Outlines of Jewish History from B.C. 586 to C.E. 1885
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Outlines of Jewish History
NOTE.
PREFACE.
DATES OF CHIEF EVENTS AND CHIEF PEOPLE.
CONTENTS.
BOOK I. 500 B.C. TO 70 A.C. IN THE SHADOW OF THE SWORD.
CHAPTER I. THE JEWS IN BABYLON.
1. Babylonian Exiles.
2. Persian Conquest of Babylon.
3. The Influences of the Exile.
4. How Cyrus’s Permission was received.
5. The End of the Exile.
CHAPTER II. THE RETURN TO PALESTINE.
1. The Rebuilding of the Temple.
2. The Samaritans.
3. The Feast of Purim.
4. Ezra the Scribe.
5. The Work of Ezra and Nehemiah.
CHAPTER III. LIFE IN PALESTINE.
1. Condition of the People.
2. Literary Labours.
3. Alexandrian Jews.
4. The Septuagint.
5. Under Egyptian Rule.
6. Under Syrian Rule.
7. Home Rule.
CHAPTER IV. THE MACCABEAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.
1. Antiochus Epiphanes.
2. Antiochus’s Tyranny.
3. Resistance of Mattathias.
4. Chasidim and Zaddikim.
5. The Success of Judas Maccabeus.
6. Institution of Hanucah.
7. Treaty with Rome.
CHAPTER V. PALESTINE UNDER NATIVE RULE.
1. Death of Judas Maccabeus.
2. Jonathan the Maccabee.
3. Simon, the First of the Priest-king Dynasty.
4. The Sons of Simon.
5. Reign of John Hyrcanus.
6. His Last Years.
CHAPTER VI. JUDEA DURING THE REMAINDER OF THE RULE OF THE ASMONEANS.
1. Rival Factions. Pharisees and Sadducees.
2. How they got their Names.
3. Their Tenets and Position, Religions and Political.
4. State Quarrel with the Pharisees.
5. The Essenes.
6. Reign of Alexander Jannæus (105‒79 B.C.).
7. After the Death of Alexander Jannæus.
CHAPTER VII. A NEW DYNASTY.
1. Antipater the Idumean.
2. Rome arbitrates.
3. Antipater’s Plans.
4. The Sanhedrin.
5. The Fall of the Asmonean House.
CHAPTER VIII. REIGN OF HEROD.
1. Antipater’s ‘Desire’ fulfilled.
2. How Herod strengthened his Position.
3. Herod as Husband.
4. Herod as Father.
5. Herod as King.
6. The End of Herod’s Reign.
7. Hillel: a Contrast.
CHAPTER IX. JUDEA BEFORE THE WAR.
1. Herod’s Will.
2. Judea sinks into a Roman Province.
3. Jesus of Nazareth.
4. Jews in Egypt and Syria.
5. Birth of Christianity.
6. Reign of Herod Agrippa.
7. Caligula and the Jews.
CHAPTER X. THE WAR WITH ROME.
1. Agrippa II. Roman Governors.
2. Vespasian sent to Judea.
3. Preparations for Defence.
4. Josephus.
CHAPTER XI. THE END OF THE WAR.
1. The Defence of the Provinces.
2. Affairs in Jerusalem.
3. The War Party and the Peace Party: their Leaders.
4. The Siege of Jerusalem.
5. A Mediator sent: Terms proposed.
6. The Destruction of the Temple.
BOOK II. 70 TO 1600. DARKNESS.
CHAPTER XII. AFTER THE WAR.
1. Titus completes his Conquest.
2. Masada.
3. What became of the Chief Actors.
4. What became of the Country and the People.
5. Salvage.
6. Jochanan ben Saccai: the Schools.
7. An Unforeseen Result of the War: Jewish Christians.
CHAPTER XIII. THE REVOLT UNDER HADRIAN.
1. Conquered Jews in the West.
2. Contemporary Jews in the East.
3. Under Trajan.
4. The Policy of Hadrian.
5. The Jews in Revolt: their Leader.
6. Akiba: the Romance of his Youth.
7. Akiba: the Romance of his Age.
8. Hadrian’s Resolve accomplished.
CHAPTER XIV. THE REVIVAL OF THE SCHOOLS: THEIR WORK.
1. One of History’s Miracles.
2. The Schools: their Work.
3. The Masters of the Schools.
4. The Moral Influence of the Schools.
5. The Political Influence of the Schools.
6. The Literary Influence of the Schools.
CHAPTER XV. CHRISTIANITY A STATE RELIGION.
