First Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1879-1880, Government Printing Office 1881
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FIRST ANNUAL REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT
INTRODUCTORY.
ETHNOGRAPHIC WORK.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN PHILOLOGY, BY MR. J. C. PILLING.
LINGUISTIC AND OTHER ANTHROPOLOGIC RESEARCHES, BY THE REV. J. OWEN DORSEY.
LINGUISTIC RESEARCHES, BY THE REV. S. R. RIGGS.
LINGUISTIC AND GENERAL RESEARCHES AMONG THE KLAMATH INDIANS, BY MR. A. S. GATSCHET.
STUDIES AMONG THE IROQUOIS, BY MRS. E. A. SMITH.
WORK BY PROF. OTIS T. MASON.
THE STUDY OF GESTURE SPEECH, BY BREVET LIEUT. COL. GARRICK MALLERY, U.S.A.
STUDIES IN CENTRAL AMERICAN PICTURE WRITING, BY PROF. E. S. HOLDEN.
THE STUDY OF MORTUARY CUSTOMS, BY DR. H. C. YARROW.
INVESTIGATIONS RELATING TO CESSIONS OF LAND BY INDIAN TRIBES TO THE UNITED STATES, BY C. C. ROYCE.
EXPLORATIONS BY MR. JAMES STEVENSON.
RESEARCHES AMONG THE WINTUNS, BY J. W. POWELL.
THE PREPARATION OF MANUALS FOR USE IN AMERICAN RESEARCH.
SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN TRIBES.
ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
ON THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE,
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN PHILOLOGY, BY MR. J. C. PILLING.
LINGUISTIC AND OTHER ANTHROPOLOGIC RESEARCHES, BY THE REV. J. OWEN DORSEY.
LINGUISTIC RESEARCHES, BY THE REV. S. R. RIGGS.
LINGUISTIC AND GENERAL RESEARCHES AMONG THE KLAMATH INDIANS, BY MR. A. S. GATSCHET.
STUDIES AMONG THE IROQUOIS, BY MRS. E. A. SMITH.
WORK BY PROF. OTIS T. MASON.
THE STUDY OF GESTURE SPEECH, BY BREVET LIEUT. COL. GARRICK MALLERY, U.S.A.
STUDIES IN CENTRAL AMERICAN PICTURE WRITING, BY PROF. E. S. HOLDEN.
THE STUDY OF MORTUARY CUSTOMS, BY DR. H. C. YARROW.
INVESTIGATIONS RELATING TO CESSIONS OF LAND BY INDIAN TRIBES TO THE UNITED STATES, BY C. C. ROYCE.
EXPLORATIONS BY MR. JAMES STEVENSON.
RESEARCHES AMONG THE WINTUNS, BY J. W. POWELL.
THE PREPARATION OF MANUALS FOR USE IN AMERICAN RESEARCH.
SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN TRIBES.
ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
ON THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE,
CONTENTS.
ON THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE
I.—THE PROCESS BY COMBINATION.
II.—THE PROCESS BY VOCALIC MUTATION.
III.—THE PROCESS BY INTONATION.
IV.—THE PROCESS BY PLACEMENT.
DIFFERENTIATION OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
SKETCH
SKETCH
CONTENTS.
SKETCH OF THE MYTHOLOGY
THE GENESIS OF PHILOSOPHY.
THE GENESIS OF PHILOSOPHY.
TWO GRAND STAGES OF PHILOSOPHY.
MYTHOLOGIC PHILOSOPHY HAS FOUR STAGES.
OUTGROWTH FROM MYTHOLOGIC PHILOSOPHY.
THE COURSE OF EVOLUTION IN MYTHOLOGIC PHILOSOPHY.
MYTHIC TALES.
THE CĬN-AÚ-ÄV BROTHERS DISCUSS MATTERS OF IMPORTANCE TO THE PEOPLE.
ORIGIN OF THE ECHO.
THE SO´-KÛS WAI´-ÛN-ÄTS.
TA-VWOTS´ HAS A FIGHT WITH THE SUN.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
WYANDOT GOVERNMENT:
ORIGIN OF THE ECHO.
THE SO´-KÛS WAI´-ÛN-ÄTS.
