
Free
Distributive Justice The Right and Wrong of Our Present Distribution of Wealth
By John Augustine Ryan
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Table of Contents
- E-text prepared by D Alexander, JoAnn Greenwood, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) using page images generously made available by Internet Archive (http://archive.org)
- DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
- PREFACE
- INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER
- THE ELEMENTS AND SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
- THE ELEMENTS AND SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
- CHAPTER I THE LANDOWNER'S SHARE OF THE NATIONAL PRODUCT
- Economic Rent Always Goes to the Landowner
- Economic Rent and Commercial Rent
- The Cause of Economic Rent
- Economic Rent Always Goes to the Landowner
- Economic Rent and Commercial Rent
- The Cause of Economic Rent
- CHAPTER II LANDOWNERSHIP IN HISTORY
- No Private Ownership in Pre-Agricultural Conditions
- How the Change Probably Took Place
- Limited Character of Primitive Common Ownership
- Private Ownership General in Historical Times
- Conclusions from History
- No Private Ownership in Pre-Agricultural Conditions
- How the Change Probably Took Place
- Limited Character of Primitive Common Ownership
- Private Ownership General in Historical Times
- Conclusions from History
- CHAPTER III THE ARGUMENTS AGAINST PRIVATE LANDOWNERSHIP
- Arguments by Socialists
- Henry George's Attack on the Title of First Occupancy
- His Defence of the Title of Labour
- The Right of All Men to the Bounty of the Earth
- The Alleged Right of the Community to Land Values
- Arguments by Socialists
- Henry George's Attack on the Title of First Occupancy
- His Defence of the Title of Labour
- The Right of All Men to the Bounty of the Earth
- The Alleged Right of the Community to Land Values
- CHAPTER IV PRIVATE OWNERSHIP THE BEST SYSTEM OF LAND TENURE
- The Socialist Proposals Impracticable
- Inferiority of the Single Tax System
- The Socialist Proposals Impracticable
- Inferiority of the Single Tax System
- CHAPTER V PRIVATE LANDOWNERSHIP A NATURAL RIGHT
- Three Principal Kinds of Natural Rights
- Private Landownership Indirectly Necessary for Individual Welfare
- Excessive Interpretations of the Right of Private Landownership
- The Doctrine of the Fathers and Theologians
- The Teaching of Pope Leo XIII
- Three Principal Kinds of Natural Rights
- Private Landownership Indirectly Necessary for Individual Welfare
- Excessive Interpretations of the Right of Private Landownership
- The Doctrine of the Fathers and Theologians
- The Teaching of Pope Leo XIII
- CHAPTER VI LIMITATIONS ON THE LANDOWNER'S RIGHT TO RENT
- The Tenant's Right to a Decent Livelihood
- The Labourer's Claim Upon the Rent
- The Tenant's Right to a Decent Livelihood
- The Labourer's Claim Upon the Rent
- CHAPTER VII DEFECTS OF THE EXISTING LAND SYSTEM
- Landownership and Monopoly
- Excessive Gains from Private Landownership
- Exclusion from the Land
- Landownership and Monopoly
- Excessive Gains from Private Landownership
- Exclusion from the Land
- CHAPTER VIII METHODS OF REFORMING OUR LAND SYSTEM
- The Leasing System
- Public Agricultural Lands
- Public Ownership of Urban Land
- Appropriating Future Increases of Land Value
- Some Objections to the Increment Tax
- The Morality of the Proposal
- The German and British Increment Taxes
- Transferring Other Taxes to Land
- The Morality of the Plan
- Amount of Taxes Practically Transferable
- The Social Benefits of the Plan
- A Supertax on Large Holdings
- The Leasing System
- Public Agricultural Lands
- Public Ownership of Urban Land
- Appropriating Future Increases of Land Value
- Some Objections to the Increment Tax
- The Morality of the Proposal
- The German and British Increment Taxes
- Transferring Other Taxes to Land
- The Morality of the Plan
- Amount of Taxes Practically Transferable
- The Social Benefits of the Plan
- A Supertax on Large Holdings
- CHAPTER IX THE NATURE AND THE RATE OF INTEREST
- Meaning of Capital and Capitalist
- Meaning of Interest
- The Rate of Interest
- Meaning of Capital and Capitalist
- Meaning of Interest
- The Rate of Interest
- CHAPTER X THE ALLEGED RIGHT OF LABOUR TO THE ENTIRE PRODUCT OF INDUSTRY
- The Labour Theory of Value
