The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume 1
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The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India
Published Under the Orders of the Central Provinces Administration In Four Volumes Vol. I. Macmillan and Co., Limited St. Martin’s Street, London. 1916
Preface
Contents
Detailed List of Contents
Maps and Illustrations
Maps
Illustrations
Pronunciation
Part I.
Introductory Essay on Caste
Introductory Essay on Caste
List of Paragraphs
1. The Central Provinces.
2. Constitution of the population.
3. The word ‘Caste.’
4. The meaning of the term ‘Caste.’
5. The subcaste.
6. Confusion of nomenclature.
7. Tests of what a caste is.
8. The four traditional castes.
9. Occupational theory of caste.
10. Racial Theory.
11. Entry of the Aryans into India. The Aryas and Dasyus.
12. The Sūdra.
13. The Vaishya.
14. Mistaken modern idea of the Vaishyas.
15. Mixed unions of the four classes.
16. Hypergamy.
17. The mixed castes. The village menials.
18. Social gradation of castes.
19. Castes ranking above the cultivators.
20. Castes from whom a Brāhman can take water. Higher agriculturists.
21. Status of the cultivator.
22. The clan and the village.
23. The ownership of land.
24. The cultivating status that of the Vaishya.
25. Higher professional and artisan castes.
26. Castes from whom a Brāhman cannot take water; the village menials.
27. The village watchmen.
28. The village priests. The gardening castes.
29. Other village traders and menials.
30. Household servants.
31. Status of the village menials.
32. Origin of their status
33. Other castes who rank with the village menials.
34. The non-Aryan tribes.
35. The Kolarians and Dravidians.
36. Kolarian tribes.
37. Dravidian tribes.
38. Origin of the Kolarian tribes
39. Of the Dravidian tribes.
40. Origin of the impure castes.
41. Derivation of the impure castes from the indigenous tribes.
42. Occupation the basis of the caste system.
43. Other agents in the formation of castes.
44. Caste occupations divinely ordained.
45. Subcastes. local type.
46. Occupational subcastes.
47. Subcastes formed from social or religious differences, or from mixed descent.
48. Exogamous groups.
49. Totemistic clans.
50. Terms of relationship.
51. Clan kinship and totemism.
52. Animate Creation.
53. The distribution of life over the body.
54. Qualities associated with animals.
55. Primitive language.
56. Concrete nature of primitive ideas.
57. Words and names concrete.
58. The soul or spirit.
59. The tranmission of qualities.
60. The faculty of counting. Confusion of the individual and the species.
61. Similarity and identity.
62. The recurrence of events.
63. Controlling the future.
64. The common life.
65. The common life of the clan.
66. Living and eating together.
67. The origin of exogamy.
68. Promiscuity and female descent.
69. Exogamy with female descent.
70. Marriage.
71. Marriage by capture.
72. Transfer of the bride to her husband’s clan.
73. The exogamous clan with male descent and the village.
74. The large exogamous clans of the Brāhmans and Rājpūts. The Sapindas, the gens and the γένος.
75. Comparison of Hindu society with that of Greece and Rome. The gens.
76. The clients.
77. The plebeians.
78. The binding social tie in the city-states.
79. The Suovetaurilia.
80. The sacrifice of the domestic animal.
81. Sacrifices of the gens and phratry.
82. The Hindu caste-feasts.
83. Taking food at initiation.
84. Penalty feasts.
85. Sanctity of grain-food.
86. The corn-sprit.
87. The king.
88. Other instances of the common meal as a sacrificial rite.
89. Funeral feasts.
90. The Hindu deities and the sacrificial meal.
91. Development of the occupational caste from the tribe.
92. Veneration of the caste implements.
93. The caste panchāyat and its code of offences.
94. The status of impurity.
95. Caste and Hinduism.
96. The Hindu reformers.
97. Decline of the caste system.
Articles on Religions and Sects
Arya Samāj
List of Paragraphs
1. The founder of the sect, Dayānand Sāraswati.
2. His methods and the scientific interpretation of the Vedas.
3. Tenets of the Samāj.
4. Modernising tendencies.
5. Aims and educational institutions.
6. Prospects of the sect.
Brahmo Samāj
List of Paragraphs
1. Ram Mohan Roy, founder of the sect.
2. Much esteemed by the English.
3. Foundation of the Brahmo Samāj.
4. Debendra Nāth Tagore.
5. Keshub Chandar Sen.
6. The Civil Marriage Act.
7. Keshub Chandar’s relapse into mysticism.
8. Recent history of the Samāj.
9. Character of the movement.
Dādupanthi Sect.1
Dhāmi, Prannāthi Sect.
