Grammatical theory: From transformational grammar to constraint-based approaches
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Description
Contents
Reviews
Language
English
ISBN
978-3-944675-21-3
Preface
I Background and specific theories
1 Introduction and basic terms
1.1 Why do syntax?
1.2 Why do it formally?
1.3 Constituents
1.3.1 Constituency tests
1.3.1.1 Substitution
1.3.1.2 Pronominalization
1.3.1.3 Question formation
1.3.1.4 Permutation test
1.3.1.5 Fronting
1.3.1.6 Coordination
1.3.2 Some comments on the status of constituent tests
1.3.2.1 Expletives
1.3.2.2 Movement
1.3.2.3 Fronting
1.3.2.4 Coordination
1.4 Parts of speech
1.5 Heads
1.6 Arguments and adjuncts
1.7 Grammatical functions
1.7.1 Subjects
1.7.2 The adverbial
1.7.3 Predicatives
1.7.4 Valence classes
1.8 A topological model of the German clause
1.8.1 The position of the verb
1.8.2 The sentence bracket, prefield, middle field and postfield
1.8.3 Assigning elements to fields
1.8.4 Recursion
2 Phrase structure grammar
2.1 Symbols and rewrite rules
2.2 Expanding PSG with features
2.3 Semantics
2.4 Phrase structure rules for some aspects of German syntax
2.4.1 Noun phrases
2.4.2 Prepositional phrases
2.5 X̄ theory
3 Transformational Grammar – Government & Binding
3.1 General remarks on the representational format
3.1.1 Transformations
3.1.2 The hypothesis regarding language acquisition: Principles & Parameters
3.1.3 The T model
3.1.3.1 D-structure and S-structure
3.1.3.2 Phonetic Form
3.1.3.3 Logical Form
3.1.3.4 The lexicon
3.1.4 X̄ theory
3.1.4.1 Syntactic categories
3.1.4.2 Assumptions and rules
3.1.5 CP and IP in English
3.1.6 The structure of the German clause
3.2 Verb position
3.3 Long-distance dependencies
3.4 Passive
3.4.1 Structural and lexical case
3.4.2 Case assignment and the Case Filter
3.5 Local reordering
3.6 Summary and classification
3.6.1 Explaining language acquisition
3.6.2 Formalization
4 Transformational Grammar – Minimalism
4.1 General remarks on the representational format
4.1.1 Basic architecture
4.1.2 Valence, feature checking, and agreement
4.1.3 Phrase structure and X̄ theory
4.1.4 Little v
4.1.5 CP, TP, vP, VP
4.1.5.1 Features as triggers for movement: The EPP feature on T
4.1.5.2 Case assignment
4.1.6 Adjuncts
4.2 Verb position
4.3 Long-distance dependencies
4.4 Passive
4.5 Local reordering
4.6 New developments and theoretical variants
4.6.1 Move, Merge, feature-driven movement and functional projections
4.6.1.1 Functional projections and modularization of linguistic knowledge
4.6.1.2 Feature checking in specifier positions
4.6.1.3 Locality of selection and functional projections
4.6.1.4 Feature-driven movement
4.6.2 Labeling
4.6.3 Specifiers, complements, and the remains of X̄ theory
4.6.4 Minimalism, Categorial Grammar, and HPSG
4.6.4.1 Directional Minimalist Grammars and Categorial Grammar
4.6.4.2 Minimalist Grammars and Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
4.6.5 Selection of atomic features vs. selection of complex categories
4.6.6 Summary
4.7 Summary and classification
4.7.1 Explaining language acquisition
4.7.2 Formalization
5 Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar
5.1 General remarks on the representational format
5.1.1 Complex categories, the Head Feature Convention, and X̄ rules
5.1.2 Local reordering
5.1.3 Metarules
5.1.4 Semantics
5.1.5 Adjuncts
5.2 Passive as a metarule
5.3 Verb position
5.4 Long-distance dependencies as the result of local dependencies
5.5 Summary and classification
5.5.1 Valence and morphology
5.5.2 Valence and partial verb phrase fronting
5.5.3 Generative capacity
6 Feature descriptions
6.1 Feature descriptions
6.2 Types
6.3 Disjunction
6.4 Structure sharing
6.5 Cyclic structures
6.6 Unification
6.7 Phenomena, models and formal theories
7 Lexical Functional Grammar
7.1 General remarks on the representational format
7.1.1 Functional structure
7.1.2 Completeness
7.1.3 Coherence
7.1.4 Restrictions on the c-structure/f-structure relation
7.1.5 Semantics
7.1.6 Adjuncts
7.2 Passive
7.3 Verb position
7.4 Local reordering