TA-VWOTS´ HAS A FIGHT WITH THE SUN.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
WYANDOT GOVERNMENT:
CONTENTS.
WYANDOT GOVERNMENT:
THE FAMILY.
THE GENS.
THE PHRATRY.
GOVERNMENT.
CIVIL GOVERNMENT.
METHODS OF CHOOSING AND INSTALLING COUNCILLORS AND CHIEFS.
FUNCTIONS OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT.
MARRIAGE REGULATIONS.
NAME REGULATIONS.
REGULATIONS OF PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
REGULATIONS OF ORDER IN ENCAMPMENT AND MIGRATIONS.
PROPERTY RIGHTS.
RIGHTS OF PERSON.
COMMUNITY RIGHTS.
RIGHTS OF RELIGION.
CRIMES.
THEFT.
MAIMING.
MURDER.
TREASON.
WITCHCRAFT.
OUTLAWRY.
MILITARY GOVERNMENT.
FELLOWHOOD.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
METHODS OF CHOOSING AND INSTALLING COUNCILLORS AND CHIEFS.
FUNCTIONS OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT.
MARRIAGE REGULATIONS.
NAME REGULATIONS.
REGULATIONS OF PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
REGULATIONS OF ORDER IN ENCAMPMENT AND MIGRATIONS.
PROPERTY RIGHTS.
RIGHTS OF PERSON.
COMMUNITY RIGHTS.
RIGHTS OF RELIGION.
CRIMES.
THEFT.
MAIMING.
MURDER.
TREASON.
WITCHCRAFT.
OUTLAWRY.
MILITARY GOVERNMENT.
FELLOWHOOD.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
CONTENTS.
ON LIMITATIONS TO THE USE
ARCHÆOLOGY.
ARCHÆOLOGY.
PICTURE-WRITING.
HISTORY, CUSTOMS, AND ETHNIC CHARACTERISTICS.
ORIGIN OF MAN.
LANGUAGE.
MYTHOLOGY.
SOCIOLOGY.
PSYCHOLOGY.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
CONTENTS.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
INTRODUCTORY.
CLASSIFICATION OF BURIAL.
INHUMATION.
PIT BURIAL.
GRAVE BURIAL.
STONE GRAVES OR CISTS.
BURIAL IN MOUNDS.
BURIAL BENEATH, OR IN CABINS, WIGWAMS, OR HOUSES.
CAVE BURIAL.
GRAVE BURIAL.
STONE GRAVES OR CISTS.
BURIAL IN MOUNDS.
BURIAL BENEATH, OR IN CABINS, WIGWAMS, OR HOUSES.
CAVE BURIAL.
EMBALMMENT OR MUMMIFICATION.
URN-BURIAL.
CAIRN-BURIAL.
CREMATION.
PARTIAL CREMATION.
AERIAL SEPULTURE.
LODGE-BURIAL.
BOX-BURIAL.
TREE AND SCAFFOLD BURIAL.
PARTIAL SCAFFOLD BURIAL AND OSSUARIES.
SUPERTERRENE AND AERIAL BURIAL IN CANOES.
BOX-BURIAL.
TREE AND SCAFFOLD BURIAL.
PARTIAL SCAFFOLD BURIAL AND OSSUARIES.
SUPERTERRENE AND AERIAL BURIAL IN CANOES.
AQUATIC BURIAL.
LIVING SEPULCHERS.
MOURNING, SACRIFICE, FEASTS, FOOD, DANCES, SONGS, GAMES, POSTS, FIRES, AND SUPERSTITIONS IN CONNECTION WITH BURIAL.
MOURNING.
SACRIFICE.
FEASTS.
SUPERSTITION REGARDING BURIAL FEASTS.
FOOD.
DANCES.
SONGS.
GAMES.
POSTS.
FIRES.
SUPERSTITIONS.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
STUDIES
SACRIFICE.
FEASTS.
SUPERSTITION REGARDING BURIAL FEASTS.
FOOD.
DANCES.
SONGS.
GAMES.
POSTS.
FIRES.
SUPERSTITIONS.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
STUDIES
CONTENTS.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
STUDIES IN CENTRAL AMERICAN PICTURE-WRITING.