Jain Religion
List of Paragraphs
1. Numbers and distribution.
2. The Jain religion. Its connection with Buddhism.
3. The Jain tenets. The Tirthakars.
4. The transmigration of souls.
5. Strict rules against taking life.
6. Jain sects.
7. Jain ascetics.
8. Jain subcastes of Banias.
9. Rules and customs of the laity.
10. Connection with Hinduism.
11. Temple and car festival.
12. Images of the Tirthakārs.
13. Religious observances.
14. Tenderness for animal life.
15. Social condition of the Jains.
Kabīrpanthi
List of Paragraphs
1. Life of Kabīr.
2. Kabīr’s teachings.
3. His sayings
4. The Kabīrpanthi Sect in the Central Provinces.
5. The religious service.
6. Initiation.
7. Funeral rites.
8. Idol worship.
9. Statistics of the sect.
Lingāyat Sect
Muhammadan Religion
List of Paragraphs
1. Statistics and distribution.
2. Occupations.
3. Muhammadan castes.
4. The four tribal divisions.
5. Marriage.
6. Polygamy, divorce and widow-remarriage.
7. Devices for procuring children, and beliefs about them.
8. Pregnancy rites.
9. Childbirth and naming children.
10. The Ukīka sacrifice.
11. Shaving the hair and ear-piercing.
12. Birthdays.
13. Circumcision, and maturity of girls.
14. Funeral rites.
15. Muhammadan sects. Shiah and Sunni.
16. Leading religious observances. Prayer.
17. The fast of Ramazān.
18. The pilgrimage to Mecca.
19. Festivals. The Muharram.
20. Id-ul-Fitr.
21. Id-ul-Zoha
22. Mosques.
23. The Friday service.
24. Priests, Mulla and Maulvi.
25. The Kāzi.
26. General features of Islām.
27. The Korān.
28. The Traditions.
29. The schools of law.
30. Food.
31. Dress.
32. Social rules. Salutations.
33. Customs.
34. Position of women.
35. Interest on money.
36. Muhammadan education.
Nānakpanthi
1. Account of the sect.
2. Nānakpanthis in the Central Provinces.
3. Udasis.
4. Suthra Shāhis.
Parmārthi Sect
Pārsi or Zoroastrian Religion
List of Paragraphs
1. Introductory.
2. The Zoroastrian religion.
3. The Zend-Avesta.
4. The Zend Avesta and the Vedas.
5. Reasons for the schism between the Persian and Indian Aryans.
6. The dual principles and the conflict between good and evil.
7. The dual principle derived from the antagonism of light and darkness.
8. The Zoroastrians in Persia.
9. Their migration to India and settlement there.
10. Their wealth and prosperity.
11. Marriage customs.
12. Religion. Worship of fire.
13. The Homa liquor.
14. Pārsi priests.
15. The sacred shirt and cord.
16. Disposal of the dead.
17. Previous exposure of the dead, and migration of souls.
18. Clothes, food and ceremonial observances.
Saiva, Shaiva, Sivite Sect
Sākta, Shakta Sect
Satnāmi
List of Paragraphs
1. Origin of the sect.
2. Ghāsi Dās, founder of the Satnāmi sect.
3. The message of Ghāsi Dās.
4. Subsequent history of the Satnāmis.
5. Social profligacy.
6. Divisions of the Satnāmis.
7. Customs of the Satnāmis.
8. Character of the Satnāmi movement.
Sikh Religion
List of Paragraphs
1. Foundation of Sikhism—Bāba Nānak.
2. The earlier Gurus.
3. Guru Govind Singh.
4. Sikh initiation and rules.
5. Character of the Nānakpanthis and Sikh sects.
6. The Akālis.
7. The Sikh Council or Guru-Māta. Their communal meal.
Smārta Sect
Swāmi-Nārāyan Sect
1. The founder.
2. Tenets of the sect.
3. Meeting with Bishop Heber.
4. Meeting with Governor of Bombay.
5. Conclusion.
Vaishnava, Vishnuite Sect
1. Vishnu as representing the sun.
2. His incarnations.
3. Worship of Vishnu and Vaishnava doctrines.
Vām-Mārgi, Bām-Mārgi, Vāma-Chari Sect.
Wahhābi Sect
Part I
Glossary of Minor Castes and Other Articles, Synonyms, Subcastes, Titles and Names of Exogamous Septs or Clans
Glossary
Subject Index
Colophon
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