The Origin of Man and of his Superstitions
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THE ORIGIN OF MAN AND OF HIS SUPERSTITIONS
PREFACE
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I ON THE DIFFERENTIATION OF MAN FROM THE ANTHROPOIDS
§ 1. The Hypothesis
§ 2. What the Hypothesis Explains
§ 3. Minor and Secondary Consequences
§ 4. Prey and Competitors
§ 5. Conclusion
CHAPTER II ON THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE HUMAN FROM THE ANTHROPOID MIND
§ 1. Heredity, Adaptation, Accommodation
§ 2. The Original Stock and the Conditions of Differentiation
§ 3. Primal Society
§ 4. Psychology of the Hunting-pack
§ 5. The Wolf-type of Man established by Natural Selection
§ 6. Some further Consequences of the Hunting-life
§ 7. Moralisation of the Hunters
§ 8. Influence of the Imaginary Environment
CHAPTER III BELIEF AND SUPERSTITION
§ 1. Superstition
§ 2. Imagination
§ 3. Belief
§ 4. Causes and Grounds of Belief
§ 5. The Beliefs of Immature Minds
§ 6. The Reasoning of Immature Minds
§ 7. General Ideas at the Savage Level
§ 8. The Weakness of Imagination-beliefs
CHAPTER IV MAGIC
§ 1. Antiquity of Magic
§ 2. What is Magic?
§ 3. The Beginnings of Magic
§ 4. Magical Force and Primitive Ideas of Causation
§ 5. Magic and Mystery
§ 6. Volitional Magic
§ 7. The Evolution of Magic—Direct Magic
§ 8. Indirect or “Sympathetic” Magic
§ 9. The Dissolution of Magic
CHAPTER V ANIMISM
§ 1. What is Animism?
§ 2. Psychological Animism
§ 3. The Ghost Theory
§ 4. Extension of the Ghost Theory to Animals
§ 5. Ghosts and Soul-stuff
§ 6. Ghosts and Spirits
§ 7. How Ghosts and Spirits are imagined
§ 8. Origin and Destiny of Souls
§ 9. The Treatment of Ghosts
§ 10. Evolution and Dissolution of Animism
CHAPTER VI THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAGIC AND ANIMISM
§ 1. The Question of Priority
§ 2. Magic and Religion
§ 3. Ideas and Practices of Magic adopted by Animism
§ 4. Retrogradation
§ 5. Spirits know Magic, teach it, and inspire Magicians
§ 6. Spirits operate by Magic
§ 7. Spirits are controlled by Magic
CHAPTER VII OMENS
§ 1. The Prevalence of Omens
§ 2. Omens and Natural Signs
§ 3. Some Signs Conceived of as Magical
§ 4. Differentiation of Omens from General Magic
§ 5. Omens Interpreted by Animism
§ 6. Natural and Artificial Omens
§ 7. Divination and Oracles
§ 8. Apparent Failure of Omens
§ 9. Apology for Omens
CHAPTER VIII THE MIND OF THE WIZARD
§ 1. The Rise and Fall of Wizardry
§ 2. The Wizard’s Pretensions
§ 3. Characteristics of the Wizard
§ 4. The Wizard and the Sceptic
§ 5. The Wizard’s Persuasion
CHAPTER IX TOTEMISM
§ 1. Meaning and Scope of Totemism
§ 2. Of the Origin of Totemism
§ 3. The Conceptional Hypothesis
§ 4. Andrew Lang’s Hypothesis
§ 5. Totemism and Marriage
§ 6. The Clansman and his Totem
§ 7. Totemism and Magic
§ 8. Totemism and Animism
CHAPTER X MAGIC AND SCIENCE
§ 1. Their Common Ground
§ 2. The Differentiation
§ 3. Why Magic seems to be the Source of Science
§ 4. Animism and Science
INDEX
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