I.
I.
II.
III.
PLATE LIII.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
CESSIONS OF LAND BY INDIAN TRIBES
CESSIONS OF LAND BY INDIAN TRIBES
CONTENTS.
CESSIONS OF LAND BY INDIAN TRIBES
CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN TITLE.
CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN TITLE.
INDIAN BOUNDARIES.
ORIGINAL AND SECONDARY CESSIONS.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
SIGN LANGUAGE
SIGN LANGUAGE
CONTENTS.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE
SIGN LANGUAGE
INTRODUCTORY.
INTRODUCTORY.
DIVISIONS OF GESTURE SPEECH.
THE ORIGIN OF SIGN LANGUAGE.
GESTURES OF THE LOWER ANIMALS.
GESTURES OF YOUNG CHILDREN.
GESTURES IN MENTAL DISORDER.
UNINSTRUCTED DEAF-MUTES.
GESTURES OF THE BLIND.
LOSS OF SPEECH BY ISOLATION.
LOW TRIBES OF MAN.
GESTURES AS AN OCCASIONAL RESOURCE.
GESTURES OF FLUENT TALKERS.
INVOLUNTARY RESPONSE TO GESTURES.
NATURAL PANTOMIME.
GESTURES OF YOUNG CHILDREN.
GESTURES IN MENTAL DISORDER.
UNINSTRUCTED DEAF-MUTES.
GESTURES OF THE BLIND.
LOSS OF SPEECH BY ISOLATION.
LOW TRIBES OF MAN.
GESTURES AS AN OCCASIONAL RESOURCE.
GESTURES OF FLUENT TALKERS.
INVOLUNTARY RESPONSE TO GESTURES.
NATURAL PANTOMIME.
SOME THEORIES UPON PRIMITIVE LANGUAGE.
CONCLUSIONS.
HISTORY OF GESTURE LANGUAGE.
MODERN USE OF GESTURE SPEECH.
USE BY OTHER PEOPLES THAN NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS.
USE BY MODERN ACTORS AND ORATORS.
USE BY MODERN ACTORS AND ORATORS.
OUR INDIAN CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO SIGN LANGUAGE.
THEORIES ENTERTAINED RESPECTING INDIAN SIGNS.
NOT CORRELATED WITH MEAGERNESS OF LANGUAGE.
ITS ORIGIN FROM ONE TRIBE OR REGION.
IS THE INDIAN SYSTEM SPECIAL AND PECULIAR?
TO WHAT EXTENT PREVALENT AS A SYSTEM.
ARE SIGNS CONVENTIONAL OR INSTINCTIVE?
CLASSES OF DIVERSITIES IN SIGNS.
ITS ORIGIN FROM ONE TRIBE OR REGION.
IS THE INDIAN SYSTEM SPECIAL AND PECULIAR?
TO WHAT EXTENT PREVALENT AS A SYSTEM.
ARE SIGNS CONVENTIONAL OR INSTINCTIVE?
CLASSES OF DIVERSITIES IN SIGNS.
RESULTS SOUGHT IN THE STUDY OF SIGN LANGUAGE.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION.
RELATIONS TO PHILOLOGY.
SIGN LANGUAGE WITH REFERENCE TO GRAMMAR.
GESTURES AIDING ARCHÆOLOGIC RESEARCH.
RELATIONS TO PHILOLOGY.
SIGN LANGUAGE WITH REFERENCE TO GRAMMAR.
GESTURES AIDING ARCHÆOLOGIC RESEARCH.
NOTABLE POINTS FOR FURTHER RESEARCHES.
INVENTION OF NEW SIGNS.
DANGER OF SYMBOLIC INTERPRETATION.
SIGNS USED BY WOMEN AND CHILDREN.
POSITIVE SIGNS RENDERED NEGATIVE.
DETAILS OF POSITIONS OF FINGERS.
MOTIONS RELATIVE TO PARTS OF THE BODY.
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLECTING SIGNS.
DANGER OF SYMBOLIC INTERPRETATION.
SIGNS USED BY WOMEN AND CHILDREN.
POSITIVE SIGNS RENDERED NEGATIVE.