1. How the new faith spread among the Heathen.
2. The First Christian Emperor.
3. Constantine legislates on the Subject: the Effects.
4. Jews in the East under Persian Rule.
5. Julian the Apostate.
CHAPTER XVI. THE BREAK-UP OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE: SOME OF ITS CONSEQUENCES.
1. Political Changes.
2. Social Changes.
3. Monks and Saints.
4. How Jews became Traders.
5. The Slave Trade.
6. Jews as Slave-owners.
7. Church Councils.
8. Eastern Jews.
9. War between the Persian and the Byzantine Empires.
CHAPTER XVII. THE RISE OF MAHOMEDANISM. (600‒650.)
1. ‘The Koran or the Sword.’
2. What Mahomed learned from the Jews.
3. Islam.
4. Likenesses between Islam and Judaism.
5. Differences between Islam and Judaism.
CHAPTER XVIII. THE CONQUESTS OF THE KALIPHS: EFFECT, RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL, ON THE JEWS. (600‒800.)
1. Progress of Mahomedanism.
2. Gaonim.
3. Spain in the hands of the Mahomedans.
4. The Karaite Movement.
5. Mahomedan Causes for Karaism.
6. The Leader of the Karaite Movement.
7. What became of the Sect.
8. Good out of Evil.
CHAPTER XIX. LIFE UNDER THE KALIPHS. (700‒1000.)
1. Jews in the East.
2. Close of the Schools: some Scholars.
3. Jews in the West.
4. The Policy of the Early Kaliphs.
5. Some Effects of this Policy.
CHAPTER XX. JEWS IN SPAIN. (711‒1150.)
1. ‘Like a dream in the night.’
2. The Schools.
3. The First Nagid of Spain.
4. Another Nagid: Troubles in Granada.
5. Revival of Catholicism in Spain.
6. Effect on the Jews.
7. The Almohade Dynasty of Kaliphs.
CHAPTER XXI. JEWS IN SPAIN (continued). (1150‒1492.)
1. Under Catholic Kings in Spain.
2. The Toledo Synagogue.
3. The Downward Slope to Death.
4. The Marannos, or New Christians.
5. An Effort at Argument.
6. The Inquisition.
7. Objects and Functions of the Inquisition.
8. Some Statistics of the Inquisition.
9. Edict of Expulsion.
10. Abarbanel’s Intercession.
CHAPTER XXII. JEWS IN CENTRAL EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES.
1. General Position of European Jews.
2. Jews become Money-lenders.
3. Charge of Usury.
CHAPTER XXIII. JEWS IN CENTRAL EUROPE (continued).
1. The Crusades.
2. Glimpses of Better Things.
3. Life in France till the Expulsion thence.
4. Expelled from France.
5. Treatment of Jews in the German States.
CHAPTER XXIV. JEWS IN ENGLAND. (1066‒1210.)
1. The First Seventy Years.
2. ‘Saints’ and Supplies.
3. Accession of Richard.
4. Treatment by Richard.
5. Under John.
CHAPTER XXV. JEWS IN ENGLAND (continued). (1216‒1290.)
1. The Next Fifty Years.
2. The Caorsini.
3. The First Jewish M.P.s.
4. Another Device for raising Money.
5. Under Edward I.
6. Some Ironical Legislation.
7. Dishonest Jews.
8. Efforts at Conversion.
9. Expulsion of Jews from England.
BOOK III. 100‒1500. STARLIGHT.
CHAPTER XXVI. CONCERNING JEWISH LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN.
1. Starlight.
2. How the Stars shone.
3. Piyutim.
4. A Specimen Planet.
CHAPTER XXVII. SOME FIXED STARS.
1. Solomon ibn Gabirol (1021‒1070).
2. ‘Rashi’ (1040‒1105).
3. Abraham Ibn Ezra (1092‒1167).
4. A Great Traveller.
5. Jehudah Halevi (1085‒1140).
CHAPTER XXVIII. THE GREATEST OF THE FIXED STARS. MAIMONIDES. (1135‒1204.)
1. Early Days in Spain.
2. Life in Exile.
3. Becomes a Court Physician.
4. Court and other Employment.
5. His Writings.
6. His Character.
7. The End of his Life.
CHAPTER XXIX. DARKNESS BEFORE THE DAWN.
1. The Stars die out.
2. Whither the Exiles went.
3. Life in Germany.
4. A New Crusade.
5. What became of the Spanish and Portuguese Exiles.
CHAPTER XXX. THE DARKNESS VISIBLE.
