Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Free
Description
Contents
Reviews
Language
English
ISBN
978-1-910634-37-0
Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Table of contents
List of figures
List of tables
List of abbreviations
List of contributors
Section 1 General
1 Principles of Plastic Surgery, Wound healing, Skin Grafts and Flaps
1. Introduction
2. The skin
2.1. Structure and function of the skin
2.1.1. Epidermis
2.1.2. Dermis
2.1.3. Hypodermis
2.1.4. Skin appendages
3. Wound healing
4. Wound management
4.1. Debridement
4.2. Infection and inflammation
4.3. Moisture balance
4.4. Edge of wound
4.5. Complex wounds
4.6. Adjuncts to wound healing
4.6.1. Dressings
4.6.2. Negative-pressure wound therapy
4.6.3. Growth factors
4.6.4. Hyperbaric oxygen
5. How to obtain a fine-line scar
6. Reconstructive ladder
7. Wound closure
7.1. Suturing techniques
7.1.1. Simple interrupted sutures
7.1.2. Simple continuous suture (over-and-over)
7.1.3. Mattress sutures
7.1.4. Subcuticular (intradermal) sutures
7.1.5. Half-buried horizontal mattress sutures (corner stitch)
7.2. Other closure techniques
7.2.1. Skin staples
7.2.2. Skin tapes
7.2.3. Skin adhesives
8. Skin grafting
8.1. Graft take
8.1.1. Plasmatic imbibition
8.1.2. Inosculation and capillary ingrowth
8.2. Graft healing
8.3. Graft contraction
8.4. Graft reinnervation
8.5. Overgrafting
8.6. Graft failure
9. Flaps
9.1. Local flaps
9.2. Flaps rotating about a pivot point
9.3. Distant flaps
9.3.1. Cutaneous flaps
9.3.2. Perforator flaps
9.3.3. Fasciocutaneous flaps
9.3.4. Musculocutaneous flaps
10. Conclusion
References
2 Abdominal Wall Reconstruction
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy and zones
2.1. Classification and aetiology
2.2. Reconstructive options
3. Defect approach and evaluation
4. Surgical procedures
4.1. Ventral abdominal wall hernia
4.2. Component separation
4.2.1. Patient selection and evaluation
4.3. Mesh repair
4.4. Endoscopically assisted component separation technique: minimally accessed surgery
4.5. Staged abdominal reconstruction and planned hernia repair/temporary abdominal closure
4.5.1. Enteric fistula
4.6. Autologous flap for the abdominal wall: pedicled flaps
4.6.1. Tensor fascia lata
4.6.2. Rectus femoris
4.6.2.1. Extended rectus femoris flap (‘mutton chop’ flap)
4.6.3. Anterolateral thigh flap
4.6.4. Omental flap
4.6.5. Rectus abdominis muscle flaps
4.6.5.1. Groin flap
4.6.6. Vastus lateralis
4.6.7. Gracilis flap
4.7. Tissue expansion in abdominal wall reconstruction
4.7.1. Free flaps
4.7.1.1. Tensor fascia lata
4.7.1.2. Latissimus dorsi muscle or musculocutaneous flap
4.7.2. Combined free flap
4.8. Abdominal wall transplant
References
Section 2 Cancer
3 Skin Cancer for the Plastic Surgeon
1. Introduction
2. Basal cell carcinoma
2.1. Diagnosis
2.2. Histology
2.3. Management
2.3.1. Non-surgical management
2.3.2. Surgical management
2.4. Mohs micrographic surgery
2.5. Follow-up
3. Squamous cell carcinoma
3.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
3.2. Management
3.2.1. Surgical management
3.2.2. Non-surgical management
3.3. Follow-up
4. Malignant melanoma
4.1. Diagnosis
4.2. Staging
4.3. Investigations
4.4. Management
4.5. Sentinel lymph node biopsy
4.6. Follow-up
References
4 Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy
3. Epidemiology
3.1. Incidence
3.2. Mortality
4. Aetiology
4.1. Major risk factors
4.1.1. Tobacco
4.1.2. Alcohol
4.1.3. Smoking and drinking
4.1.4. Betel quid
4.2. Emerging risk factors
4.2.1. Human papillomavirus
4.2.2. Diet
4.2.3. Mate drinking
4.3. Controversial factors: limited evidence
4.3.1. Ethnicity and race
4.3.2. Oral health and microorganisms
4.3.3. Indoor air pollution
4.4. Controversial factors: inconsistent evidence
