Introduction to Basic Legal Citation
Peter W. Martin
Introduction to Basic Legal Citation
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This electronic publication was conceived in the summer of 1992. A small band of Cornell Law students, charged with identifying subjects on which computer-based materials would be particularly helpful, placed citation at the top of the list. With their assistance I prepared the first edition of Introduction to Basic Legal Citation. It was released on diskette that fall, one of the first hypertext publications of Cornell's Legal Information Institute (LII). Later reconfigured for the Web, where it still resides at: http://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/, the work has been updated regularly in the years since. Like that online version on which it is based, this e-book was most recently revised in the fall of 2013. As has been true of all editions released since 2010, it is indexed to the fourth edition of the ALWD Citation Manual and the nineteenth edition of The Bluebook. But it also rests firmly on the evolving practice of judges writing opinions and lawyers writing briefs.


Professor Martin requests that you donate to the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law if you would like to show your support for this free work.


A companion “wiki” also allows users to raise questions, post comments, elaborate upon the work’s introductory treatment or extend its coverage to other types of material or jurisdictions. This is primarily not an "ask the author" or "tell the author" forum. It aims rather to provide a framework that will allow those teaching and learning about legal citation, as well as professionals confronting an unfamiliar citation challenge, to discuss, extend and improve the underlying work. To access the wiki go to: http://basiclegalcitation.wikispaces.com.

Language
English
ISBN
Unknown
Table of Contents
PREFACE
A Few Tips on Using Introduction to Basic Legal Citation
Help with Citation Issues Beyond the Scope of this Work
Comments, Corrections, Extensions
Additional Resources
§ 1-000. BASIC LEGAL CITATION: WHAT AND WHY?
§ 1-100. Introduction
§ 1-200. Purposes of Legal Citation
§ 1-300. Types of Citation Principles
§ 1-400. Levels of Mastery
§ 1-500. Citation in Transition: From Proprietary Print Citations to Vendor- and Medium-Neutral Schemes
§ 1-600. Who Sets Citation Norms
§ 2-000. HOW TO CITE ...
§ 2-100. How to Cite Electronic Sources
§ 2-110. Electronic Sources – Core Elements
§ 2-115. Electronic Sources – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
§ 2-120. Electronic Sources – Variants and Special Cases
§ 2-200. How to Cite Judicial Opinions
§ 2-210. Case Citations – Most Common Form
§ 2-215. Case Citations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
§ 2-220. Case Citations – Variants and Special Cases
§ 2-225. Case Citations – More Points of Difference in Citation Practice
§ 2-230. Medium-Neutral Case Citations
§ 2-240. Case Citations – Conditional Items
§ 2-250. Citing Unpublished Cases
§ 2-300. How to Cite Constitutions, Statutes, and Similar Materials
§ 2-310. Constitution Citations
§ 2-320. Statute Citations – Most Common Form
§ 2-330. Statute Citations – Conditional items
§ 2-335. Statute Citations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
§ 2-340. Statute Citations – Variants and Special Cases
§ 2-350. Local Ordinance Citations
§ 2-360. Treaty Citations
§ 2-400. How to Cite Regulations, Other Agency and Executive Material
§ 2-410. Regulation Citations – Most Common Form
§ 2-415. Regulation Citations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
§ 2-420. Regulation Citations – Variants and Special Cases
§ 2-450. Agency Adjudication Citations
§ 2-455. Agency Adjudication Citations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
§ 2-470. Agency Report Citations
§ 2-480. Citations to Executive Orders and Proclamations – Most Common Form
§ 2-485. Citations to Executive Orders and Proclamations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
§ 2-490. Citations to Attorney General and Other Advisory Opinions – Most Common Form
§ 2-495. Citations to Attorney General and Other Advisory Opinions – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
§ 2-500. How to Cite Arbitration Decisions
§ 2-600. How to Cite Court Rules
§ 2-700. How to Cite Books
§ 2-710. Book Citations – Most Common Form
§ 2-715. Book Citations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
§ 2-720. Book Citations – Variants and Special Cases
§ 2-800. How to Cite Articles and Other Law Journal Writing
§ 2-810. Journal Article Citations – Most Common Form
§ 2-820. Journal Article Citations – Variants and Special Cases
§ 2-825. Journal Article Citations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
§ 2-900. How to Cite Documents from Earlier Stages of the Same Case
§ 3-000. EXAMPLES – CITATIONS OF ...
