Introduction to Psychology: The Full Noba Collection
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Description
Contents
Reviews
Language
English
ISBN
Unknown
Cover
Copyright
About Noba
Acknowledgements
Psychology As Science
1. Why Science?
Learning Objectives
Scientific Advances and World Progress
What Is Science?
Psychology as a Science
Psychological Science is Useful
Ethics of Scientific Psychology
Why Learn About Scientific Psychology?
Conclusions
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
2. Research Designs
Learning Objectives
Research Designs
Experimental Research
Other considerations
Correlational Designs
More details about the correlation
Problems with the correlation
Qualitative Designs
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Longitudinal Studies
Surveys
Tradeoffs in Research
Research Methods: Why You Need Them
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
3. Conducting Psychology Research in the Real World
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Rationale for Conducting Psychology Research in the Real World
An Overview of Research Methods for Studying Daily Life
Studying Daily Experiences
Studying Daily Behavior
Studying Daily Physiology
Studying Online Behavior
“Smartphone Psychology”?
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
4. Psychophysiological Methods in Neuroscience
Learning Objectives
History
Introduction
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System
When to Use What
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
5. Statistical Thinking
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Key components to a statistical investigation are:
Distributional Thinking
Statistical Significance
Generalizability
Cause and Effect Conclusions
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
6. History of Psychology
Learning Objectives
Introduction
A Prehistory of Psychology
Physiology and Psychophysics
Scientific Psychology Comes to the United States
Toward a Functional Psychology
The Growth of Psychology
Applied Psychology in America
Psychology as a Profession
Psychology and Society
Conclusion
Timeline
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Biological Basis of Behavior
7. Neurons
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Structure of the Neuron
Basic Nomenclature
Types of Cells in the Brain
Communication Within and Between Neurons
Resting Membrane Potential
Action Potential
The Change in Membrane Potential During an Action Potential
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
8. The Nervous System
Learning Objectives
Evolution of the Nervous System
Development of the Nervous System
The Structure of the Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
Studying the Nervous System
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
9. The Brain
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Anatomy of the Brain
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Cerebral Hemispheres
A Brain Divided
Gray Versus White Matter
Studying the Human Brain
Neuroanatomy
Changing the Brain
Neuroimaging
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
10. The Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objectives
Nervous System development across the human lifespan
The Central Nervous System (CNS): The Neurons inside the Brain
The Central Nervous System: Looking at the Brain as a Whole
The Peripheral Nervous System
How we study the brain
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
11. Hormones & Behavior
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Sex Differences
Aggressive Behaviors
Parental Behaviors
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
12. Biochemistry of Love
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The evolution of social behavior
What is love? An evolutionary and physiological perspective
Is there a hormone of love and other relationships?
Stress and love
Animal models and the biology of social bonds
There is more to love than oxytocin
Functional differences between vasopressin and oxytocin
Fatherhood also has a biological basis
At the heart of the benefits of love is a sense of safety
The absence of love in early life can be detrimental to mental and physical health
Sex differences exist in the consequences of early life experiences
Loving relationships in early life can have epigenetic consequences
The absence of social behavior or isolation also has consequences for the oxytocin system
Can love—or perhaps oxytocin—be a medicine?
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
13. Evolutionary Theories in Psychology
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Basics of Evolutionary Theory
Sexual Selection Theory
Gene Selection Theory
Evolutionary Psychology
Sexual Strategies Theory
Error Management Theory
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
14. Epigenetics in Psychology
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Molecular control of gene expression: the dynamic epigenome
The primary epigenetic mark: DNA modification
Histone modification and the histone code
Early childhood experience
Parental investment and programming of stress responses in the offspring
Child nutrition and the epigenome
Epigenetic regulation of learning and memory
Epigenetic mechanisms in psychological disorders
Epigenetic strategy to understanding gene-environment interactions
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
15. The Nature-Nurture Question
Learning Objectives
Introduction
What Have We Learned About Nature–Nurture?
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Sensation and Perception
16. Sensation and Perception
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Vision
How vision works
Dark and light adaptation
Color vision
Hearing (Audition)
Balance and the vestibular system
Touch
Tactile sensation
Pain
Phantom limbs
Smell and Taste: The Chemical Senses
Olfaction (smell)
Gustation (taste)
Putting it all Together: Multimodal Perception
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
17. Vision
Learning Objectives
What Is Vision?