5. Diagnosis
5.1. Importance of early diagnosis
5.2. Conventional oral examination
5.3. Clinical features
5.3.1. Symptoms
5.3.2. Location
5.4. Tests to aid diagnosis
5.5. Toluidine blue staining
5.6. Brush biopsy
5.7. Chemiluminescence
5.8. Autofluorescence
5.9. Confocal laser endomicroscopy
5.10. Optical tomography
5.11. Diagnosis from saliva
5.12. Serum C-reactive protein
5.13. Human papillomavirus diagnosis
5.14. Screening
6. Histopathology
6.1. HPV-negative OPSCC
6.2. HPV-positive OPSCC
7. Staging
7.1. Pretreatment investigations
7.2. TNM staging
8. Management
8.1. Rationale behind oral cancer treatment
8.2. Surgical approaches to oral cancer
8.3. Reconstructive surgery
9. Prognosis
9.1. Second primary malignancy
References
Section 3 Burns and Trauma
5 Burns
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
3. Types of burns
3.1. Thermal burns
3.1.1. Flash and flame burns
3.1.2. Scalds
3.1.3. Contact burns
3.1.4. Tar burns
3.2. Chemical burns
3.2.1. Sodium hypochlorite
3.2.2. Phenol (carbolic acid)
3.2.3. White phosphorous
3.2.4. Sulphuric acid
3.2.5. Sulphur mustard
3.3. Electrical burns
3.4. Burns as a sign of abuse
3.5. Recognise an accidental scalding
3.6. Indicators for suspicion
3.7. Recognised patterns on injury
3.7.1. Cigarette burns
3.7.2. Electrical burns
3.7.3. Scalds
4. Pathophysiology
4.1. Local response
4.1.1. Zone of coagulation
4.1.2. Zone of stasis
4.1.3. Zone of hyperaemia
4.2. Systemic response
5. Wound healing
5.1. Haemostasis
5.2. Inflammation
5.3. Proliferation
5.4. Remodelling
6. Acute management and assessment
6.1. Primary survey
6.2. Secondary survey
7. Wound management
7.1. Topical ointments
7.2. Wound dressings
7.2.1. Biological wound dressings
7.2.2. Physiological wound dressings
8. Conclusion
9. Appendix
References
6 Burn Reconstructive Surgery
1. Introduction
2. Aims and challenges of reconstructive surgery
3. Patient–surgeon relationship and initial consultation
3.1. Initial physical assessment of a patient: A step-wise approach
4. Burn reconstruction procedures and techniques
5. Timing of surgery
5.1. Urgent (immediate) procedures
5.2. Essential (early) procedures
5.3. Desirable (late) procedures
6. Burn reconstruction procedures
6.1. Factors influencing the reconstruction process
6.2. Guidelines for the reconstructive process
7. Healing by secondary intention and primary closure
7.1. Advantages of primary closure
7.2. Disadvantages of primary closure
8. Excision and skin grafting: FTSGs and STSGs
8.1. Skin grafts
9. Split-thickness skin grafts
9.1. STSG survival
10. Full-thickness skin grafts
10.1. Tumescent infiltration
10.2. Application of FTSGs
10.3. Fixation of grafts
11. The ideal properties of skin substitutes
11.1. Overview of currently available skin substitutes
11.2. Dermal skin substitutes
11.2.1. Epidermal substitutes
11.2.2. Dermal substitutes
11.2.3. Dermo-epidermal substitutes
11.2.4. Problems associated with dermal substitutes
12. Tissue expansion
13. Flap reconstruction of burns
13.1. Flaps anatomy and physiology
13.2. Principles of flap surgery
13.2.1. Principle 1: replace like with like
13.2.2. Principle 2: think of reconstruction in terms of units
13.2.3. Principle 3: always have a pattern and back-up plan
13.2.4. Principle 4: Millard talks of the Robin Hood principle
13.2.5. Principle 5: always consider the donor region
13.3. Classification of flaps
13.3.1. Circulation: blood supply of the flap
13.3.2. Random flap
13.3.3. Axial flap
13.3.4. Flap tissue composition
13.3.6. Composite flaps: composed of two or more tissue types
13.3.7. Contiguity: location of the donor site
13.3.7.1. Local flap
13.3.7.2. Regional flap
13.3.7.3. Distant flap
13.3.8. Contour
13.4. Local flaps
