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The Elements of Qualitative Chemical Analysis, vol. 1, parts 1 and 2. With Special Consideration of the Application of the Laws of Equilibrium and of the Modern Theories of Solution.
By Julius Stieglitz
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Table of Contents
- The Elements of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. Volume I, Parts I and II. Fundamental Principles and Their Application. By Julius Stieglitz.
- Preface
- Contents
- List of References and Their Abbreviations
- Part I. Fundamental Principles
- Chapter I. Introduction
- Chapter I Footnotes
- Chapter I Footnotes
- Chapter II. Osmotic Pressure and the Theory of Solution I
- Definition of Osmotic Pressure.
- Measurement of Osmotic Pressure.
- Osmotic Pressure and the Laws of Gases.
- Boyle's Law.
- Gay-Lussac's Law.
- The Avogadro-van 't Hoff Hypothesis.
- Indirect Determinations of Osmotic Pressure.
- Apparent Exceptions.
- Summary.
- Chapter II Footnotes
- Definition of Osmotic Pressure.
- Measurement of Osmotic Pressure.
- Osmotic Pressure and the Laws of Gases.
- Boyle's Law.
- Gay-Lussac's Law.
- The Avogadro-van 't Hoff Hypothesis.
- Indirect Determinations of Osmotic Pressure.
- Apparent Exceptions.
- Summary.
- Chapter II Footnotes
- Chapter III. Osmotic Pressure and the Theory of Solution II
- Semipermeability.
- Osmosis.
- Osmosis and Gas Pressure.
- The Kinetic Theory and Osmotic Pressure.
- Chapter III Footnotes
- Semipermeability.
- Osmosis.
- Osmosis and Gas Pressure.
- The Kinetic Theory and Osmotic Pressure.
- Chapter III Footnotes
- Chapter IV. The Theory of Ionization; Ionization and Electrical Conductivity
- Gaseous Dissociation.
- Molecular Weight Determinations in Solution.
- The Theory of Ionization.
- Main Assumptions of Arrhenius's Theory of Ionization.
- The Theory of Ionization and the Electron Theory of Electricity and of Matter.
- The Validity of the Theory of Ionization.
- Ionization and Electrical Conductivity.
- Electrolysis.
- Conductivity and Dilution.
- Degree of Ionization of an Electrolyte.
- Clausius's Theory of Ionization and the Modern Theory.
- Mobilities or Partial Conductivities of Ions: Principle of Kohlrausch.
- Faraday's Law.
- Diffusion of Ions and Concentration Cells.
- The Rôle of the Solvent in Ionization.
- The Ionizing Power of Solvents Related to the Unsaturated Condition of their Simple Molecules and to their Power of Association.
- Chapter IV Footnotes
- Gaseous Dissociation.
- Molecular Weight Determinations in Solution.
- The Theory of Ionization.
- Main Assumptions of Arrhenius's Theory of Ionization.
- The Theory of Ionization and the Electron Theory of Electricity and of Matter.
- The Validity of the Theory of Ionization.
- Ionization and Electrical Conductivity.
- Electrolysis.
- Conductivity and Dilution.
- Degree of Ionization of an Electrolyte.
- Clausius's Theory of Ionization and the Modern Theory.
- Mobilities or Partial Conductivities of Ions: Principle of Kohlrausch.
- Faraday's Law.
- Diffusion of Ions and Concentration Cells.
- The Rôle of the Solvent in Ionization.
- The Ionizing Power of Solvents Related to the Unsaturated Condition of their Simple Molecules and to their Power of Association.
- Chapter IV Footnotes
- Chapter V. The Theory of Ionization. II.
- Quantitative Evidence.
- The Chemical Composition of the Ions of Electrolytes.
- Ionization and Chemical Activity.
- Dry Salts and their Aqueous Solutions.
- Behavior of Fused Salts.
- Dry Salts at Ordinary Temperatures.
- Influence of Light and Heat.
- Conclusions.
- Quantitative Relations.
- Summary.
- Chemical Activity of Non-ionized Molecules.
- Reactions in Non-aqueous Solutions.
- Some Applications of the Chemical Activity of Ions to Qualitative Analysis.
- Chapter V Footnotes
- Quantitative Evidence.
- The Chemical Composition of the Ions of Electrolytes.
- Ionization and Chemical Activity.
- Dry Salts and their Aqueous Solutions.
- Behavior of Fused Salts.
- Dry Salts at Ordinary Temperatures.
- Influence of Light and Heat.
- Conclusions.
- Quantitative Relations.
- Summary.
- Chemical Activity of Non-ionized Molecules.
- Reactions in Non-aqueous Solutions.
- Some Applications of the Chemical Activity of Ions to Qualitative Analysis.