DETAILS OF POSITIONS OF FINGERS.
MOTIONS RELATIVE TO PARTS OF THE BODY.
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLECTING SIGNS.
MODE IN WHICH RESEARCHES HAVE BEEN MADE.
LIST OF AUTHORITIES AND COLLABORATORS.
ALGONKIAN.
DAKOTAN.
IROQUOIAN.
KAIOWAN.
KUTINEAN.
PANIAN.
PIMAN.
SAHAPTIAN.
SHOSHONIAN.
TINNEAN.
WICHITAN.
ZUÑIAN.
FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.
DAKOTAN.
IROQUOIAN.
KAIOWAN.
KUTINEAN.
PANIAN.
PIMAN.
SAHAPTIAN.
SHOSHONIAN.
TINNEAN.
WICHITAN.
ZUÑIAN.
FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.
EXTRACTS FROM DICTIONARY.
ANTELOPE.
BAD, MEAN.
BRAVE.
CHIEF.
DEAD, DEATH.
GOOD.
HORSE.
KILL, KILLING.
NONE, NOTHING; I HAVE NONE.
QUANTITY, LARGE; MANY; MUCH.
—— MANY.
QUESTION; INQUIRY; INTERROGATION.
SOLDIER.
BAD, MEAN.
BRAVE.
CHIEF.
DEAD, DEATH.
GOOD.
HORSE.
KILL, KILLING.
NONE, NOTHING; I HAVE NONE.
QUANTITY, LARGE; MANY; MUCH.
—— MANY.
QUESTION; INQUIRY; INTERROGATION.
SOLDIER.
TRIBAL SIGNS.
APACHE.
ARAPAHO.
ASSINABOIN.
ATSINA, LOWER GROS VENTRE.
BANAK.
CADDO.
CHEYENNE.
COMANCHE.
CREE, KNISTENO, KRISTENEAUX.
KAIOWA.
KICKAPOO.
KUTINE.
LIPAN.
MANDAN.
PANI (PAWNEE).
PUEBLO.
TENNANAH.
UTE.
WICHITA.
WYANDOT.
ARAPAHO.
ASSINABOIN.
ATSINA, LOWER GROS VENTRE.
BANAK.
CADDO.
CHEYENNE.
COMANCHE.
CREE, KNISTENO, KRISTENEAUX.
KAIOWA.
KICKAPOO.
KUTINE.
LIPAN.
MANDAN.
PANI (PAWNEE).
PUEBLO.
TENNANAH.
UTE.
WICHITA.
WYANDOT.
PROPER NAMES.
WASHINGTON, CITY OF.
MISSOURI RIVER.
MISSOURI RIVER.
PHRASES.
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES; SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
WHERE IS YOUR MOTHER?
BISON, I HAVE SHOT A.
GIVE ME SOMETHING TO EAT.
I WILL SEE YOU HERE AFTER NEXT YEAR.
YOU GAVE US MANY CLOTHES, BUT WE DON’T WANT THEM.
I AM GOING HOME IN TWO DAYS.
I AM HUNGRY, GIVE ME SOMETHING TO EAT.
GIVE ME A DRINK OF WATER.
I AM GOING HOME.
SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
WHERE IS YOUR MOTHER?
BISON, I HAVE SHOT A.
GIVE ME SOMETHING TO EAT.
I WILL SEE YOU HERE AFTER NEXT YEAR.
YOU GAVE US MANY CLOTHES, BUT WE DON’T WANT THEM.
I AM GOING HOME IN TWO DAYS.
I AM HUNGRY, GIVE ME SOMETHING TO EAT.
GIVE ME A DRINK OF WATER.
I AM GOING HOME.
DIALOGUES.
TENDOY-HUERITO DIALOGUE.
OMAHA COLLOQUY.
BRULÉ DAKOTA COLLOQUY.
DIALOGUE BETWEEN ALASKAN INDIANS.
OJIBWA DIALOGUE.
OMAHA COLLOQUY.
BRULÉ DAKOTA COLLOQUY.
DIALOGUE BETWEEN ALASKAN INDIANS.
OJIBWA DIALOGUE.
NARRATIVES.