The Importance of Contrast
Sensitivity to Different Light Conditions
The Reconstruction Process
The Experience of Color
Integration with Other Modalities
Concluding Remarks
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
18. Hearing
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Perceptual Attributes of Sound
Loudness
Pitch
Timbre
An Overview of the Auditory System
Audibility, Masking, and Frequency Selectivity
Spatial Hearing
Auditory Scene Analysis
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
19. Taste and Smell
Learning Objectives
The Omnivore's Dilemma
Taste and Smell Anatomy
Solving the omnivore’s dilemma: Taste affect is hard-wired
Another contribution to the omnivore’s dilemma: Olfactory affect is learned
Central interactions: Key to understanding taste damage
Taste damage and weight gain
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
20. Touch and Pain
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Sensation
Cutaneous Senses of the Skin Connect the Brain to the Body and the Outside World
Different Receptor Types Are Sensitive to Specific Stimuli
Action Potentials in the Receptor Cells Travel as Nerve Impulses with Different Speeds
Affective Aspects of Touch Are Important for Development and Relationships
Modulation
Pain Is Necessary for Survival, but Our Brain Can Stop It if It Needs To
The Motivation–Decision Model and Descending Modulation of Pain
The Analgesic Power of Reward
When Touch Becomes Painful or Pain Becomes Chronic
The Power of the Mind
Summary
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
21. The Vestibular System
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Structure of the vestibular receptors
The vestibular nuclei
Vestibuloocular system
Vestibulo-spinal network
Vestibulo-autonomic control
Vestibular signals in the thalamus and cortex
Spatial orientation and navigation
Motion sickness
Summary
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
22. Time and Culture
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Work Versus Leisure
Sequence
Clock and Event Time
Calendars
Polychronic and Monochronic Time
Silence and “Doing Nothing”
Norms Concerning Waiting
Temporal Orientation
The Pace of Life
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
23. Failures of Awareness: The Case of Inattentional Blindness
Learning Objectives
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
24. Multi-Modal Perception
Learning Objectives
Perception: Unified
Questions About Multimodal Perception
Biological Bases of Multimodal Perception
Multisensory Neurons and Neural Convergence
Crossmodal Receptive Fields
Multimodal Processing in Unimodal Cortex
Behavioral Effects of Multimodal Perception
Multimodal Phenomena
Audiovisual Speech
Tactile/Visual Interactions in Body Ownership
Crossmodal Phenomena
Visual Influence on Auditory Localization
Auditory Influence on Visual Perception
Crossmodal Speech
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
25. Eyewitness Testimony and Memory Biases
Learning Objectives
What Is Eyewitness Testimony?
Why Is Eyewitness Testimony an Important Area of Psychological Research?
Misinformation
Identifying Perpetrators
Kinds of Memory Biases
False Memory
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Development
26. Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Research Methods
Involuntary or obligatory responses
Voluntary responses
Psychophysiology
Parent-report questionnaires
Interview techniques
Research Design
Longitudinal research designs
Cross-sectional designs
Sequential research designs
Challenges Associated with Conducting Developmental Research
Ethical concerns
Recruitment
Attrition
Conclusions
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
27. Cognitive Development in Childhood
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Nature and Nurture
Does Cognitive Development Progress Through Distinct Stages?
Applications to Education
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
28. Social and Personality Development in Childhood
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Relationships
Peer Relationships
Social Understanding
Personality
Social and Emotional Competence
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
29. Adolescent Development
Learning Objectives
Adolescence Defined
Physical Changes
Cognitive Changes
Social Changes
Parents
Peers
Romantic relationships
Behavioral and Psychological Adjustment
Identity formation
Aggression and antisocial behavior
Anxiety and depression
Academic achievement
Diversity
Conclusions
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
30. Attachment Through the Life Course
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Attachment Theory: A Brief History and Core Concepts
Individual Differences in Infant Attachment
Antecedents of Attachment Patterns
Attachment Patterns and Child Outcomes
Attachment in Adulthood
Research on Attachment in Adulthood
Who Ends Up with Whom?
Relationship Functioning
Do Early Experiences Shape Adult Attachment?