1. Deterioration of Character.
2. Atmospheric Conditions.
3. A Shooting Star: Sabbatai Zevi (1626‒1676).
4. How the News was received.
5. The Sultan interferes.
6. Sabbatai resigns his Pretensions.
7. Becomes a Convert to Mahomedanism.
BOOK IV. 1591‒1885. DAWN.
CHAPTER XXXI. DAWN.
1. Beginning of Better Days in Holland.
2. The New Jerusalem.
3. Sephardim and Ashkenazim.
4. Spanish Jews in Holland.
5. Their Acquired Intolerance.
6. An Instance in Point: Uriel da Costa.
CHAPTER XXXII. MANASSEH BEN ISRAEL.
1. His Early Life.
2. His Writings and his Friends.
3. Manasseh finds his Vocation.
4. Negotiations begun for the Return of the Jews to England.
CHAPTER XXXIII.48 THE RETURN OF THE JEWS TO ENGLAND.
1. Manasseh presents his Petition.
2. A Christian Advocate.
3. What People said.
4. How the Petition was received.
5. End of Manasseh’s Story.
CHAPTER XXXIV. SPINOZA.
1. Clouds obscure the Dawn.
2. The Amsterdam Jews at the Time of Spinoza.
3. Spinoza’s Student Days.
4. Things come to a Climax.
5. How Spinoza took his Sentence: his Mode of Life.
6. Unto this Last.
7. His Writings.
8. Results.
CHAPTER XXXV. IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE, BEFORE THE DAWN.
1. A Long Night.
2. Reuchlin and the Talmud.
3. Another Jewish Influence, Elias Levitas.
4. Some Jewish Results from the Invention of Printing.
5. Influence of Printing on Kabbalistic Literature.
CHAPTER XXXVI. IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE, BEFORE THE DAWN (continued).
1. A Group of Stars.
2. Polish Jews.
3. French Jews.
4. Social Life in Germany.
5. Moral and Material Effects upon the Jews.
CHAPTER XXXVII. MOSES MENDELSSOHN.
1. Early Days in Dessau.
2. Goes to Berlin.
3. How he fares there.
4. Seed-time.
5. Harvest.
6. Nathan der Weise.
7. Literary Successes.
8. His Home Life.
9. Last Years.
CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE NEXT HUNDRED YEARS. (1780‒1880.)
1. Light and Shadows.
2. Leopold Zunz.
3. Progress of Events and of Legislation in Germany.
4. Progress of Events and Legislation in France (1780-1880).
5. In Italy.
6. In Spain and Portugal.
7. In Austrian Dominions.
8. In other European States.
9. In Russia and Poland.
10. In Danubian Provinces.
11. A Glance at the Rest of the Map.
CHAPTER XXXIX. TWO CENTURIES AND A QUARTER IN ENGLAND. (1660‒1885.)
1. First Fifty Years.
2. Influx of Germans and Poles: how received.
3. Converts.
4. Progress of Anglo-Jewish Legislation.
5. Communal Progress.
6. The Nineteenth Century.
7. A Slander revived and slain.
8. The Man of the Nineteenth Century.
9. Conclusion.
INDEX.
GENERAL LISTS OF WORKS
HISTORY, POLITICS, HISTORICAL MEMOIRS, &c.
BIOGRAPHICAL WORKS.
MENTAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, FINANCE, &c.
MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.
ASTRONOMY.
THE ‘KNOWLEDGE’ LIBRARY.
CLASSICAL LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE.
NATURAL HISTORY, BOTANY, & GARDENING.
THE FINE ARTS AND ILLUSTRATED EDITIONS.
CHEMISTRY, ENGINEERING, & GENERAL SCIENCE.
THEOLOGICAL AND RELIGIOUS WORKS.
TRAVELS, ADVENTURES, &c.
WORKS OF FICTION.
POETRY AND THE DRAMA.
AGRICULTURE, HORSES, DOGS, AND CATTLE.
SPORTS AND PASTIMES.
ENCYCLOPÆDIAS, DICTIONARIES, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
A SELECTION OF EDUCATIONAL WORKS.
TEXT-BOOKS OF SCIENCE
THE GREEK LANGUAGE.
THE LATIN LANGUAGE.
WHITE’S GRAMMAR-SCHOOL GREEK TEXTS.
WHITE’S GRAMMAR-SCHOOL LATIN TEXTS.
THE FRENCH LANGUAGE.
THE GERMAN LANGUAGE.
Footnotes.
Transcriber’s Note.
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