7.5 Long-distance dependencies and functional uncertainty
7.6 Summary and classification
8 Categorial Grammar
8.1 General remarks on the representational format
8.1.1 Representation of valence information
8.1.2 Semantics
8.1.3 Adjuncts
8.2 Passive
8.3 Verb position
8.4 Local reordering
8.5 Long-distance dependencies
8.5.1 Type Raising
8.5.2 Forward and backward composition
8.5.3 Analysis of long-distance dependencies
8.6 Summary and classification
9 Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
9.1 General remarks on the representational format
9.1.1 Representation of valence information
9.1.2 Representation of constituent structure
9.1.3 Linearization rules
9.1.4 Projection of head properties
9.1.5 Inheritance hierarchies and generalizations
9.1.6 Semantics
9.1.7 Adjuncts
9.2 Passive
9.2.1 Valence information and the Case Principle
9.3 Verb position
9.4 Local reordering
9.5 Long-distance dependencies
9.6 New developments and theoretical variants
9.6.1 Specifier, complements and argument structure
9.6.2 Linearization-based HPSG
9.7 Summary and classification
10 Construction Grammar
10.1 General remarks on the representational format
10.1.1 The head-complement construction
10.1.2 Representation of valence information
10.1.3 Semantics
10.1.4 Adjuncts
10.2 Passive
10.3 Verb position
10.4 Local reordering
10.5 Long-distance dependencies
10.6 New developments and theoretical variants
10.6.1 Berkeley Construction Grammar
10.6.2 Sign-Based Construction Grammar
10.6.2.1 Locality and mother
10.6.2.1.1 Idioms that cross constituent boundaries
10.6.2.1.2 Complicated licensing of constructions
10.6.2.1.3 Computational complexity
10.6.2.2 Lexical extraction and the local feature
10.6.2.3 Selection of phon and form values
10.6.2.4 The valence list
10.6.2.5 Conclusion
10.6.3 Embodied Construction Grammar
10.6.4 Fluid Construction Grammar
10.6.4.1 General remarks on the representational format
10.6.4.2 Argument Structure Constructions
10.6.4.3 Fusion, matching and merging
10.6.4.4 Long-distance dependencies
10.6.4.5 Comparison to Sign-Based Construction Grammar/HPSG
10.6.4.5.1 Competence/performance distinction
10.6.4.5.2 Mathematical formalization vs. implementation
10.6.4.5.3 Static constraints vs. dynamic mappings and signature + grammar vs. open-endedness
10.6.4.5.4 Theoretical physics vs. Darwinian evolutionary theory
10.6.4.5.5 Permissiveness of the theories
10.6.4.5.6 A note on engineering
10.7 Summary and classification
11 Dependency Grammar
11.1 General remarks on the representational format
11.1.1 Valence information, nucleus and satellites
11.1.2 Adjuncts
11.1.3 Linearization
11.1.4 Semantics
11.2 Passive
11.3 Verb position
11.4 Local reordering
11.5 Long-distance dependencies
11.6 New developments and theoretical variants
11.6.1 Tesnière's part of speech classification
11.6.2 Connection, junction, and transfer
11.6.2.1 Junction
11.6.2.2 Transfer
11.6.3 Scope
11.7 Summary and classification
11.7.1 Linearization
11.7.2 Dependency Grammar vs. phrase structure grammar
11.7.2.1 Translating projective Dependency Grammars into phrase structure grammars
11.7.2.2 Non-projective Dependency Grammars and phrase structure grammars with discontinuous constituents
11.7.2.3 Features that are not identical between heads and projections
11.7.2.4 Non-headed constructions
12 Tree Adjoining Grammar
12.1 General remarks on representational format
12.1.1 Representation of valence information
12.1.2 Substitution
12.1.3 Adjunction
12.1.4 Semantics
12.2 Local reordering
12.3 Verb position
12.4 Passive
12.5 Long-distance dependencies
12.6 New developments and theoretical variants
12.6.1 FTAG
12.6.2 V-TAG
12.6.3 The competence-performance distinction and the generative capacity of tree-local MC-LTAG
12.7 Summary and classification
II General discussion
13 The innateness of linguistic knowledge
13.1 Syntactic universals
13.1.1 Head Directionality Parameter
13.1.2 X̄ structures
13.1.3 Grammatical functions such as subject and object
13.1.4 Binding principles
13.1.5 Properties of long-distance dependencies