13.4.1. Types of local flaps
13.4.1.1. Advantages
13.4.1.2. Disadvantages
13.4.2. Types of local flaps
13.4.2.1. Advancement flaps
13.4.2.2. Pivotal (geometric flaps)
13.4.2.3. Simple advancement flap
13.4.2.4. V–Y advancement flap
13.5. Interdigitating flaps: Z-plasty principal
13.6. Regional and distant flaps
13.6.1. Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap
13.6.2. Deltopectoral flap
13.6.3. Trapezius flap
13.6.4. Latissimus dorsi flap
13.6.5. Distant flaps: pedicle flaps
13.7. Free flaps: free microvascular tissue transfer
13.7.1 Advantages of free flaps
13.7.2. Disadvantages of free flaps
13.7.3. Monitoring flaps for success
13.7.4. Possible complications associated with surgery
13.7.5. Causes of flap failure
13.8. Perforator flap concept
14. Facial transplantation
15. Conclusion
References
7 Soft Tissue Injuries of the Hand
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy
2.1. Bones
2.2. Joints
2.3. Muscles
2.4. Blood supply
2.5. Nerves
3. Pathophysiology
4. History
5. Examination
5.1. Inspection
5.2. Palpation
5.3. Tendon examination
5.4. Neurological examination
6. Principles of reconstruction
7. Tendon injuries
7.1. Tendon structure
7.1.1. After injury, healing occurs in three stages
7.2. Flexor tendon
7.2.1. Flexor zones
7.3. Treatment
7.3.1. Primary repair
7.3.2. Follow-up
7.3.3. Complications
7.3.4. Tendon grafting
7.4. Extensor tendons
7.4.1. Extensor zones
7.4.2. Treatment
7.4.3. Mallet injuries (extensor zone I)
7.4.4. Boutonniere deformity: zone 3
7.4.5. Extensor pollicis longus injuries
8. Nerve injuries
8.1. Structure
8.2. Classification
8.3. Treatment
8.3.1. Direct end-to-end nerve repair
8.3.2. End-to-side repair
8.3.3. Fibrin glue
8.3.4. Nerve grafting
8.3.5. Conduits
8.3.6. Nerve transfers
9. Vascular injuries
9.1. Structure
9.2. Treatment
9.2.1. Radial or ulnar artery injury
9.2.2. Digital artery injury
9.3. Surgical repair
9.3.1. Complications
10. Nail bed injuries
10.1. Structure
10.2. Subungual haematoma
10.3. Nail bed lacerations
10.4. Fingertip amputations
10.4.1. Treatment
11. Soft tissue infections of the hand
11.1. Paronychia
11.1.1. Treatment
11.2. Felon
11.2.1. Treatment
11.3. Herpetic whitlow
11.4. Deep space infection
11.4.1. Deep fascial spaces
11.4.2. Treatment
11.5. Flexor tenosynovitis
11.5.1. Flexor tendon sheath structure
11.5.2. Treatment
12. Extravasation injuries
12.1. Treatment
13. Summary
References
8 Lower Limb Trauma and Reconstruction
1. Introduction
2. Classification
3. Primary management in the emergency department
4. Timing of surgery
5. Referral to specialist centres
5.1. Fracture patterns
5.2. Soft tissue injury patterns
6. Compartment syndrome
6.1. Treatment of compartment syndrome
7. Vascular injuries
8. Primary debridement
9. Fracture management
10. Definitive soft tissue management
10.1. Local flaps
10.2. Local muscle flaps
10.3. Fasciocutaneous flaps
10.4. Microvascular free flap reconstruction
11. Amputation
12. Conclusion
References
9 Injuries of the Facial Skeleton
1. Introduction
2. Examination of facial injuries
2.1. Initial management
2.2. Facial trauma evaluation
2.3. Scalp
2.4. Eye examination
2.5. Ear examination
2.6. Nasal examination
2.7. Oral and throat examination
2.8. Soft tissue injuries
2.9. Peripheral nerve and parotid duct injuries
3. Radiological findings
3.1. Computed tomography
3.2. Cone beam technology
3.3. Plain X-rays
3.4. Magnetic resonance imaging
4. Frontal sinus
4.1. Decision
4.2. Surgical approach
4.3. Aftercare
5. Orbital fracture
5.1. Decision
5.2. Surgical approach
5.3. Orbital fracture reconstruction
5.4. Aftercare
6. Naso-orbitoethmoid
6.1. Decision
6.2. Surgical approach
6.3. Aftercare
7. Nasal
7.1. Surgical approach
8. Zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures
8.1. Decision: zygomatic arch fractures
8.2. Decision: complex
8.3. Surgical approach
9. Le Fort fractures
9.1. Decision
9.2. Surgical approach
10. Mandible
10.1. Decision
10.2. Surgical approach
10.3. Aftercare
10.4. Complications
11. Panfacial fracture
11.1. Two options for sequencing
References
Section 4 Paediatric Plastic Surgery
10 Congenital Hand Abnormalities
1. Embryology
1.1. Proximodistal
1.2. Craniocaudal
1.3. Dorsoventral
1.4. Tissue types
1.5. Timetable of upper limb development
2. Classification of congenital hand abnormalities
3. Failure of formation of parts: longitudinal
3.1. Radial longitudinal deficiency
3.2. Ulnar longitudinal deficiency
3.3. Cleft hand (ectrodactyly)
3.4. Thumb hypoplasia
4. Failure of differentiation of parts
4.1. Syndactyly
4.2. Arthrogryposis
4.3. Camptodactyly
4.4. Clinodactyly
5. Duplication
5.1. Polydactyly
5.2. Thumb duplication
6. Overgrowth
6.1. Macrodactyly
7. Undergrowth
7.1. Symbrachydactyly
8. Constriction ring syndrome
References
11 Ear Reconstruction
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy of the external ear
2.1. Topographic anatomy
2.2. Descriptive anatomy
3. Aetiology of total and partial ear defects
3.1. Congenital
3.2. Trauma
3.2.1. Avulsion or amputations
3.2.2. Burns
3.2.3. Frostbite
3.3. Cancers
4. Total ear reconstruction
4.1. Microsurgical replantation
4.2. Cartilage rib graft
4.2.1. Tanzer’s technique
4.2.2. Brent’s technique
4.2.3. Nagata’s technique
4.3. Porous polyethylene implant (Medpor®)
4.4. External prosthesis
5. Partial ear reconstruction
5.1. Marginal defects
5.1.1. Helix
5.1.1.1. Direct closure
5.1.1.2. Advancement flap
5.1.1.3. Chondrocutaneous advancement flap
5.1.1.4. Tubular flap
5.1.2. Lobe
5.1.2.1. Direct closure
5.1.2.2. Z-plasty
5.1.2.3. Pardue’s technique
5.2. Non-marginal defects
5.2.1. Retroauricular cutaneous flap
5.2.2. Conchal cartilage graft
5.3. Conchal defects
5.3.1. Full-thickness skin graft
5.3.2. Retroauricular cutaneous flap
5.3.3. Pre-tragic transposition flap
6. Tissue engineering
6.1. Cell sources: chondrocytes or stem cells?
6.2. Growth factors
6.3. Scaffolds
6.4. Future perspectives
7. Conclusion
References
12 Craniofacial Surgery: Craniosynostosis Syndromes and Cleft Lip and Palate
1. Introduction
1.1. Introduction to craniofacial surgery
1.2. Embryological development
1.2.1. Skull embryology
1.2.2. Embryology of the palate
1.3. Functional anatomy
1.4. Developmental abnormalities
1.4.1. Cleft abnormalities
1.4.2. Craniosynostosis abnormalities
2. Craniosynostosis syndromes
2.1. Crouzon syndrome
2.2. Apert syndrome
2.3. Pfeiffer syndrome
2.4. Muenke syndrome
2.5. Saethre–Chotzen syndrome
2.6. Management of craniosynostosis syndromes
2.6.1. Key to early intervention
2.6.2. Definitive craniofacial surgery
2.6.2.1. Fronto-orbital advancement
2.6.2.2. Le Fort osteotomy
2.6.2.3. Monobloc osteotomy
2.7. Detecting sinister signs
3. Cleft lip and palate
3.1. Management of cleft lip and palate
3.1.1. Neonatal care
3.1.2. Pre-surgical work up
3.1.3. Photography
3.1.4. Moulding
3.1.5. Primary surgery
3.1.6. Secondary surgery
3.1.6.1. Alveolar bone grafting
3.1.6.2. Orthognathic surgery
3.1.6.3. Septorhinoplasty
3.1.6.4. Pharyngoplasty
3.1.7. Post-operative care
References
13 Genital Reconstruction
1. Paediatric genital reconstruction
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Embryology of the genitourinary tract
1.2.1. Internal genitalia
1.2.2. External genitalia
1.3. Congenital abnormalities
1.3.1. 46, XX DSDs: genetically female but high virility
1.3.2. 46, XY DSD: genetically male but low virility
1.3.3. Sex chromosome DSD
1.4. Surgical management of DSD: childhood
1.4.1. 46, XX DSD: surgical management