§ 3-100. Electronic Sources
§ 3-110. Electronic Citations – Core Elements
§ 3-200. Judicial Opinions
§ 3-210. Case Citations – Most Common Form
Federal Case Citations:
Supreme Court
Courts of Appeals
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
District Courts
Bankruptcy Courts and Bankruptcy Panels
Court of Federal Claims
Tax Court
Military Service Courts of Criminal Appeals
State Case Citations:
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
§ 3-220. Case Citations – Variants and Special Cases
§ 3-230. Medium-Neutral Case Citations
§ 3-240. Case Citations – Conditional Items
§ 3-300. Constitutions and Statutes
§ 3-310. Constitutions
Federal Statute Citations
State Statute Citations
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
§ 3-340. Statute Citations – Variants and Special Cases
§ 3-350. Local Ordinance Citations
§ 3-360. Treaty Citations
§ 3-400. Regulations, Other Agency and Executive Material
§ 3-410. Regulation Citations – Most Common Form
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
§ 3-420. Regulation Citations – Variants and Special Cases
§ 3-480. Executive Orders and Proclamations
§ 3-490. Attorney General and Other Advisory Opinions
§ 3-500. Arbitration Decisions
§ 3-600. Court Rules
§ 3-700. Books
§ 3-710. Book Citations – Most Common Form
§ 3-720. Book Citations – Variants and Special Cases
§ 3-800. Articles and Other Law Journal Writing
§ 3-810. Journal Article Citations – Most Common Form
§ 3-820. Journal Articles – Variants and Special Cases
§ 4-000. ABBREVIATIONS AND OMISSIONS USED IN CITATIONS
§ 4-100. Words Abbreviated in Case Names
§ 4-200. Abbreviations for Words Used in Providing Case Histories
§ 4-300. Words Omitted in Case Names
§ 4-400. Reporters and Courts
§ 4-410. Reporter and Court Abbreviations – Federal Courts
§ 4-420. Reporter and Court Abbreviations – The States and D.C.
§ 4-500. State Abbreviations
§ 4-600. Months
§ 4-700. Frequently Cited Journals
§ 4-800. Spacing between Abbreviated Words and Periods in Abbreviations
§ 4-810. Spacing between Abbreviated Words
§ 4-820. Periods in Abbreviations
§ 4-900. Documents from Earlier Stages of a Case
§ 5-000. UNDERLINING AND ITALICS
§ 5-100. In Citations
§ 5-200. In Text
§ 5-300. Citation Items Not Italicized
§ 6-000. PLACING CITATIONS IN CONTEXT
§ 6-100. Quoting
§ 6-200. Citations and Related Text
§ 6-300. Signals
(a) Signals that indicate support.
(b) Signals that suggest a useful comparison.
(c) Signals that indicate contradiction.
(d) Signals that indicate background material.
(e) Combining a signal with "e.g."
§ 6-400. Order
§ 6-500. Short Form Citations
§ 6-520. Short Form Citations - Cases
§ 6-530. Short Form Citations - Constitutions and Statutes
§ 6-540. Short Form Citations - Regulations
§ 6-550. Short Form Citations - Books
§ 6-560. Short Form Citations - Journal Articles
§ 6-600. Context Examples
§ 7-000. CROSS REFERENCE TABLES
§ 7-100. Introduction
§ 7-200. Significant Changes in The Bluebook:
19th edition
18th edition
17th edition
§ 7-300. Cross Reference Table: The Bluebook
§ 7-400. Cross Reference Table: ALWD Citation Manual
§ 7-500. Table of State-Specific Citation Norms and Practices
Alabama
Examples from White-Spunner Constr., Inc. v. Constr. Completion Co., LLC, 103 So. 3d 781 (Ala. 2012)
Ala. R. App. P. 28
Alaska
Examples from State v. Dupier, 118 P.3d 1039 (Alaska 2005)
Alaska R. App. P. 212(c)
Arizona
Examples from Ry-Tan Constr., Inc. v. Wash. Elem. Sch. Dist. No. 6, 210 Ariz. 419, 111 P.3d 1019 (2005)
Ariz. R. Civ. App. P. 13(a)
Arkansas
Examples from Hinojosa v. State, 2009 Ark. 301
Ark. Sup. Ct. & Ct. App. R. 4-2(a), 5-2(b)
California
Examples from Zuckerman v. Bd. of Chiropractic Exam'rs, 29 Cal. 4th 32, 53 P.3d 119, 124 Cal. Rptr. 2d 701 (2002)
Cal. Ct. R. 1.200
Cal. Ct. R. 3.1113
Colorado
Examples from Colo. Oil & Gas Conservation Comm'n v. Grand Valley Citizens' Alliance, 2012 CO 52, 279 P.3d 646
Colo. C.J. Directive 12-01
Connecticut
Examples from Ruffin v. Dep't of Pub. Works, 50 Conn. Supp. 98, 914 A.2d 617 (2006)
Conn. R. App. P § 67-11
Delaware
Examples from Del. Bd. of Nursing v. Gillespie, 41 A.3d 423 (Del. 2012)
Del. Sup. Ct. R. 14(g)
D.C.
