The Making of Species
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English
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THE MAKING OF SPECIES
PREFACE
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
THE MAKING OF SPECIES
CHAPTER I RISE OF THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION AND ITS SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT
Strength of Darwin’s Position
Opponents of Darwin
Evolution and Natural Selection
Huxley
Growing Opposition to Darwinism
The Neo-Lamarckian School
Orr’s Views
Inheritance of Acquired Characters
The Wallaceian School
Complexity of the Problem
The Aim of the Biologist
Opponents of Darwin
Evolution and Natural Selection
Huxley
Growing Opposition to Darwinism
The Neo-Lamarckian School
Orr’s Views
Inheritance of Acquired Characters
The Wallaceian School
Complexity of the Problem
The Aim of the Biologist
Strength of Darwin’s Position
Opponents of Darwin
Evolution and Natural Selection
Huxley
Growing Opposition to Darwinism
The Neo-Lamarckian School
Orr’s Views
Inheritance of Acquired Characters
The Wallaceian School
Complexity of the Problem
The Aim of the Biologist
Opponents of Darwin
Evolution and Natural Selection
Huxley
Growing Opposition to Darwinism
The Neo-Lamarckian School
Orr’s Views
Inheritance of Acquired Characters
The Wallaceian School
Complexity of the Problem
The Aim of the Biologist
CHAPTER II SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT OBJECTIONS TO THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION
Theory of Natural Selection
Various Anti-Darwinian Views
Darwinism does not explain Variation
Theory of Change of Function
Correlation
Missing Links
Recurrent Mutations
Leaf-butterflies
A Dilemma
The Effects of Chance
The Origin of Mimicry
Various Anti-Darwinian Views
Darwinism does not explain Variation
Theory of Change of Function
Correlation
Missing Links
Recurrent Mutations
Leaf-butterflies
A Dilemma
The Effects of Chance
The Origin of Mimicry
Theory of Natural Selection
Various Anti-Darwinian Views
Darwinism does not explain Variation
Theory of Change of Function
Correlation
Missing Links
Recurrent Mutations
Leaf-butterflies
A Dilemma
The Effects of Chance
The Origin of Mimicry
Various Anti-Darwinian Views
Darwinism does not explain Variation
Theory of Change of Function
Correlation
Missing Links
Recurrent Mutations
Leaf-butterflies
A Dilemma
The Effects of Chance
The Origin of Mimicry
CHAPTER III VARIATION
Nature of Variation
Definite and Indefinite Variability
Monstrosities
Minute Variations
Lines of Variation
Breeders’ Boasts
Albinistic Variations
Over-development
Speed of Racehorses
Experiments of De Vries
Bateson on Variation
Work of Bateson and De Vries
Varieties and Elementary Species
Mutations
Law of Regression
De Vries’s Dictum
Mutating Plants
Mutation Theory Criticised
Definition of a Species
“Scatliff Strain” of Turbit
Definite and Indefinite Variability
Monstrosities
Minute Variations
Lines of Variation
Breeders’ Boasts
Albinistic Variations
Over-development
Speed of Racehorses
Experiments of De Vries
Bateson on Variation
Work of Bateson and De Vries
Varieties and Elementary Species
Mutations
Law of Regression
De Vries’s Dictum
Mutating Plants
Mutation Theory Criticised
Definition of a Species
“Scatliff Strain” of Turbit
Mutations among Animals
Mutations among Birds
Color Mutations
Mutations among Invertebrates
Mutating Species
Somatic and Germinal Variations
Somatic Variations
Mutations among Birds
Color Mutations
Mutations among Invertebrates
Mutating Species
Somatic and Germinal Variations
Somatic Variations
Nature of Variation
Definite and Indefinite Variability
Monstrosities
Minute Variations
Lines of Variation
Breeders’ Boasts
