZ; ESCAPE AND SAFE ARRIVAL.
  - SUSPENSE OF THE ADMIRAL; MUTINY OF PORRAS.
  - BAD CONDUCT OF MUTINEERS.
  - ECLIPSE PREDICTED BY COLUMBUS.
  - RESULT OF PREDICTION.
  - DESPATCH FROM OVANDO.
  - OVERTURES TO MUTINEERS.
  - RESORT TO ARMS.
  - THE MUTINEERS CONQUERED.
  - PORRAS A PRISONER.
- SUPPLY OF PROVISIONS.
- A MESSENGER SENT TO OVANDO; REMARKABLE DESPATCH TO THE SOVEREIGNS.
- RELIGIOUS ENTHUSIASM.
- CAPTURE OF MENDEZ; ESCAPE AND SAFE ARRIVAL.
- SUSPENSE OF THE ADMIRAL; MUTINY OF PORRAS.
- BAD CONDUCT OF MUTINEERS.
- ECLIPSE PREDICTED BY COLUMBUS.
- RESULT OF PREDICTION.
- DESPATCH FROM OVANDO.
- OVERTURES TO MUTINEERS.
- RESORT TO ARMS.
- THE MUTINEERS CONQUERED.
- PORRAS A PRISONER.
- CHAPTER XIII.
  - CONFLICTING JURISDICTION.
  - FALLING FORTUNES.
  - DEATH OF THE QUEEN.
  - OPPRESSION OF THE INDIANS.
  - PETITIONS OF COLUMBUS; INJUSTICE OF THE KING.
  - DEATH OF COLUMBUS
- CONFLICTING JURISDICTION.
- FALLING FORTUNES.
- DEATH OF THE QUEEN.
- OPPRESSION OF THE INDIANS.
- PETITIONS OF COLUMBUS; INJUSTICE OF THE KING.
- DEATH OF COLUMBUS
- THE END.
- CHISWICK PRESS:—CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO. TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.
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