New Latin Grammar
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NEW LATIN GRAMMAR
CHARLES E. BENNETT
PREFACE.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
FROM THE PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART I.
SOUNDS, ACCENT, QUANTITY, ETC.
PART II.
INFLECTIONS.
PART III.
PARTICLES.
PART IV.
WORD FORMATION.
PART V.
SYNTAX.
PART VI.
PROSODY.
SUPPLEMENTS TO THE GRAMMAR.
INTRODUCTION.
THE LATIN LANGUAGE.
ASIATIC MEMBERS OF THE INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY.
EUROPEAN MEMBERS OF THE INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY.
PART I.
SOUNDS, ACCENT, QUANTITY.
CONSONANT CHANGES[10]
PART II.
INFLECTIONS.
CHAPTER I.—Declension.
A. NOUNS.
Cases alike in Form.
ā-Stems.
Peculiarities of Nouns of the First Declension.
Greek Nouns.
ŏ-Stems.
Nouns in -vus, -vum, -quus.
Peculiarities of Inflection in the Second Declension.
Exceptions to Gender in the Second Declension.
Greek Nouns of the Second Declension.
I. Consonant-Stems.
II. ĭ-Stems.
III. Consonant-Stems that have partially adapted themselves to the Inflection of ĭ-Stems.
IV. Stems in -ī, -ū, and Diphthongs.
V. Irregular Nouns.
General Principles of Gender in the Third Declension.
Chief Exceptions to Gender in the Third Declension.
Greek Nouns of the Third Declension.
ŭ-Stems.
Peculiarities of Nouns of the Fourth Declension.
Exceptions to Gender in the Fourth Declension.
ē-Stems.
Peculiarities of Nouns of the Fifth Declension.
Gender in the Fifth Declension.
Nouns used in the Singular only.
Nouns used in the Plural only.
Nouns used only in Certain Cases.
Indeclinable Nouns.
Heteroclites.
Heterogeneous Nouns.
Plurals with Change of Meaning.
B. ADJECTIVES.
Nine Irregular Adjectives.
Adjectives of Three Terminations.
Adjectives of Two Terminations.
Adjectives of One Termination.
Irregular Comparison.
Defective Comparison.
Comparison by Magis and Maximē.
Adjectives not admitting Comparison.
Adverbs Peculiar in Comparison and Formation.
Declension of the Cardinals.
Peculiarities in the Use of Numerals.
C. PRONOUNS.
CHAPTER II.—Conjugation.
Formation of the Present Stem.
Formation of the Perfect Stem.
Formation of the Participial Stem.
First (Ā-) Conjugation.
Second (Ē-) Conjugation.
Third (Consonant) Conjugation.
Fourth Conjugation.
PART III.
PARTICLES.
ADVERBS.
PREPOSITIONS.
CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS.
PART IV.
WORD-FORMATION.
I. DERIVATIVES.
1. Nouns derived from Verbs.
2. Nouns derived from Nouns.
3. Nouns derived from Adjectives.
1. Adjectives derived from Verbs.
2. Adjectives derived from Nouns.
3. Adjectives derived from Adjectives.
4. Adjectives derived from Adverbs.
1. Verbs derived from Verbs.
2. Verbs derived from Nouns and Adjectives (Denominatives).
II. COMPOUNDS.
PART V.
SYNTAX.
CHAPTER I.—Sentences.
CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES.
FORM OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.
SIMPLE AND COMPOUND SENTENCES.
CHAPTER II.—Syntax of Nouns.
SUBJECT.
PREDICATE NOUNS.
APPOSITIVES.
THE CASES.
Accusative of the Person or Thing Affected.
Accusative of the Result Produced.
Two Accusatives—Direct Object and Predicate Accusative.
Two Accusatives—Person and Thing.
Two Accusatives with Compounds.
Synecdochical (or Greek) Accusative.
Accusative of Time and Space.
Accusative of Limit of Motion.
Accusative in Exclamations.
Accusative as Subject of the Infinitive.
Other Uses of the Accusative.
Dative of Indirect Object.
Dative of Reference.
Dative of Agency.
Dative of Possession.
Dative of Purpose or Tendency.
Dative with Adjectives.
Dative of Direction.
Memini, Reminīscor, Oblīvīscor.
Admoneō, Commoneō, Commonefaciō.
Verbs of Judicial Action.