- The Right of Productivity
- The Labour Theory of Value
- The Right of Productivity
- CHAPTER XI THE SOCIALIST SCHEME OF INDUSTRY
- Socialist Inconsistency
- Expropriating the Capitalists
- Inefficient Industrial Leadership
- Inefficient Labour
- Attempted Replies to Objections
- Restricting Individual Liberty
- Socialist Inconsistency
- Expropriating the Capitalists
- Inefficient Industrial Leadership
- Inefficient Labour
- Attempted Replies to Objections
- Restricting Individual Liberty
- CHAPTER XII ALLEGED INTRINSIC JUSTIFICATIONS OF INTEREST
- Attitude of the Church Toward Interest on Loans
- Interest on Productive Capital
- The Claims of Productivity
- The Claims of Service
- The Claims of Abstinence
- Attitude of the Church Toward Interest on Loans
- Interest on Productive Capital
- The Claims of Productivity
- The Claims of Service
- The Claims of Abstinence
- CHAPTER XIII SOCIAL AND PRESUMPTIVE JUSTIFICATIONS OF INTEREST
- Limitations of the Sacrifice Principle
- The Value of Capital in a No-Interest Régime
- Whether the Present Rate of Interest Is Necessary
- Whether at Least Two Per Cent. Is Necessary
- Whether Any Interest Is Necessary
- The State Is Justified in Permitting Interest
- Civil Authorisation not Sufficient for Individual Justification
- How the Interest-Taker Is Justified
- Limitations of the Sacrifice Principle
- The Value of Capital in a No-Interest Régime
- Whether the Present Rate of Interest Is Necessary
- Whether at Least Two Per Cent. Is Necessary
- Whether Any Interest Is Necessary
- The State Is Justified in Permitting Interest
- Civil Authorisation not Sufficient for Individual Justification
- How the Interest-Taker Is Justified
- CHAPTER XIV CO-OPERATION AS A PARTIAL SOLVENT OF CAPITALISM
- Reducing the Rate of Interest
- Need for a Wider Distribution of Capital
- The Essence of Co-operative Enterprise
- Co-operative Credit Societies
- Co-operative Agricultural Societies
- Co-operative Mercantile Societies
- Co-operation in Production
- Advantages and Prospects of Co-operation
- Reducing the Rate of Interest
- Need for a Wider Distribution of Capital
- The Essence of Co-operative Enterprise
- Co-operative Credit Societies
- Co-operative Agricultural Societies
- Co-operative Mercantile Societies
- Co-operation in Production
- Advantages and Prospects of Co-operation
- CHAPTER XV THE NATURE OF PROFITS
- The Functions and Rewards of the Business Man
- The Amount of Profits
- Profits in the Joint-Stock Company
- The Functions and Rewards of the Business Man
- The Amount of Profits
- Profits in the Joint-Stock Company
- CHAPTER XVI THE PRINCIPAL CANONS OF DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
- The Canon of Equality
- The Canon of Needs
- The Canon of Efforts and Sacrifice
- The Canon of Productivity
- The Canon of Scarcity
- The Canon of Human Welfare
- The Canon of Equality
- The Canon of Needs
- The Canon of Efforts and Sacrifice
- The Canon of Productivity
- The Canon of Scarcity
- The Canon of Human Welfare
- CHAPTER XVII JUST PROFITS IN CONDITIONS OF COMPETITION
- The Question of Indefinitely Large Profits
- The Question of Minimum Profits
- The Question of Superfluous Business Men
- The Question of Indefinitely Large Profits
- The Question of Minimum Profits
- The Question of Superfluous Business Men
- CHAPTER XVIII THE MORAL ASPECT OF MONOPOLY
- Surplus and Excessive Profits
- The Question of Monopolistic Efficiency
- Discriminative Underselling
- Exclusive-Sales Contracts
- Discriminative Transportation Arrangements
- Natural Monopolies
- Methods of Preventing Monopolistic Injustice
- Legalised Price Agreements
- Surplus and Excessive Profits
- The Question of Monopolistic Efficiency
- Discriminative Underselling
- Exclusive-Sales Contracts
- Discriminative Transportation Arrangements
- Natural Monopolies
- Methods of Preventing Monopolistic Injustice
- Legalised Price Agreements
- CHAPTER XIX THE MORAL ASPECT OF STOCK WATERING
- Injurious Effects of Stockwatering
- The Moral Wrong
- The "Innocent" Investor
- Magnitude of Overcapitalisation
- Injurious Effects of Stockwatering
- The Moral Wrong
- The "Innocent" Investor
- Magnitude of Overcapitalisation
- CHAPTER XX THE LEGAL LIMITATION OF FORTUNES
- The Method of Direct Limitation
- Limitation Through Progressive Taxation