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
31. Emerging Adulthood
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Five Features of Emerging Adulthood
International Variations
EA in OECD Countries: The Advantages of Affluence
EA in Developing Countries: Low But Rising
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
32. The Developing Parent
Learning Objectives
The Development of Parents
1. The Image-Making Stage
2. The Nurturing Stage
3. The Authority Stage
4. The Interpretive Stage
5. The Interdependent Stage
6. The Departure Stage
Influences on Parenting
Parent Characteristics
Child Characteristics
Contextual Factors and Sociocultural Characteristics
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
33. Aging
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Overview: Life Span and Life Course Perspectives on Aging
Cognitive Aging
Personality and Self-Related Processes
Social Relationships
Emotion and Well-being
Successful Aging and Longevity
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Cognition and Language
34. Attention
Learning Objectives
What is Attention?
Selective Attention
The Cocktail Party
Dichotic Listening Studies
Models of Selective Attention
Treisman’s Attenuation Model
Late Selection Models
Multimode Model
Divided Attention and Multitasking
Divided Attention Tasks
Distracted Driving
Summary
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
35. States of Consciousness
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Levels of Awareness
Low Awareness
High Awareness
Other States of Consciousness
Hypnosis
Sleep
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens
Depressants
Stimulants
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
36. Consciousness
Learning Objectives
Conscious Experiences
Other Minds
A Science of Consciousness
Conscious Experiences of Visual Perception
Conscious Experiences of Memory
Conscious Experiences of Body Awareness
Conscious Experiences of Decision Making
Understanding Consciousness
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
37. The Unconscious
Learning Objectives
A Little Bit of History
Where Action Originates
The Unconscious in Social Psychological Processes
Unconscious Processing and the Role of Attention
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
38. Categories and Concepts
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Nature of Categories
Fuzzy Categories
Borderline Items
Typicality
Source of Typicality
Category Hierarchies
Theories of Concept Representation
Knowledge
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
39. Intelligence
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Defining and Measuring Intelligence
Types of Intelligence
Correlates of Intelligence
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
40. Judgment and Decision Making
Learning Objectives
Introduction
What Would a Rational Decision Look Like?
Biases in Our Decision Process
Problem 1 (adapted from Alpert & Raiffa, 1969):
Problem 2 (adapted from Joyce & Biddle, 1981):
Problem 3 (adapted from Tversky & Kahneman, 1981):
Overconfidence
Anchoring
Framing
Contemporary Developments
Fixing Our Decisions
Concluding Thoughts
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
41. Language and Language Use
Learning Objectives
Introduction
How Do We Use Language?
What Do We Talk About?
Psychological Consequences of Language Use
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
42. Theory of Mind
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Role of Theory of Mind in Social Life
Autism and Theory of Mind
The Mental Processes Underlying Theory of Mind
Agents, Goals, and Intentionality
Imitation, Synchrony, and Empathy
Joint Attention, Visual Perspective Taking
Projection, Simulation (and the Specter of Egocentrism)
Explicit Mental State Inference
Tools in Summary
Folk Explanations of Behavior
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Learning and Memory
43. Factors Influencing Learning
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Learners
Encoding Activities
General Principles of Learning
The value of effective metacognition
Transfer-appropriate processing
The value of forgetting
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
44. Conditioning and Learning
Learning Objectives
Two Types of Conditioning
Useful Things to Know about Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning Has Many Effects on Behavior
The Learning Process
Erasing Classical Learning
Useful Things to Know about Instrumental Conditioning
Instrumental Responses Come Under Stimulus Control
Operant Conditioning Involves Choice
Cognition in Instrumental Learning
Putting Classical and Instrumental Conditioning Together
Observational Learning
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
45. Memory (Encoding, Storage, Retrieval)
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Varieties of Memory
Three Stages of the Learning/Memory Process
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Putting It All Together: Improving Your Memory
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
46. Forgetting and Amnesia
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Causes of Forgetting
Adaptive Forgetting
Amnesia
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Social
47. An Introduction to the Science of Social Psychology
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Social Psychology is a Science
What is Included in Social Psychology?