Examples from Dorsey v. District of Columbia, 917 A.2d 639 (D.C. 2007)
D.C. Ct. App. R 28(g)
D.C. Super. Ct. Civ. P.R. 12-I(e)
Florida
Examples from North Lauderdale v. SMM Properties, Inc., 825 So. 2d 343 (Fla. 2002)
Fla. R. App. P. 9.800
Georgia
Examples from Hollingsworth Concrete Prods., Inc., 274 Ga. 210, 553 S.E.2d 270 (2001)
Ga. Sup. Ct. R. 22
Ga. Ct. App. R. 24(c)
Hawaii
Examples from State v. Kotis, 91 Haw. 319, 984 P.2d 78 (1999)
Hawaii R. App. P. 28
Idaho
Examples from Am. Falls Reservoir Dist. No. 2 v. Idaho Dep't of Water Res., 143 Idaho 862, 154 P.3d 433 (2007)
Idaho S. Ct. Internal R 15
Illinois
Examples from Hines v. Dep't of Pub. Aid, 221 Ill. 2d 222, 850 N.E.2d 148 (2006)
Ill. Sup. Ct. R. 6
Indiana
Examples from Caesars Riverboat Casino, LLC v. Kephart, 934 N.E.2d 1120 (Ind. 2010)
Ind. R. App. P. 22
Iowa
Examples from Al-Khattat v. Eng'g & Land Surveying Examining Bd., 644 N.W.2d 18 (Iowa 2002)
Iowa R. App. P. 6.904
Kansas
Examples from Schmidt v. Kan. State Bd. of Technical Professions, 271 Kan. 206, 21 P.3d 542 (2001)
Kan. Ct. R. 6.08
Kentucky
Examples from Adams v. NHC Healthcare, 199 S.W.3d 163 (Ky. 2006)
Ky. Civ. R. 76.12(4)(g)
Louisiana
Examples from State v. Alfonso, 99-1546 (La. 12/07/99), 753 So. 2d 156
La. Sup. Ct. Gen. Admin. R. § 8
La. Unif R. Ct. App. 2-12.4
Maine
Examples from Powers Trust v. Bd. of Envtl. Prot., 2011 ME 40, 15 A.3d 1273
Me. Admin. Order, No. SJC-216 (Aug. 20, 1996).
Maryland
Examples from State Comm'n on Human Relations v. Talbot County Det. Ctr., 370 Md. 115, 803 A.2d 527 (2002)
Md. R. 1-104, 8-504
Massachusetts
Examples from City Council of Agawam v. Energy Facilities Siting Bd., 437 Mass. 821, 776 N.E.2d 1002 (2002)
Mass. R. App. P. 16(g)
Michigan
Examples from Great Wolf Lodge of Traverse City, LLC v. PSC, 489 Mich. 27, 799 N.W.2d 155 (2011)
Mich. Admin. Order 2006-3
Minnesota
Examples from Breza v. City of Minnetrista, 725 N.W.2d 106 (Minn. 2006)
Mississippi
Examples from Alford v. Miss. Div. of Medicaid, 30 So. 3d 1212 (Miss. 2010)
Miss. R. App. P. 28(f)
Missouri
Examples from State ex rel. Sunshine Enters. of Mo., Inc. v. Bd. of Adjustment, 64 S.W.3d 310 (Mo. 2002)
Montana
Examples from Briese v. Mont. Pub. Emples. Ret. Bd., 2012 MT 192, 366 Mont. 148, 285 P.3d 550
Mont. Sup. Ct. Internal Op. Rules, § VII
Mont. Sup.Ct. Order of Jan. 22, 2009
Nebraska
Examples from Bethesda Found. v. Neb. Dep't of Soc. Serv., 243 Neb. 130, 498 N.W.2d 86 (1993)
Neb. Ct. R. App. Pract. 2-109
Nevada
Examples from Nev. Tax Comm'n v. Nev. Cement Co., 36 P.3d 418 (Nev. 2001)
Nev. Sup. Ct. R. 123
New Hampshire
Examples from State v. Caswell, 146 N.H. 243, 769 A.2d 387 (2001)