Albinistic Variations
Over-development
Speed of Racehorses
Experiments of De Vries
Bateson on Variation
Work of Bateson and De Vries
Varieties and Elementary Species
Mutations
Law of Regression
De Vries’s Dictum
Mutating Plants
Mutation Theory Criticised
Definition of a Species
“Scatliff Strain” of Turbit
Definite and Indefinite Variability
Monstrosities
Minute Variations
Lines of Variation
Breeders’ Boasts
Albinistic Variations
Over-development
Speed of Racehorses
Experiments of De Vries
Bateson on Variation
Work of Bateson and De Vries
Varieties and Elementary Species
Mutations
Law of Regression
De Vries’s Dictum
Mutating Plants
Mutation Theory Criticised
Definition of a Species
“Scatliff Strain” of Turbit
Mutations among Animals
Mutations among Birds
Color Mutations
Mutations among Invertebrates
Mutating Species
Somatic and Germinal Variations
Somatic Variations
Mutations among Birds
Color Mutations
Mutations among Invertebrates
Mutating Species
Somatic and Germinal Variations
Somatic Variations
CHAPTER IV HYBRIDISM
Alleged Sterility of Hybrids
Fertile Hybrids
A Biological Bogey
Fertile Hybrids
A Biological Bogey
Fertile Crosses between Species of Plants
Sterile Plant Hybrids
Fertile Mammalian Hybrids
Fertile Bird Hybrids
Fertile Hybrids among Amphibia
Insects
Limits to the Possibilities of Hybridisation
Characters of Hybrids
Wild Hybrids
Characters of Hybrids
Wild Hybrids
Alleged Sterility of Hybrids
Fertile Hybrids
A Biological Bogey
Fertile Hybrids
A Biological Bogey
Fertile Crosses between Species of Plants
Sterile Plant Hybrids
Fertile Mammalian Hybrids
Fertile Bird Hybrids
Fertile Hybrids among Amphibia
Insects
Limits to the Possibilities of Hybridisation
Characters of Hybrids
Wild Hybrids
Characters of Hybrids
Wild Hybrids
CHAPTER V INHERITANCE
Phenomena of Inheritance
Existing Theories Unsatisfactory
Types of Crosses
Mendel’s Experiments
Mendelism
Maturation of the Germ-cells
Experiments of Delage and Loeb
Experiments of Cuénot and Castle
Unit Characters
Chemical Molecules
Experiments of Gräfin von Linden
Biological Isomerism
Biological Molecules
Phenomenon of Sex
Struggle for Nourishment
Origin of Mutations
Existing Theories Unsatisfactory
Types of Crosses
Mendel’s Experiments
Mendelism
Maturation of the Germ-cells
Experiments of Delage and Loeb
Experiments of Cuénot and Castle
Unit Characters
Chemical Molecules
Experiments of Gräfin von Linden
Biological Isomerism
Biological Molecules
Phenomenon of Sex
Struggle for Nourishment
Origin of Mutations
Phenomena of Inheritance
Existing Theories Unsatisfactory
Types of Crosses
Mendel’s Experiments
Mendelism
Maturation of the Germ-cells
Experiments of Delage and Loeb
Experiments of Cuénot and Castle
Unit Characters
Chemical Molecules
Experiments of Gräfin von Linden
Biological Isomerism
Biological Molecules
Phenomenon of Sex
Struggle for Nourishment
Origin of Mutations
Existing Theories Unsatisfactory
Types of Crosses
Mendel’s Experiments
Mendelism
Maturation of the Germ-cells
Experiments of Delage and Loeb
Experiments of Cuénot and Castle
Unit Characters
Chemical Molecules
Experiments of Gräfin von Linden
Biological Isomerism
Biological Molecules
Phenomenon of Sex
Struggle for Nourishment
Origin of Mutations
CHAPTER VI THE COLOURATION OF ORGANISMS
Robinson on Protective Colouring
Cryptic Colouring
Warning Colouration
Batesian Mimicry
Examples of Mimicry
Müllerian Mimicry
Danger Signals
Obliterative Colouring
Cryptic Colouring
Warning Colouration
Batesian Mimicry
Examples of Mimicry
Müllerian Mimicry
Danger Signals
Obliterative Colouring
Objections to the Theory of Cryptic Colouring
Fauna of Polar Regions
Pelagic Organisms
Unimportance of Colour
Gadow on Coral Snakes
F. C. Selous Quoted