Attraction
Attitudes
Peace & Conflict
Social Influence
Social Cognition
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
48. Research Methods in Social Psychology
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Research Methods in Social Psychology
Laboratory Research
Field Research
Survey Research
Subtle/Nonconscious Research Methods
Archival Research
Research Issues in Social Psychology
The Question of Representativeness
Ethics in Social Psychological Research
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
49. Social Neuroscience
Learning Objectives
What Is Social Neuroscience?
How Automatically Do We Judge Other People?
Do We Use Our Own Behavior to Help Us Understand Others?
What Is the Cost of Social Stress?
Conclusions
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
50. Social Cognition and Attitudes
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Simplifying Our Social World
Making Predictions About the Social World
Hot Cognition: The Influence of Motivations, Mood, and Desires on Social Judgment
Automaticity
Attitudes and Attitude Measurement
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
51. The Family
Learning Objectives
Introduction
What is Family?
How Families Develop
Intimacy
Dating, Courtship, and Cohabitation
Engagement and Marriage
Children?
Parenting in Later Life
Family Issues and Considerations
Divorce
Abuse
Adoption
Happy Healthy Families
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
52. Culture
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Social Psychology Research Methods
What is Culture?
Defining Culture
Thinking about Culture
The Self and Culture
Culture is Learned
Cultural Relativism
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
53. Social Comparison
Learning Objectives
Introduction: Social Comparison
Social Comparison: Basics
Relevance and Similarity
Direction of Comparison
Consequences of Social Comparison
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model
Individual Differences
Situational factors
Number
Local
Proximity to a Standard
Social Category Lines
Related Phenomena
Frog Pond Effect
The Dunning-Kruger Effect
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
54. Persuasion: So Easily Fooled
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Two Paths to Persuasion
Triggers and Fixed Action Patterns
The Source of Persuasion: The Triad of Trustworthiness
Authority
Honesty
Likability
Manipulating the Perception of Trustworthiness
Testimonials and Endorsement
Presenting the Message as Education
Word of Mouth
The Maven
Other Tricks of Persuasion
Reciprocity
Social Proof
Commitment and Consistency
A Door in the Face
And That’s Not All!
The Sunk Cost Trap
Scarcity and Psychological Reactance
Defending Against Unwelcome Persuasion
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
55. Conformity and Obedience
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Conformity
Obedience
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
56. Cooperation
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Prisoner’s Dilemma
Individual Differences in Cooperation
Social Value Orientation
Empathic Ability
Situational Influences of Cooperation
Communication and Commitment
Trust
Group Identification
Culture
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
57. Love, Friendship, and Social Support
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Attraction: The Start of Friendship and Love
Proximity
Familiarity
Similarity
Reciprocity
Friendship
Workplace friendships
Internet friendships
Love
Love and the Internet
Social Support
Perceived Social Support
Received Social Support
Quality or Quantity?
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
58. The Psychology of Groups
Learning Objectives
The Psychology of Groups
The Psychological Significance of Groups
The Need to Belong
Affiliation in Groups
Identity and Membership
Evolutionary Advantages of Group Living
Motivation and Performance
Social Facilitation in Groups
Social Loafing
Teamwork
Group Development
Focus Topic 1: Group Development Stages and Characteristics
Making Decisions in Groups
Group Polarization
Common Knowledge Effect
Groupthink
You and Your Groups
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
59. Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Old-fashioned Biases: Almost Gone
Social Dominance Orientation
Right-wing Authoritarianism
20th Century Biases: Subtle but Significant
Automatic Biases
Ambiguous Biases
Bias Can Be Complicated - Ambivalent Biases
Conclusion: 21st Century Prejudices
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
60. Aggression and Violence
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Internal Factors
Age
Gender
Personality Traits Related to Aggression
Hostile Cognitive Biases
External Factors
Frustration and Other Unpleasant Events
Weapons
Violent Media
Alcohol
Reducing Aggression
Catharsis
Punishment
Successful Interventions
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
61. Helping and Prosocial Behavior
Learning Objectives
Introduction
When Do People Help?
Defining the situation: The role of pluralistic ignorance
Do I have to be the one to help?: Diffusion of responsibility
The costs and rewards of helping
Who Helps?
Who are more helpful—men or women?
A trait for being helpful: Agreeableness
Searching for the prosocial personality
Why Help?