13.1.5.1 Extraposition
13.1.5.2 Extraction
13.1.6 Grammatical morphemes for tense, mood and aspect
13.1.7 Parts of speech
13.1.8 Recursion and infinitude
13.1.8.1 Formal problems
13.1.8.2 Empirical problems
13.1.8.3 Recursion in other areas of cognition
13.1.9 Summary
13.2 Speed of language acquisition
13.3 Critical period for acquisition
13.4 Lack of acquisition among non-human primates
13.5 Creole and sign languages
13.6 Localization in special parts of the brain
13.7 Differences between language and general cognition
13.7.1 Williams Syndrome
13.7.2 KE family with FoxP2 mutation
13.8 Poverty of the Stimulus
13.8.1 Gold's Theorem
13.8.2 Four case studies
13.8.2.1 Plurals in noun-noun compounding
13.8.2.2 Position of auxiliaries
13.8.2.3 Reference of one
13.8.2.4 Position of auxiliaries in polar questions
13.8.2.5 Summary
13.8.3 Unsupervised Data-Oriented Parsing (U-DOP)
13.8.4 Negative evidence
13.9 Summary
14 Generative-enumerative vs. model-theoretic approaches
14.1 Graded acceptability
14.2 Utterance fragments
14.3 A problem for model-theoretic approaches?
15 The competence/performance distinction
15.1 The derivational theory of complexity
15.2 Incremental processing
16 Language acquisition
16.1 Principles & Parameters
16.2 Principles and the lexicon
16.3 Pattern-based approaches
16.4 Selection-based approaches
16.5 Summary
17 Generative capacity and grammar formalisms
18 Binary branching, locality, and recursion
18.1 Binary branching
18.2 Locality
18.3 Recursion
19 Empty elements
19.1 Views on empty elements
19.2 Eliminating empty elements from grammars
19.3 Empty elements and semantic interpretation
19.4 Evidence for empty elements
19.5 Transformations, lexical rules, and empty elements
20 Extraction, scrambling, and passive: one or several descriptive devices?
21 Phrasal vs. lexical analyses
21.1 Some putative advantages of phrasal models
21.1.1 Usage-based theories
21.1.2 Coercion
21.1.3 Aspect as a clause level phenomenon
21.1.4 Simplicity and polysemy
21.2 Evidence for lexical approaches
21.2.1 Valence and coordination
21.2.2 Valence and derivational morphology
21.3 Radical underspecification: the end of argument structure?
21.3.1 Neo-Davidsonianism
21.3.2 Little v and idiom asymmetries
21.3.3 Deverbal nominals
21.3.4 Idiosyncratic syntactic selections
21.3.5 Expletives
21.3.6 An exoskeletal approach
21.3.7 Is there an alternative to lexical valence structure?
21.3.8 Summary
21.4 Relations between constructions
21.4.1 Inheritance hierarchies for constructions
21.4.2 Mappings between different levels of representations
21.4.3 Is there an alternative to lexical rules?
21.5 Further problems for phrasal approaches
21.5.1 Particle verbs and commitment to phrase structure configurations
21.6 Arguments from language acquisition
21.6.1 Recognizability of constructions
21.6.2 Coordination and discontinuousness
21.7 Arguments from psycho- and neurolinguistics
21.7.1 Lexical rules vs. phrasal constructions
21.7.2 Light verbs
21.7.3 Arguments from neurolinguistics
21.8 Arguments from statistical distribution
21.8.1 Unsupervised Data-Oriented Parsing
21.8.2 Collostructions
21.9 Conclusion
21.10 Why (phrasal) constructions?
21.10.1 Verbless directives
21.10.2 Serial verbs
21.10.3 Relative and interrogative clauses
21.10.4 The N-P-N construction
22 Universal Grammar and comparative linguistics without UG
22.1 Formal tools for capturing generalizations
22.2 How to develop linguistic theories that capture cross-linguistic generalizations
23 Conclusion
24 Solutions to the exercises
24.1 Introduction and basic terms
24.2 Phrase structure grammars
24.3 Transformational Grammar – Government & Binding
24.4 Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar
24.5 Feature descriptions
24.6 Lexical Functional Grammar
24.7 Categorial Grammar
24.8 Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
24.9 Construction Grammar
24.10 Dependency Grammar
24.11 Tree Adjoining Grammar
Bibliography
Index
Name index
Language index
Subject index
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