- Chapter V Footnotes
- Chapter VI. Chemical Equilibrium. The Law of Mass Action
- The Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
- Limitations to the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
- The Factors of the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
- Chemical Equilibrium of Electrolytes.
- The Ionization of Various Acids.
- The Ionization of Polybasic Acids.
- The Ionization of Bases.
- The Ionization of Salts.
- The Ionization of Strong Electrolytes and the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
- The "Salt Effect".
- Some Applications of the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
- The Exceptional Ionization of Mercuric Cyanide and Its Consequences.
- Chapter VI Footnotes
- The Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
- Limitations to the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
- The Factors of the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
- Chemical Equilibrium of Electrolytes.
- The Ionization of Various Acids.
- The Ionization of Polybasic Acids.
- The Ionization of Bases.
- The Ionization of Salts.
- The Ionization of Strong Electrolytes and the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
- The "Salt Effect".
- Some Applications of the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
- The Exceptional Ionization of Mercuric Cyanide and Its Consequences.
- Chapter VI Footnotes
- Chapter VII. Physical Or Heterogeneous Equilibrium.—The Colloidal Condition
- Applications of the Law of Physical Equilibrium.
- Supersaturated Solutions.
- Solubility of Fine Powders.
- The Colloidal Condition
- Colloidal Gold.
- Colloidal Silver.
- Colloidal Ferric Hydroxide.
- Solution Theory of the Colloidal Condition.
- The Suspension Theory of the Colloidal Condition.
- The General Character and the Definition of the Colloidal Condition.
- Relations to Analysis.
- Electrical Conditions of Colloids.
- The Source of the Electrical Charges on Colloids.
- Precipitation of Colloids by Electrolytes and by Colloids.
- The Precipitating Power of Electrolytes and the Valence of their Ions.
- Nonprecipitation of Nonelectrified Colloids by Electrolytes.
- Protective Action of Colloids on Other Colloids.
- Applications in Analysis.
- Chapter VII Footnotes
- Applications of the Law of Physical Equilibrium.
- Supersaturated Solutions.
- Solubility of Fine Powders.
- The Colloidal Condition
- Colloidal Gold.
- Colloidal Silver.
- Colloidal Ferric Hydroxide.
- Solution Theory of the Colloidal Condition.
- The Suspension Theory of the Colloidal Condition.
- The General Character and the Definition of the Colloidal Condition.
- Relations to Analysis.
- Electrical Conditions of Colloids.
- The Source of the Electrical Charges on Colloids.
- Precipitation of Colloids by Electrolytes and by Colloids.
- The Precipitating Power of Electrolytes and the Valence of their Ions.
- Nonprecipitation of Nonelectrified Colloids by Electrolytes.
- Protective Action of Colloids on Other Colloids.
- Applications in Analysis.
- Chapter VII Footnotes
- Chapter VIII. Simultaneous Chemical and Physical Equilibrium.—The Solubility- or Ion-product.
- Earlier Derivation of the Solubility-Product Principle.
- The Solubility- or Ion-Product Principle.
- Criticism of the Derivation of the Principle.
- Influence of a Common Ion.
- Precipitation.
- Applications in Analysis.
- Washing of Precipitates.
- The Solubility-Product in Volumetric Analysis.
- Effect of Electrolytes with No Ion in Common with the Precipitate.
- Solution of Precipitates.
- Summary.
- Further Considerations Concerning Precipitation and Solution.
- Solubility and Solvent.
- Chapter VIII Footnotes
- Earlier Derivation of the Solubility-Product Principle.
- The Solubility- or Ion-Product Principle.
- Criticism of the Derivation of the Principle.
- Influence of a Common Ion.
- Precipitation.
- Applications in Analysis.
- Washing of Precipitates.
- The Solubility-Product in Volumetric Analysis.
- Effect of Electrolytes with No Ion in Common with the Precipitate.
- Solution of Precipitates.
- Summary.
- Further Considerations Concerning Precipitation and Solution.
- Solubility and Solvent.
- Chapter VIII Footnotes
- Chapter I. Introduction
- Part II. Systematic Analysis and the Application of Fundamental Principles
- Chapter IX. Systematic Analysis for the Common Metal Ions. The Ions of the Alkalies and of the Alkaline Earths. Order of Precipitation of Difficultly Soluble Salts With a Common Ion
- The Silver Group.
- The Copper and the Arsenic Groups.
- The Aluminium and the Zinc Groups.
- The Alkaline Earth Group.
- The Alkalies.
- The Alkali Group.
- The Alkaline Earth Group.
- Fractional Precipitation.
- Precipitation by a Weak Base in the Presence of its Salts.