1.4.1.1. Clitoroplasty
1.4.1.3. Perineoplasty
1.4.2. 46, XY DSD: genetically male but low virility
1.4.2.1. Hypospadias
1.4.2.2. Cryptorchidism
1.4.3. Other congenital disorders
1.4.3.1. Bladder exstrophy
1.4.3.2. Micropenis
1.4.4. Sex chromosome DSD
1.4.5. Summary of paediatric genital reconstruction
2. Adult genital reconstruction
2.1. Male genital reconstruction
2.1.1. Trauma
2.1.1.1. Penis
2.1.1.2. Scrotum
2.1.1.3. Penetrating trauma
2.1.2. Malignancy
2.1.2.1. Penile cancer
2.1.2.2. Infection
2.2. Female genital reconstruction
2.2.1. Trauma
2.2.1.1. Female genital mutilation
2.2.1.2. Physical assault
2.2.2. Malignancy
2.2.2.1. Vulval malignancy
2.2.2.2. Vagina
2.3. Gender reassignment
2.3.1. Male-to-female reassignment
2.3.1.1. Demasculinisation: orchidectomy and penile disassembly
2.3.1.2. Feminisation: neoclitoris, vaginoplasty and meatus construction
2.3.2. Female-to-male reassignment
2.3.2.1. Phalloplasty and scrotoplasty
2.3.3. Summary of adult genital reconstruction
References
14 Vascular Anomalies
1. Introduction and classification
2. Vascular tumours
2.1. Infantile haemangiomas
3. Congenital haemangiomas: RICH, NICH and PICH
4. Other benign tumours
4.1. Tufted angioma: with or without Kasabach–Merritt phenomenon
4.2. Spindle cell haemangioma
4.3. Epithelioid haemangioma
4.4. Pyogenic granuloma
5. Locally aggressive tumours
5.1. Kaposiform haemangioendothelioma
5.2. Retiform haemangioendothelioma
5.3. Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma
5.4. Composite haemangioendothelioma
5.5. Kaposi sarcoma
6. Malignant tumours
6.1. Angiosarcoma
6.2. Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma
7. Vascular malformations
7.1. Capillary malformations
7.2. Venous malformations
7.3. Lymphatic malformations
7.4. Arteriovenous malformations
7.5. Conclusion
References
Section 5 Aesthetic Surgery
15 Liposuction
1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. History
2.2. Patient selection
3. Anatomy and areas of consideration
4. Pre-operative assessment
5. Anaesthesia options
6. Invasive liposuction techniques
6.1. Suction-assisted liposuction
6.2. Power-assisted liposuction
6.3. Ultrasound-assisted liposuction
6.4. Laser-assisted liposuction
6.5. Water-assisted liposuction
7. Application of wetting solutions
8. Techniques of infiltration
9. Surgical planning
9.1. Pre-operative marking
10. Patient positioning
11. Surgical instruments
12. Compression garments
13. Complications
13.1. Peri-operative complications
13.2. Early complications
13.3. Late complications
14. Non-invasive liposuction
15. Conclusion
References
16 Facial Aesthetic Surgery
1. Patient selection
2. Surgical anatomy of the face
2.1. Soft tissue layer
2.2. Nerve anatomy
2.2.1. Sensory
2.2.2. Motor
3. Ageing face
3.1. Assessment of facial ageing
3.1.1. Soft tissue changes in ageing face
3.1.2. Skeletal architecture in the ageing face
3.2. Photoaging
4. Surgical aesthetic treatment
4.1. Facelift
4.1.1. Operative techniques of facelift
4.1.1.1. Subcutaneous facelift
4.1.1.2. Subcutaneous facelift with SMAS manipulation
4.1.1.3. Subcutaneous facelift with a separate SMAS flap (plus variations)
4.1.1.4. Skoog facelift
4.1.1.5. Lateral SMASectomy
4.1.1.6. Subperiosteal facelift
4.1.2. Complications of facelift procedures
4.1.2.1. Haematoma
4.1.2.2. Nerve injury
4.1.2.3. Skin necrosis
4.1.2.4. Facelift stigmata
4.1.2.5. Other complications
4.2. Upper third rejuvenation
4.2.1. Blepharoplasty
4.2.1.1. Upper blepharoplasty
4.2.1.2. Lower blepharoplasty
4.2.2. Brow lift
4.2.2.1. Techniques
4.2.2.2. Endoscopic brow lift
4.2.2.3. Crenated direct brow lift technique
4.2.2.4. Pretrichial brow lift
4.2.2.5. Complications
4.3. Skeletal augmentation
4.3.1. Implant
4.3.2. Genioplasty