- The Proper Rate of Income and Inheritance Taxes
- Effectiveness of Such Taxation
- The Method of Direct Limitation
- Limitation Through Progressive Taxation
- The Proper Rate of Income and Inheritance Taxes
- Effectiveness of Such Taxation
- CHAPTER XXI THE DUTY OF DISTRIBUTING SUPERFLUOUS WEALTH
- The Question of Distributing Some
- The Question of Distributing All
- Some Objections
- A False Conception of Welfare and Superfluous Goods
- The True Conception of Welfare
- The Question of Distributing Some
- The Question of Distributing All
- Some Objections
- A False Conception of Welfare and Superfluous Goods
- The True Conception of Welfare
- CHAPTER XXII SOME UNACCEPTABLE THEORIES OF WAGE-JUSTICE
- I. The Prevailing-Rate Theory
- Not in Harmony with Justice
- Not in Harmony with Justice
- II. Exchange-Equivalence Theories
- The Rule of Equal Gains
- The Rule of Free Contract
- The Rule of Market Value
- The Mediæval Theory
- A Modern Variation of the Mediæval Theory
- The Rule of Equal Gains
- The Rule of Free Contract
- The Rule of Market Value
- The Mediæval Theory
- A Modern Variation of the Mediæval Theory
- III. Productivity Theories
- Labour's Right to the Whole Product
- Clark's Theory of Specific Productivity
- Carver's Modified Version of Productivity
- Labour's Right to the Whole Product
- Clark's Theory of Specific Productivity
- Carver's Modified Version of Productivity
- I. The Prevailing-Rate Theory
- I. The Prevailing-Rate Theory
- Not in Harmony with Justice
- Not in Harmony with Justice
- II. Exchange-Equivalence Theories
- The Rule of Equal Gains
- The Rule of Free Contract
- The Rule of Market Value
- The Mediæval Theory
- A Modern Variation of the Mediæval Theory
- The Rule of Equal Gains
- The Rule of Free Contract
- The Rule of Market Value
- The Mediæval Theory
- A Modern Variation of the Mediæval Theory
- III. Productivity Theories
- Labour's Right to the Whole Product
- Clark's Theory of Specific Productivity
- Carver's Modified Version of Productivity
- Labour's Right to the Whole Product
- Clark's Theory of Specific Productivity
- Carver's Modified Version of Productivity
- CHAPTER XXIII THE MINIMUM OF JUSTICE: A LIVING WAGE
- The Principle of Needs
- Three Fundamental Principles
- The Right to a Decent Livelihood
- The Claim to a Decent Livelihood from a Present Occupation
- The Labourer's Right to a Living Wage
- When the Employer Is Unable to Pay a Living Wage
- An Objection and Some Difficulties
- The Family Living Wage
- Other Arguments in Favour of a Living Wage
- The Money Measure of a Living Wage
- The Principle of Needs
- Three Fundamental Principles
- The Right to a Decent Livelihood
- The Claim to a Decent Livelihood from a Present Occupation
- The Labourer's Right to a Living Wage
- When the Employer Is Unable to Pay a Living Wage
- An Objection and Some Difficulties
- The Family Living Wage
- Other Arguments in Favour of a Living Wage
- The Money Measure of a Living Wage
- CHAPTER XXIV THE PROBLEM OF COMPLETE WAGE JUSTICE
- Comparative Claims of Different Labour Groups
- Wages Versus Profits
- Wages Versus Interest
- Wages Versus Prices
- Concluding Remarks
- Comparative Claims of Different Labour Groups
- Wages Versus Profits
- Wages Versus Interest
- Wages Versus Prices
- Concluding Remarks
- CHAPTER XXV METHODS OF INCREASING WAGES
- The Minimum Wage in Operation
- The Question of Constitutionality
- The Ethical and Political Aspects
- The Economic Aspect
- Opinions of Economists
- Other Legislative Proposals
- Labour Unions
- Organisation Versus Legislation
- Participation in Capital Ownership
- The Minimum Wage in Operation
- The Question of Constitutionality
- The Ethical and Political Aspects
- The Economic Aspect
- Opinions of Economists
- Other Legislative Proposals
- Labour Unions
- Organisation Versus Legislation
- Participation in Capital Ownership
- CHAPTER XXVI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
- The Landowner and Rent
- The Capitalist and Interest
- The Business Man and Profits
- The Labourer and Wages
- Concluding Observations
- The Landowner and Rent
- The Capitalist and Interest
- The Business Man and Profits
- The Labourer and Wages
- Concluding Observations
- INDEX
- FOOTNOTES:
- FOOTNOTES:
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