NÁTCI’S NARRATIVE.
PATRICIO’S NARRATIVE.
NA-WA-GI-JIG’S STORY.
PATRICIO’S NARRATIVE.
NA-WA-GI-JIG’S STORY.
DISCOURSES.
ADDRESS OF KIN CHĒ-ĔSS.
TSO-DI-A´-KO’S REPORT.
LEAN WOLF’S COMPLAINT.
TSO-DI-A´-KO’S REPORT.
LEAN WOLF’S COMPLAINT.
SIGNALS.
SIGNALS EXECUTED BY BODILY ACTION.
ANGER.
COME HERE.
DANGER.
DEFIANCE.
DIRECTION.
PEACE; FRIENDSHIP.
QUESTION.
SUBMISSION.
SURRENDER.
SIGNALS IN WHICH OBJECTS ARE USED IN CONNECTION WITH PERSONAL ACTION.
COME! TO BECKON TO A PERSON.
COME BACK!
DIRECTION.
DISCOVERY.
DRILL, MILITARY.
FRIENDSHIP.
HALT!
MANY.
PEACE, COUPLED WITH INVITATION.
QUESTION.
SURRENDER.
SIGNALS MADE WHEN THE PERSON OF THE SIGNALIST IS NOT VISIBLE.
SMOKE SIGNALS GENERALLY.
ARRIVAL OF A PARTY AT AN APPOINTED PLACE, WHEN ALL IS SAFE.
SUCCESS OF A WAR PARTY.
SMOKE SIGNALS OF THE APACHES.
ALARM.
ATTENTION.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A CAMP; QUIET; SAFETY.
FOREIGN SMOKE SIGNALS.
FIRE ARROWS.
DUST SIGNALS.
NOTES ON CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHO SIGNALS.
ANGER.
COME HERE.
DANGER.
DEFIANCE.
DIRECTION.
PEACE; FRIENDSHIP.
QUESTION.
SUBMISSION.
SURRENDER.
SIGNALS IN WHICH OBJECTS ARE USED IN CONNECTION WITH PERSONAL ACTION.
COME! TO BECKON TO A PERSON.
COME BACK!
DIRECTION.
DISCOVERY.
DRILL, MILITARY.
FRIENDSHIP.
HALT!
MANY.
PEACE, COUPLED WITH INVITATION.
QUESTION.
SURRENDER.
SIGNALS MADE WHEN THE PERSON OF THE SIGNALIST IS NOT VISIBLE.
SMOKE SIGNALS GENERALLY.
ARRIVAL OF A PARTY AT AN APPOINTED PLACE, WHEN ALL IS SAFE.
SUCCESS OF A WAR PARTY.
SMOKE SIGNALS OF THE APACHES.
ALARM.
ATTENTION.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A CAMP; QUIET; SAFETY.
FOREIGN SMOKE SIGNALS.
FIRE ARROWS.
DUST SIGNALS.
NOTES ON CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHO SIGNALS.
SCHEME OF ILLUSTRATION.
OUTLINES FOR ARM POSITIONS IN SIGN LANGUAGE.
ORDER OF ARRANGEMENT.
DESCRIPTION:
CONCEPTION OR ORIGIN:
DESCRIPTION:
CONCEPTION OR ORIGIN:
TYPES OF HAND POSITIONS IN SIGN LANGUAGE.
NOTE CONCERNING THE FOREGOING TYPES.
EXAMPLES.
EXPLANATION OF MARKS.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
CONTENTS.
CATALOGUE OF LINGUISTIC MANUSCRIPTS
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
CONTENTS.
ILLUSTRATION OF THE METHOD
HOW THE RABBIT CAUGHT THE SUN IN A TRAP.
NOTES.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS MYTH.
TRANSLATION.
HOW THE RABBIT CAUGHT THE SUN IN A TRAP.
NOTES.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS MYTH.
TRANSLATION.
DETAILS OF A CONJURER’S PRACTICE.
NOTES.
KÁLAK.
NOTES.
SWEAT-LODGES.
NOTES.
A DOG’S REVENGE.
NOTES.
TRANSLATION.
INDEX.
TRANSLATION.
INDEX.
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