N.H. Sup. Ct. R. 16
New Jersey
Examples from Toll Bros., Inc. v. Township of W. Windsor, 173 N.J. 502, 803 A.2d 53 (2002)
N.J. Ct. R. 2:6-2
New Mexico
Examples from State v. Johnson, 2009-NMSC-049, 147 N.M. 177, 218 P.3d 863 (2009)
N. M. Sup. Ct. R. 23-112
New York
Examples from Aliessa v. Novello, 96 N.Y.2d 418, 754 N.E.2d 1085, 730 N.Y.S.2d 1 (2001)
N.Y. Ct. App. R. Pract. § 500.1(g)
North Carolina
Examples from Craig v. County of Chatham, 356 N.C. 40, 565 S.E.2d 172 (2002)
N.C. R. App. P., App. B
North Dakota
Examples from Zarrett v. Zarrett, 1998 ND 49, 574 N.W.2d 855
N.D. R. Ct. 11.6
Ohio
Examples from State ex rel. Kolcinko v. Ohio Police & Fire Pension Fund, 2012 Ohio 46, 131 Ohio St. 3d 111, 961 N.E.2d 178
Ohio Sup. Ct. R. for the Reporting of Decisions (2012)
Oklahoma
Examples from Rogers v. Quiktrip Corp., 2010 OK 3, 230 P.3d 853
Okla. Sup. Ct. R. 1.11, 1.200
Okla. Crim. App. R. 3.5(C)
Oregon
Examples from Coats v. State, 334 Or. 587, 54 P.3d 610 (2002)
Or. R. App. P. 5.20, 5.35
Pennsylvania
Examples from Commonwealth v. Beam, 567 Pa. 492, 788 A.2d 357 (2002)
Pa. R. App. P. 2119(b)
Rhode Island
Examples from Cullen v. Town Council of Lincoln, 893 A.2d 239 (R.I. 2006)
R.I. Sup. Ct. R. 16(j)
South Carolina
Examples from Johnson v. Collins Entm't Co., 349 S.C. 613, 564 S.E.2d 653 (2002)
S.C. App. Pract. R. 268
South Dakota
Examples from State v. Britton, 2009 SD 75, 772 N.W.2d 899
S.D. R. Civ. App. P. § 15-26A-69.1
Tennessee
Examples from Furlough v. Spherion Atl. Workforce, LLC, 397 S.W.3d 114 (Tenn. 2013)
Tenn. R. App. P. 27(h)
Texas
Examples from Gilbert v. El Paso County Hosp. Dist., 38 S.W.3d 85 (Tex. 2001)
Note
Utah
Examples from Menzies v. Galetka, 2006 UT 81, 150 P.3d 480
Utah Sup. Ct. Standing Order 4
Vermont
Examples from City of Montpelier v. Barnett, 2012 VT 32, 49 A.3d 120
Vt. R. App. P. 28.2
Virginia
Examples from Davenport v. Little-Bowser, 269 Va. 546, 611 S.E.2d 366 (2005)
Va. Sup. Ct. R 5:27(a), 5:28(a)
Washington
Examples from Dot Foods, Inc. v. Dep't of Revenue, 166 Wash. 2d 912, 215 P.3d 185 (2009)
Wash. Gen. R. 14
West Virginia
Examples from Sedgmer v. McElroy Coal Co., 220 W.Va. 66, 640 S.E.2d 129 (2006)
W. Va. Tr. Ct. R. 6.02
Note
Wisconsin
Examples from State v. T.J. Int'l, Inc., 2001 WI 76, 244 Wis. 2d 481, 628 N.W.2d 774
Wis. App. P. R. 809.19(e)
Wis. Sup. Ct. R. chapt. 80
Wyoming
Examples from Lane-Walter v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers' Safety & Comp. Div., 2011 WY 52, 250 P.3d 513
Wyo. Sup. Ct., Order Adopting a Uniform or Neutral-Format Citation (Oct. 2, 2000)
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