Evolutionary roots for prosocial behavior
Egoistic motivation for helping
Altruistic help
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
62. Relationships and Well-being
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Importance of Relationships
The Question of Measurement
Presence and Quality of Relationships and Well-Being
Presence of relationships
Quality of relationships
Types of Relationships
Intimate relationships
Work Relationships and Well-Being
Fact or Myth: Are Social Relationships the Secret to Happiness?
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
63. Positive Relationships
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Magic Formula
Positive Relationship Deposits
Common Opportunities for Daily Positive Deposits
Building Intimacy Through Capitalization and Active-Constructive Responding
Gratitude
Forgiveness
Spending Time in Meaningful Ways
Accumulated Positive Deposits and Conflict Management
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
64. Attraction and Beauty
Learning Objectives
The Advantages of Attractiveness
What Makes a Person Attractive?
Why Are Certain People Attractive?
Conclusions
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
65. Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
Learning Objectives
What is Industrial and Organizational (I/O) Psychology?
What Does an I/O Psychologist Do?
Careers in I/O Psychology
History of I/O Psychology
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Personality
66. The Psychodynamic Perspective
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Core Assumptions of the Psychodynamic Perspective
Assumption 1:Primacy of the Unconscious
Assumption 2: Critical Importance of Early Experiences
Assumption 3: Psychic Causality
The Evolution of Psychodynamic Theory
The Topographic Model
The Psychosexual Stage Model
The Structural Model
The Ego and Its Defenses
Psychodynamic Theories: Where Are We Now?
Object Relations Theory and the Growth of the Psychodynamic Perspective
Empirical Research on Psychodynamic Theories
Psychoanalysis and Culture
The Opportunities and Challenges of Neuroscience
Looking Ahead: Psychodynamic Theory in the 21st Century (and Beyond)
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
67. Personality Traits
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Five-Factor Model of Personality
Facets of Traits (Subtraits)
Other Traits Beyond the Five-Factor Model
The Person-Situation Debate and Alternatives to the Trait Perspective
Appendix
The Mini-IPIP Scale
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
68. Self and Identity
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Social Actor
The Motivated Agent
The Autobiographical Author
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
69. Gender
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Gender Differences
Gender Roles
Gender Sexism and Socialization
Important Gender-related Events in the United States
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
70. Personality Stability and Change
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Defining Different Kinds of Personality Stability
Basic Findings about Absolute and Differential Stability
Key Messages So Far
The How and Why of Personality Stability and Change: Different Kinds of Interplay Between Individuals and Their Environments
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
71. Personality Assessment
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Objective Tests
Definition
Basic Types of Objective Tests
Self-report measures
Informant ratings
Other Ways of Classifying Objective Tests
Comprehensiveness
Breadth of the target characteristics
Projective and Implicit Tests
Projective Tests
Implicit Tests
Behavioral and Performance Measures
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
72. Self-Regulation and Conscientiousness
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Early Work on Delay of Gratification
Benefits of Self-Control
Three Ingredients of Effective Self-Regulation
Conscientiousness
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
73. Creativity
Learning Objectives
Creativity: What Is It?
Cognitive Processes: How Do Creators Think?
Personal Characteristics: Who Is Creative?
Social Contexts: What Environments Affect Creativity?
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
74. Self-Efficacy
Learning Objectives
Introduction: What Is Self-Efficacy?
How Do We Measure Self-Efficacy?
What Are the Major Influences on Self-Efficacy?
When and How Does Self-Efficacy Develop?
What Are the Benefits of High Self-Efficacy?
Academic Achievement
Healthy Behaviors
Athletic Performance
Self-Regulation
Collective Efficacy
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
75. Intellectual Abilities, Interests, and Mastery
Learning Objectives
A Framework for Understanding Talent Development
Cognitive Abilities
Interests
Mastery
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Emotions and Motivation
76. Affective Neuroscience
Learning Objectives
Affective Neuroscience: What is it?