- Chapter IX Footnotes
- The Silver Group.
- The Copper and the Arsenic Groups.
- The Aluminium and the Zinc Groups.
- The Alkaline Earth Group.
- The Alkalies.
- The Alkali Group.
- The Alkaline Earth Group.
- Fractional Precipitation.
- Precipitation by a Weak Base in the Presence of its Salts.
- Chapter IX Footnotes
- Chapter X. Aluminium; Amphoteric Hydroxides; Hydrolysis of Salts. The Aluminium and Zinc Groups
- Aluminium Hydroxide an Amphoteric Hydroxide.
- Common Occurrence of Amphoteric Hydroxides.
- Amphoteric Character of Hydroxides Considered in Analysis.
- Self-Neutralization of Amphoteric Substances.
- Hydrolysis of Salts
- Ionization of Water.
- Water is An Acid.
- Water as a Base.
- Action of Water on a Salt of a Strong Base and a Strong Acid.
- Action of Water on the Salt of a Strong Base with a Weak Acid.
- Action of Water on a Salt of a Strong Acid with a Weak Base.
- Action of Water on a Salt of a Base and an Acid, Both of which are Weak.
- Self-Neutralization of Amphoteric Hydroxides.
- The Analysis of the Aluminium and Zinc Groups.
- Separation of the Aluminium Group from the Zinc Group by Means of Ammonium Chloride and Ammonium Hydroxide.
- Separation of Cobalt and Nickel from the Other Members of the Zinc and Aluminium Groups.
- Separation of the Aluminium and Zinc Groups by Means of Barium Carbonate.
- Analysis of the Aluminium Group.
- The Favorable Conditions for a Maximum Precipitation of an Amphoteric Hydroxide.
- Chapter X Footnotes
- Aluminium Hydroxide an Amphoteric Hydroxide.
- Common Occurrence of Amphoteric Hydroxides.
- Amphoteric Character of Hydroxides Considered in Analysis.
- Self-Neutralization of Amphoteric Substances.
- Hydrolysis of Salts
- Ionization of Water.
- Water is An Acid.
- Water as a Base.
- Action of Water on a Salt of a Strong Base and a Strong Acid.
- Action of Water on the Salt of a Strong Base with a Weak Acid.
- Action of Water on a Salt of a Strong Acid with a Weak Base.
- Action of Water on a Salt of a Base and an Acid, Both of which are Weak.
- Self-Neutralization of Amphoteric Hydroxides.
- The Analysis of the Aluminium and Zinc Groups.
- Separation of the Aluminium Group from the Zinc Group by Means of Ammonium Chloride and Ammonium Hydroxide.
- Separation of Cobalt and Nickel from the Other Members of the Zinc and Aluminium Groups.
- Separation of the Aluminium and Zinc Groups by Means of Barium Carbonate.
- Analysis of the Aluminium Group.
- The Favorable Conditions for a Maximum Precipitation of an Amphoteric Hydroxide.
- Chapter X Footnotes
- Chapter XI. The Copper and Silver Groups. Precipitation With Hydrogen Sulphide
- The Ionization of Hydrogen Sulphide.
- Precipitation of Sulphides by Hydrogen Sulphide.
- Theory of the Separation of Sulphides by Precipitation with Hydrogen Sulphide. I. Precipitation of Ferrous Sulphide.
- II. Precipitation of Zinc Sulphide.
- III. Precipitation of Cadmium Sulphide.
- The Separation of the Copper and Arsenic Groups from the Zinc Group.
- The Effect of a Large Excess of Acid.
- The Desirable Concentration of Acid (of Hydrogen-ion) and an Indicator for Correct Acidification.
- Chapter XI Footnotes
- The Ionization of Hydrogen Sulphide.
- Precipitation of Sulphides by Hydrogen Sulphide.
- Theory of the Separation of Sulphides by Precipitation with Hydrogen Sulphide. I. Precipitation of Ferrous Sulphide.
- II. Precipitation of Zinc Sulphide.
- III. Precipitation of Cadmium Sulphide.
- The Separation of the Copper and Arsenic Groups from the Zinc Group.
- The Effect of a Large Excess of Acid.
- The Desirable Concentration of Acid (of Hydrogen-ion) and an Indicator for Correct Acidification.
- Chapter XI Footnotes
- Chapter XII. The Copper and Silver Groups (continued).—The Theory of Complex Ions
- Action of Ammonia on Silver Nitrate.
- The Complex Silver-Ammonium425-Ion.
- Application in Analysis.
- Complex Metal-Ammonium Ions of Copper, Cadmium, etc.
- The Complex Cyanide Ions.
- The Argenticyanide-Ion.