Genitive with Impersonal Verbs.
Interest, Rēfert.
Genitive with Other Verbs.
Ablative of Separation.
Ablative of Source.
Ablative of Agent.
Ablative of Comparison.
Ablative of Means.
Ablative of Cause.
Ablative of Manner.
Ablative of Attendant Circumstance.
Ablative of Accompaniment.
Ablative of Association.
Ablative of Degree of Difference.
Ablative of Quality.
Ablative of Price.
Ablative of Specification.
Ablative Absolute.
Ablative of Place.
Ablative of Time.
CHAPTER III.—Syntax of Adjectives.
AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES.
ADJECTIVES USED SUBSTANTIVELY.
ADJECTIVES WITH THE FORCE OF ADVERBS.
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES.
OTHER PECULIARITIES.
CHAPTER IV.—Syntax of Pronouns.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.
RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
Hīc, Ille, Iste.
Is.
Īdem.
Ipse.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.
CHAPTER V.—Syntax of Verbs.
AGREEMENT.
With One Subject.
With Two or More Subjects.
VOICES.
TENSES.
Principal and Historical Tenses.
Present Indicative.
Imperfect Indicative.
Future Indicative.
Perfect Indicative.
Pluperfect Indicative.
Future Perfect Indicative.
Epistolary Tenses.
Sequence of Tenses.
Peculiarities of Sequence.
Method of Expressing Future Time in the Subjunctive.
THE MOODS.
The Indicative in Independent Sentences.
The Subjunctive in Independent Sentences.
The Imperative.
Clauses of Purpose.
Clauses of Characteristic.
Clauses of Result.
Causal Clauses.
Temporal Clauses introduced by Postquam, Ut, Ubi, Simul ac, etc.
Temporal Clauses introduced by Cum.
Clauses introduced by Antequam and Priusquam.
Clauses introduced by Dum, Dōnec, Quoad.
Substantive Clauses.
A. Substantive Clauses developed from the Volitive.
B. Substantive Clauses developed from the Optative.
C. Substantive Clauses of Result.
D. Substantive Clauses introduced by Quīn.
E. Substantive Clauses Introduced by Quod.
F. Indirect Questions.
First Type.—Nothing Implied as to the Reality of the Supposed Case.
Second Type.—'Should'-'Would' Conditions.
Third Type.—Supposed Case Represented as Contrary to Fact.
Protasis expressed without Sī.
Use of Nisi, Sī Nōn, Sīn.
Conditional Clauses of Comparison.
Concessive Clauses.
Adversative Clauses with Quamvīs, Quamquam, etc.
Clauses with Dum, Modo, Dummodo, denoting a Wish or a Proviso.
Relative Clauses.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE (ŌRĀTIŌ OBLĪQUA).
Declarative Sentences.
Interrogative Sentences.
Imperative Sentences.
A. Tenses of the Infinitive.
B. Tenses of the Subjunctive.
Conditional Sentences of the First Type.
Conditional Sentences of the Second Type.
Conditional Sentences of the Third Type.
NOUN AND ADJECTIVE FORMS OF THE VERB.
Infinitive without Subject Accusative.
Infinitive with Subject Accusative.
Passive Construction of the Foregoing Verbs.
Infinitive with Adjectives.
Infinitive in Exclamations.
Historical Infinitive.
Tenses of the Participle.
Use of Participles.
Gerundive Construction instead of the Gerund.
CHAPTER VI.—Particles.
COÖRDINATE CONJUNCTIONS.
CHAPTER VII.—Word-order and Sentence-Structure.
A. WORD-ORDER.
B. SENTENCE-STRUCTURE.
CHAPTER VIII.-Hints on Latin Style.
NOUNS.
ADJECTIVES.
PRONOUNS.
VERBS.
PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE.
PECULIARITIES IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF THE DATIVE.
PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE GENITIVE.
PART VI.
PROSODY.
QUANTITY OF VOWELS AND SYLLABLES
Quantity of Final Syllables.
VERSE-STRUCTURE.
SUPPLEMENTS TO THE GRAMMAR.
A. Figures of Syntax.
B. Figures of Rhetoric.
INDEX OF THE SOURCES OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES CITED IN THE SYNTAX.[63]
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN INDEX TO THE ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
INDEX TO THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT VERBS
A.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
T.
U.
V.
GENERAL INDEX.
FOOTNOTES
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