Basic Emotions
Desire: The neural systems of reward seeking
“Liking”: The neural circuits of pleasure and enjoyment
Fear: The neural system of freezing and fleeing
Rage: The circuits of anger and attack
Love: The neural systems of care and attachment
Grief: The neural networks of loneliness and panic
Plasticity: Experiences can alter the brain
Brain structures have multiple functions
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
77. Functions of Emotions
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Intrapersonal Functions of Emotion
Emotions Help us Act Quickly with Minimal Conscious Awareness
Emotions Prepare the Body for Immediate Action
Emotions Influence Thoughts
Emotions Motivate Future Behaviors
Interpersonal Functions of Emotion
Emotional Expressions Facilitate Specific Behaviors in Perceivers
Emotional Expressions Signal the Nature of Interpersonal Relationships
Emotional Expressions Provide Incentives for Desired Social Behavior
Social and Cultural Functions of Emotion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
78. Emotion Experience and Well-Being
Learning Objectives
Feelings contribute to well-being
The intensity of the emotion matters
The fluctuation of the emotion matters
The context of the emotion experience matters
The external environment
Other emotional responses
Other emotions
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
79. Emotional Intelligence
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History of EI
Models and Measures of EI
Ability Models: Mayer and Salovey Four-Branch Model of EI
1. Perception of Emotion
2. Use of Emotion to Facilitate Thinking
3. Understanding of Emotion
4. Management of Emotion
Measuring EI with Performance Measures
Mixed and Trait Models of EI
Mixed and Trait Model Assessment: Self-Report
Room for Debate
Outcomes
Workplace
Schools
Limitations and Future Directions
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
80. Culture and Emotion
Learning Objectives
Historical Background
Current and Research Theory
Cultural Models of Self in North American and East Asian Contexts
Cultural Similarities and Differences in Emotion: Comparisons of North American and East Asian Contexts
People’s Physiological Responses to Emotional Events Are Similar Across Cultures, but Culture Influences People’s Facial Expressive Behavior
People Suppress Their Emotions Across Cultures, but Culture Influences the Consequences of Suppression for Psychological Well-Being
People Feel Good During Positive Events, but Culture Influences Whether People Feel Bad During Positive Events
People Want to Feel Good Across Cultures, but Culture Influences the Specific Good States People Want to Feel (Their “Ideal Affect”)
People Base Their Happiness on Similar Factors Across Cultures, but Culture Influences the Weight Placed on Each Factor
Why Do Cultural Similarities And Differences In Emotion Matter?
Current Directions In Culture And Emotion Research
What About Other Cultures?
How Are Cultural Differences in Beliefs About Emotion Transmitted?
Could These Cultural Differences Be Due to Temperament?
Summary
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
81. Knowledge Emotions: Feelings that Foster Learning, Exploring, and Reflecting
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Some Background About Emotions
Surprise
Interest
Confusion
Awe
Implications of the Knowledge Emotions
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
82. Motives and Goals
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Origins and Manifestation of Goals
Goal Adoption
Goal Priming
Consequences of Goal Activation
Self-Regulation in Goal Pursuit
From Deliberation to Implementation
Regulation of Ought- and Ideals-Goals
A Cybernetic Process of Self-Regulation
Highlighting One Goal or Balancing Between Goals
Conflicting Goals and Self-Control
Self-Control as an Innate Ability
Self-Control as a Limited Resource
A Prerequisite to Self-Control: Identification
Self-Control Processes: Counteracting Temptation
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
83. Drive States
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Key Properties of Drive States
Homeostasis
The Narrowing of Attention
Two Illustrative Drive States
Hunger
Sexual Arousal
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Psychological Disorders
84. History of Mental Illness
Learning Objectives
History of Mental Illness
Diagnosis of Mental Illness
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
85. Therapeutic Orientations
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapy
History of Psychoanalytic Therapy
Techniques in Psychoanalysis
Advantages and Disadvantages of Psychoanalytic Therapy
Humanistic and Person-Centered Therapy
History of Person-Centered Therapy
Techniques in Person-Centered Therapy
Advantages and Disadvantages of Person-Centered Therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
History of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Techniques in CBT
Advantages and Disadvantages of CBT
Acceptance and Mindfulness-Based Approaches
Techniques in Mindfulness-Based Therapy
Advantages and Disadvantages of Mindfulness-Based Therapy
Emerging Treatment Strategies
Pharmacological Treatments
Integrative and Eclectic Psychotherapy
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
86. Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Learning Objectives
The phenomenology of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Schizophrenia
Risk Factors for Developing Schizophrenia
Treatment of Schizophrenia
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
87. Anxiety and Related Disorders
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Specific Phobia
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Treatments for Anxiety and Related Disorders
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
88. Mood Disorders
Learning Objectives
What Are Mood Disorders?
