Name: GNU make: A Program for Directing Compilation
ISBN: 1-882114-83-3

GNU make: A Program for Directing Compilation

Richard M. Stallman

Computers & Technology

GNU make: A Program for Directing Compilation

Free

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Description

Contents

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This best-selling manual is indispensable to free software system maintainers. The GNU Make manual, written by the program's original authors and current maintainer, is the definitive tutorial. It is carefully designed to be useful to all levels of users, and includes an introductory chapter for novices. The Make utility automates the process of compilation; it is especially useful when the source files of large programs change. GNU Make is becoming increasingly popular as it is able to meet the needs of free software system hackers in system management. It is a small program with a lot of power.

This book will show you:

How to write your own makefiles
Make's rule syntax and how to write your own rules
How the Make utility can be configured to automatically put binary and source files in the right places.
How to use make to create archive files automatically
Define, set and use Make's variables
How Make uses targets so that you can broaden or narrow Make's recompilation efforts on demand.

And much more!

This manual provides a complete explanation of Make, both the basics and extended features. There is also a convenient Quick Reference appendix for experts.

Currently at version 3.81. Buy a print copy from the Free Software Foundation

Language

English

ISBN

1-882114-83-3

Overview of make

How to Read This Manual

Problems and Bugs

An Introduction to Makefiles

What a Rule Looks Like

A Simple Makefile

How make Processes a Makefile

Variables Make Makefiles Simpler

Letting make Deduce the Recipes

Another Style of Makefile

Rules for Cleaning the Directory

Writing Makefiles

What Makefiles Contain

Splitting Long Lines

What Name to Give Your Makefile

Including Other Makefiles

The Variable MAKEFILES

How Makefiles Are Remade

Overriding Part of Another Makefile

How make Reads a Makefile

Secondary Expansion

Writing Rules

Rule Syntax

Types of Prerequisites

Using Wildcard Characters in File Names

Wildcard Examples

Pitfalls of Using Wildcards

The Function wildcard

Searching Directories for Prerequisites

VPATH: Search Path for All Prerequisites

The vpath Directive

How Directory Searches are Performed

Writing Recipes with Directory Search

Directory Search and Implicit Rules

Directory Search for Link Libraries

Phony Targets

Rules without Recipes or Prerequisites

Empty Target Files to Record Events

Special Built-in Target Names

Multiple Targets in a Rule

Multiple Rules for One Target

Static Pattern Rules

Syntax of Static Pattern Rules

Static Pattern Rules versus Implicit Rules

Double-Colon Rules

Generating Prerequisites Automatically

Writing Recipes in Rules

Recipe Syntax

Splitting Recipe Lines

Using Variables in Recipes

Recipe Echoing

Recipe Execution

Using One Shell

Choosing the Shell

Parallel Execution

Output During Parallel Execution

Input During Parallel Execution

Errors in Recipes

Interrupting or Killing make

Recursive Use of make

How the MAKE Variable Works

Communicating Variables to a Sub-make

Communicating Options to a Sub-make

The --print-directory Option

Defining Canned Recipes

Using Empty Recipes

How to Use Variables

Basics of Variable References

The Two Flavors of Variables

Advanced Features for Reference to Variables

Substitution References

Computed Variable Names

How Variables Get Their Values

Setting Variables

Appending More Text to Variables

The override Directive

Defining Multi-Line Variables

Undefining Variables

Variables from the Environment

Target-specific Variable Values

Pattern-specific Variable Values

Suppressing Inheritance

Other Special Variables

Conditional Parts of Makefiles

Example of a Conditional

Syntax of Conditionals

Conditionals that Test Flags

Functions for Transforming Text

Function Call Syntax

Functions for String Substitution and Analysis

Functions for File Names

Functions for Conditionals

The foreach Function

The file Function

The call Function

The value Function

The eval Function

The origin Function

The flavor Function

Functions That Control Make

The shell Function

The guile Function

How to Run make

Arguments to Specify the Makefile

Arguments to Specify the Goals

Instead of Executing Recipes

Avoiding Recompilation of Some Files

Overriding Variables

Testing the Compilation of a Program

Summary of Options

Using Implicit Rules

Catalogue of Built-In Rules

Variables Used by Implicit Rules

Chains of Implicit Rules

Defining and Redefining Pattern Rules

Introduction to Pattern Rules

Pattern Rule Examples

Automatic Variables

How Patterns Match

Match-Anything Pattern Rules

Canceling Implicit Rules

Defining Last-Resort Default Rules

Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules

Implicit Rule Search Algorithm

Using make to Update Archive Files

Archive Members as Targets

Implicit Rule for Archive Member Targets

Updating Archive Symbol Directories

Dangers When Using Archives

Suffix Rules for Archive Files

Extending GNU make

GNU Guile Integration

Conversion of Guile Types

Interfaces from Guile to make

Example Using Guile in make

Loading Dynamic Objects

The load Directive

How Loaded Objects Are Remade

Loaded Object Interface

Example Loaded Object

Features of GNU make

Incompatibilities and Missing Features

Makefile Conventions

General Conventions for Makefiles

Utilities in Makefiles

Variables for Specifying Commands

DESTDIR: Support for Staged Installs

Variables for Installation Directories

Standard Targets for Users

Install Command Categories

Quick Reference

Errors Generated by Make

Complex Makefile Example

GNU Free Documentation License

Index of Concepts

Index of Functions, Variables, & Directives

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