Sexual Dimorphism
Precis Artexia
Striped Caterpillars
Colours of Eggs
Eyesight of Birds
Fauna of Polar Regions
Pelagic Organisms
Unimportance of Colour
Gadow on Coral Snakes
F. C. Selous Quoted
Sexual Dimorphism
Precis Artexia
Striped Caterpillars
Colours of Eggs
Eyesight of Birds
The Theory of Warning Colouration
Examples of Warning Colouration
Warning Colouring a Drawback
Conspicuous Animals Attacked
Aposematic Sounds
Intimidating Attitudes
Examples of Warning Colouration
Warning Colouring a Drawback
Conspicuous Animals Attacked
Aposematic Sounds
Intimidating Attitudes
Mimicry
Theory of Protective Mimicry
Evidence for the Theory
Alternative Theories
Theory of Protective Mimicry
Evidence for the Theory
Alternative Theories
Objections to the Theory that the so-called Cases of Mimicry owe their Origin to Natural Selection
The Brain-fever Bird
Hypertely
Birds capturing Butterflies
Observing-powers of Birds
The Brain-fever Bird
Hypertely
Birds capturing Butterflies
Observing-powers of Birds
“False” Mimicry among Mammals
False Batesian Mimicry among Birds
Theory of Mimicry Criticised
Theory of Mimicry Criticised
“Recognition” Colours
Interbreeding of Allied Species
Symmetry in Nature
Interbreeding of Allied Species
Symmetry in Nature
The Colouring of Flowers and Fruits
Cross- versus Self-fertilisation
Insects and Flowers
Honey
Scents of Flowers
Kay Robinson’s Theory
Accepted Theories Unsatisfactory
White Down of Nestlings
Cranes
Magpie Colouring
Albinos
Biological Molecules and Colour
Mr Tylor Quoted
Pœcilomeres
Biological Molecules
Cross- versus Self-fertilisation
Insects and Flowers
Honey
Scents of Flowers
Kay Robinson’s Theory
Accepted Theories Unsatisfactory
White Down of Nestlings
Cranes
Magpie Colouring
Albinos
Biological Molecules and Colour
Mr Tylor Quoted
Pœcilomeres
Biological Molecules
Robinson on Protective Colouring
Cryptic Colouring
Warning Colouration
Batesian Mimicry
Examples of Mimicry
Müllerian Mimicry
Danger Signals
Obliterative Colouring
Cryptic Colouring
Warning Colouration
Batesian Mimicry
Examples of Mimicry
Müllerian Mimicry
Danger Signals
Obliterative Colouring
Objections to the Theory of Cryptic Colouring
Fauna of Polar Regions
Pelagic Organisms
Unimportance of Colour
Gadow on Coral Snakes
F. C. Selous Quoted
Sexual Dimorphism
Precis Artexia
Striped Caterpillars
Colours of Eggs
Eyesight of Birds
Fauna of Polar Regions
Pelagic Organisms
Unimportance of Colour
Gadow on Coral Snakes
F. C. Selous Quoted
Sexual Dimorphism
Precis Artexia
Striped Caterpillars
Colours of Eggs
Eyesight of Birds
The Theory of Warning Colouration
Examples of Warning Colouration
Warning Colouring a Drawback
Conspicuous Animals Attacked
Aposematic Sounds
Intimidating Attitudes
Examples of Warning Colouration
Warning Colouring a Drawback
Conspicuous Animals Attacked
Aposematic Sounds
Intimidating Attitudes
Mimicry
Theory of Protective Mimicry
Evidence for the Theory
Alternative Theories
Theory of Protective Mimicry
Evidence for the Theory
Alternative Theories
Objections to the Theory that the so-called Cases of Mimicry owe their Origin to Natural Selection
The Brain-fever Bird
Hypertely
Birds capturing Butterflies
Observing-powers of Birds
The Brain-fever Bird
Hypertely
Birds capturing Butterflies
Observing-powers of Birds
“False” Mimicry among Mammals
False Batesian Mimicry among Birds
Theory of Mimicry Criticised
Theory of Mimicry Criticised
“Recognition” Colours
Interbreeding of Allied Species
Symmetry in Nature
Interbreeding of Allied Species
Symmetry in Nature
The Colouring of Flowers and Fruits
Cross- versus Self-fertilisation
Insects and Flowers
Honey
Scents of Flowers
Kay Robinson’s Theory
Accepted Theories Unsatisfactory
White Down of Nestlings