Mood Episodes
Major Depressive Episode
Manic or Hypomanic Episode
Mood Disorders
Unipolar Mood Disorders
Bipolar Mood Disorders
How Common Are Mood Disorders? Who Develops Mood Disorders?
Depressive Disorders
Bipolar Disorders
What Are Some of the Factors Implicated in the Development and Course of Mood Disorders?
Depressive Disorders
Bipolar Disorders
What Are Some of the Well-Supported Treatments for Mood Disorders?
Depressive Disorders
Bipolar Disorders
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
89. Personality Disorders
Learning Objectives
Introduction
DSM-5 Personality Disorders
Description
Validity
Treatment
Conclusions
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
90. Dissociative Disorders
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Is it real?
Defining dissociation
Measuring dissociation
Dissociation and Trauma
Causality and evidence
Dissociation and Sleep
A little history
Sleep problems in patients with dissociative disorders
Studying the relationship between dissociation and sleep
Inducing and reducing sleep problems
Implications and Conclusions
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
91. Autism: Insights from the Study of the Social Brain
Learning Objectives
Defining Autism Spectrum Disorder
Defining the Social Brain
Current Understanding of Social Perception in ASD
Exploring Diversity in ASD
Atypical Brain Development Before the Emergence of Atypical Behavior
Hope for Improved Outcomes
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
92. Psychopathy
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Historic Conceptions
Contemporary assessment methods
Psychopathy in adult criminal offenders
Psychopathy in noncriminal adults
Psychopathy in child and adolescent clinical samples
Core ingredients of psychopathy: disinhibition, boldness, and meanness
Definitions
Causal factors
Triarchic model perspective on long-debated issues regarding psychopathy
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
93. ADHD and Behavior Disorders in Children
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Why Diagnose Children’s Behavior Problems?
Are These Diagnoses Valid?
Focus Topic 1: Adult outcomes of children with ADHD
Focus Topic 2: Two children referred for problems with noncompliance and hyperactivity
Case 1 - Michael
Case 2 - Jake
Why Do Some Children Develop Behavior Disorders?
Controversies on Causes of ADHD
Methods of Treating ADHD in Children
Medication
Parent Management Training
Focus Topic 3: Treating ADHD in Schools
Token reinforcement program
Time out
Daily report card
Educational services and accommodations
What Works Best? The Multimodal Treatment Study
The Future of ADHD
Controlling Access to Stimulant Medication
The Role of Neuroscience and Behavioral Genetics in Understanding ADHD
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
94. Social Anxiety
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Social Anxiety Disorder
Fear of Evaluation
Biased Attention and Interpretation
Deficient Positive Experiences
Problematic Emotion Regulation
Treatments
Conclusions
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
95. Psychopharmacology
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Pharmacokinetics: What Is It – Why Is It Important?
Drug Administration
Drug Metabolism
Recent Issues Related to Psychotropic Drugs and Metabolism
Grapefruit Juice and Metabolism
Individualized Therapy, Metabolic Differences, and Potential Prescribing Approaches for the Future
Other Controversial Issues
Juveniles and Psychopharmacology
The Elderly and Psychopharmacology
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Well-Being
96. The Healthy Life
Learning Objectives
What Is Health Psychology?
Stress And Health
Protecting Our Health
Coping Strategies
Control and Self-Efficacy
Social Relationships
Dispositions and Emotions: What’s Risky and What’s Protective?
Stress Management
The Importance Of Good Health Practices
Psychology And Medicine
Being A Health Psychologist
The Future Of Health Psychology
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
97. Happiness: The Science of Subjective Well-Being
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Types of Happiness
Causes of Subjective Well-Being
Societal Influences on Happiness
Money and Happiness
Adaptation to Circumstances
Outcomes of High Subjective Well-Being
Measuring Happiness
Some Ways to Be Happier
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
98. Positive Psychology
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Three Key Strengths
Forgiveness
Gratitude
Humility
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
99. Optimal Levels of Happiness
Contents
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Index
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