4.3.3. Midface skeletal augmentation
4.4. Rhinoplasty
4.4.1. Approach to rhinoplasty
4.4.2. Options for incision
4.4.3. Modifying nasal dorsum
4.4.4. Nasal tip
5. Non-surgical aesthetic treatment
5.1. Chemical peels
5.2. Dermabrasion
5.3. Laser resurfacing
5.4. Neuromodulators
5.5. Fillers
References
17 Blepharoplasty – Special Focus on Asian Blepharoplasty
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy
3. Surgical techniques
3.1. Pre-operative considerations
3.1.1. Non-incisional technique: suture ligation
3.1.2. Incisional technique: surgical resection
3.1.3. Epicanthoplasty
3.2. Post-operative considerations
3.3. Complications
4. Conclusion
References
18 Aesthetic Breast Surgery
1. Basics
1.1. Breast embryology, development and anatomy
1.1.1. Embryology and development
1.2. Anatomy
1.3. Breast implants
1.3.1. History of implants in a nutshell
1.3.2. Components of a breast implant
1.3.3. Characteristics of breast implants
1.3.4. Indications for shape of implants
1.3.5. Profiles of breast implants
2. Aesthetic breast surgery
2.1. Breast augmentation
2.1.1. Background
2.1.2. Key components of the process of breast augmentation
2.1.3. Patient education
2.1.4. Pre-operative assessment
2.1.5. Tissue-based planning for implant selection
2.1.6. Pre-operative marking
2.1.7. Incisions
2.1.8. Planes of dissection
2.1.9. Key steps in implant insertion
2.1.10. Post-operative management
2.1.11. Complications of breast augmentation
2.1.12. Autologous fat transfer
2.2. Mastopexy
2.2.1. Background
2.2.2. Pre-operative assessment
2.2.3. Evaluation of ptosis
2.2.4. Consent
2.2.5. Pre-operative marking
2.2.6. Surgical techniques
2.2.6.1. Periareolar technique
2.2.6.2. Vertical scar technique
2.2.7. Post-operative care
2.2.8. Tuberous breast deformity
2.3. Breast reduction
2.3.1. Background
2.3.2. Clinical presentation
2.3.3. Pre-operative assessment
2.3.4. Consent
2.3.5. Pre-operative marking
2.3.6. Surgery
2.3.6.1. Pedicle designs
2.3.6.2. Skin patterns
2.3.7. Post-operative care
References
Appendix: Useful documents and media
Breast augmentation videos
19 Body Contouring
1. Introduction
2. History of liposculpture
3. Patient selection
4. Pre-operative marking
5. Tumescent anaesthesia
6. Liposuction
7. Complications of liposuction
8. Abdominoplasty
8.1. Layers of the abdominal wall
8.2. Mini abdominoplasty
8.2.1. Mini abdominoplasty technique
8.3. Full abdominoplasty
8.3.1. Full abdominoplasty technique
9. Circumferential lipectomy
9.1. Circumferential lipectomy technique
10. The upper arm
10.1. Arm lift technique
11. The thigh
11.1. Thigh lift technique
12. Complications
References
Appendix 1
Definitions
Appendix 2
20 The Evolution of Hair Transplant Surgery
1. Introduction
2. The biology of human hair
2.1. Anatomy of the hair follicle
2.1.1. Medulla
2.1.2. Cortex
2.1.3. Cuticle
2.1.4. Inner root sheath
2.1.5. Outer root sheath
2.2. Embryology of the hair
2.3. Hair life cycle
2.3.1. Anagen
2.3.2. Catagen
2.3.3. Telogen
3. Classification of hair loss disorders
4. Indications for hair transplantation
4.1. Androgenetic alopecia
4.2. Cicatricial alopecia
5. Hair transplantation
5.1. Pre-operative patient assessment
5.2. Intra-operative techniques
5.2.1. Anaesthesia
5.2.2. Harvesting of the donor site
5.2.2.1. Follicular unit extraction
5.2.2.2. Strip procedure
5.2.3. Recipient site preparation
5.2.4 Graft implantation
5.3. Post-operative management and complications
6. Advances in hair restoration surgery: where are we now?
6.1. Follicular unit extraction
6.2. Robotics in hair transplantation
6.3. Automated FUE hair transplantation
6.4. Stem cell therapy and cloning
7. Conclusion
References
Index
Back cover
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