Cranes
Magpie Colouring
Albinos
Biological Molecules and Colour
Mr Tylor Quoted
Pœcilomeres
Biological Molecules
Cross- versus Self-fertilisation
Insects and Flowers
Honey
Scents of Flowers
Kay Robinson’s Theory
Accepted Theories Unsatisfactory
White Down of Nestlings
Cranes
Magpie Colouring
Albinos
Biological Molecules and Colour
Mr Tylor Quoted
Pœcilomeres
Biological Molecules
CHAPTER VII SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
Theory of Sexual Selection
The Law of Battle
Selection by Females
Male Attractiveness
Pearson’s Investigations
Finn’s Experiments
Display of Undecorated Cocks
Plumage of Herons
Sexual Dissimilarity
The Law of Battle
Selection by Females
Male Attractiveness
Pearson’s Investigations
Finn’s Experiments
Display of Undecorated Cocks
Plumage of Herons
Sexual Dissimilarity
Wallace’s Explanation of Sexual Dissimilarity
Wallace’s Theory Criticised
Wallace’s Theory Criticised
The Theory of Thomson and Geddes
Stolzmann’s Theory
Neo-Lamarckian Explanation
Cunningham’s Theory
Existing Theories not Satisfactory
Hormones
Eye-colour, Comb, and Spurs
The Four Kinds of Mutations
Unilateral Transmission
Greater Value of Females
Cunningham’s Theory
Existing Theories not Satisfactory
Hormones
Eye-colour, Comb, and Spurs
The Four Kinds of Mutations
Unilateral Transmission
Greater Value of Females
Theory of Sexual Selection
The Law of Battle
Selection by Females
Male Attractiveness
Pearson’s Investigations
Finn’s Experiments
Display of Undecorated Cocks
Plumage of Herons
Sexual Dissimilarity
The Law of Battle
Selection by Females
Male Attractiveness
Pearson’s Investigations
Finn’s Experiments
Display of Undecorated Cocks
Plumage of Herons
Sexual Dissimilarity
Wallace’s Explanation of Sexual Dissimilarity
Wallace’s Theory Criticised
Wallace’s Theory Criticised
The Theory of Thomson and Geddes
Stolzmann’s Theory
Neo-Lamarckian Explanation
Cunningham’s Theory
Existing Theories not Satisfactory
Hormones
Eye-colour, Comb, and Spurs
The Four Kinds of Mutations
Unilateral Transmission
Greater Value of Females
Cunningham’s Theory
Existing Theories not Satisfactory
Hormones
Eye-colour, Comb, and Spurs
The Four Kinds of Mutations
Unilateral Transmission
Greater Value of Females
CHAPTER VIII THE FACTORS OF EVOLUTION
The Struggle for Existence
Checks on Increase
Attributes of Successful Species
Checks on Increase
Attributes of Successful Species
Correlation
Isolation
Divergence of Character
Isolation
Discriminate Isolation
Indiscriminate Isolation
Mollusca of Sandwich Isles
Local Species
Cormorants
Natural Selection
Origin of the Fittest
Divergence of Character
Isolation
Discriminate Isolation
Indiscriminate Isolation
Mollusca of Sandwich Isles
Local Species
Cormorants
Natural Selection
Origin of the Fittest
The Struggle for Existence
Checks on Increase
Attributes of Successful Species
Checks on Increase
Attributes of Successful Species
Correlation
Isolation
Divergence of Character
Isolation
Discriminate Isolation
Indiscriminate Isolation
Mollusca of Sandwich Isles
Local Species
Cormorants
Natural Selection
Origin of the Fittest
Divergence of Character
Isolation
Discriminate Isolation
Indiscriminate Isolation
Mollusca of Sandwich Isles
Local Species
Cormorants
Natural Selection
Origin of the Fittest
FOOTNOTES
INDEX
ORNITHOLOGICAL AND OTHER ODDITIES
BOMBAY DUCKS
BIRDS OF THE PLAINS
NOTICE
LIVING MASTERS OF MUSIC
STARS OF THE STAGE
A CATALOGUE OF MEMOIRS, BIOGRAPHIES, ETC.
WORKS UPON NAPOLEON
ORNITHOLOGICAL AND OTHER ODDITIES
BOMBAY DUCKS
BIRDS OF THE PLAINS
NOTICE
LIVING MASTERS OF MUSIC
STARS OF THE STAGE
A CATALOGUE OF MEMOIRS, BIOGRAPHIES, ETC.
WORKS UPON NAPOLEON
Transcriber’s Notes
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