- Cuprocyanide and Cadmicyanide Ions.
- Cobalticyanide and Nickelocyanide Ions.
- Applications and Precautions in Analysis.
- Ferrocyanide and Ferricyanide Ions.
- The Aurocyanide-Ion.
- The Reacting Components in Solutions of the Complex Cyanide Ions.
- The Structure of Complex Ions.
- Complex Halide, Sulphide, Oxide and Oxonium Ions.
- Complex Ions of Organic Oxygen Derivatives.
- Chapter XII Footnotes
- Action of Ammonia on Silver Nitrate.
- The Complex Silver-Ammonium425-Ion.
- Application in Analysis.
- Complex Metal-Ammonium Ions of Copper, Cadmium, etc.
- The Complex Cyanide Ions.
- The Argenticyanide-Ion.
- Cuprocyanide and Cadmicyanide Ions.
- Cobalticyanide and Nickelocyanide Ions.
- Applications and Precautions in Analysis.
- Ferrocyanide and Ferricyanide Ions.
- The Aurocyanide-Ion.
- The Reacting Components in Solutions of the Complex Cyanide Ions.
- The Structure of Complex Ions.
- Complex Halide, Sulphide, Oxide and Oxonium Ions.
- Complex Ions of Organic Oxygen Derivatives.
- Chapter XII Footnotes
- Chapter XIII. The Arsenic Group. Sulpho-acids and Sulpho-salts
- Sulpho-Salts.
- Sulpho-Acids.
- Sulpho-Bases.
- Sulphoxy-Salts.
- Complex Sulphide Ions.
- Sulphurization of Sulphides.
- Behavior of Arsenic Acid toward Hydrogen Sulphide.
- Chapter XIII Footnotes
- Sulpho-Salts.
- Sulpho-Acids.
- Sulpho-Bases.
- Sulphoxy-Salts.
- Complex Sulphide Ions.
- Sulphurization of Sulphides.
- Behavior of Arsenic Acid toward Hydrogen Sulphide.
- Chapter XIII Footnotes
- Chapter XIV. Oxidation and Reduction Reactions. I
- Definitions of Oxidation and Reduction in Electric Terms.
- Oxidations and Reductions by Electric Currents.
- Production of Electric Currents by Means of Oxidation and Reduction Reactions.
- Effects of Ion Concentrations on the Current.
- Further Illustrations.
- Summary.
- Need of the Study of the Quantitative Relations.
- Oxidation and Reduction Reactions as Reversible Reactions.
- Condition of Equilibrium.
- Applications.
- The Equilibrium Relations between Two Metals and Their Ions.
- General Principles Concerning Equilibrium in Reversible Oxidation and Reduction Reactions.
- Applications; Reduction of Ferric Salts and Oxidation of Ferrous Salts.
- Intensity of Reactions.
- Reduction of Ferric Salts by Iodides.
- Action of Chlorides on Ferric Salts.
- Summary.
- Chapter XIV Footnotes
- Definitions of Oxidation and Reduction in Electric Terms.
- Oxidations and Reductions by Electric Currents.
- Production of Electric Currents by Means of Oxidation and Reduction Reactions.
- Effects of Ion Concentrations on the Current.
- Further Illustrations.
- Summary.
- Need of the Study of the Quantitative Relations.
- Oxidation and Reduction Reactions as Reversible Reactions.
- Condition of Equilibrium.
- Applications.
- The Equilibrium Relations between Two Metals and Their Ions.
- General Principles Concerning Equilibrium in Reversible Oxidation and Reduction Reactions.
- Applications; Reduction of Ferric Salts and Oxidation of Ferrous Salts.
- Intensity of Reactions.
- Reduction of Ferric Salts by Iodides.
- Action of Chlorides on Ferric Salts.
- Summary.
- Chapter XIV Footnotes
- Chapter XV. Oxidation and Reduction. II. Oxidation by Oxygen, Permanganates, Etc.; Oxidation of Organic Compounds
- Oxidation of Hydrogen by Oxygen.
- Summary.
- Interpretation of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Terms of the Oxygen-Hydrogen Gas Cell.
- Interpretation of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Terms of Direct Transfers of Electric Charges.
- Arsenic Acid as an Oxidizing Agent.
- Permanganic Acid, Chromic Acids, etc., as Oxidizing Agents.
- Nitric Acid.
- Summary.
- Oxidation of Organic Compounds.
- Summary.
- Tables and Summaries.
- Chapter XV Footnotes
- Oxidation of Hydrogen by Oxygen.
- Summary.
- Interpretation of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Terms of the Oxygen-Hydrogen Gas Cell.
- Interpretation of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Terms of Direct Transfers of Electric Charges.
- Arsenic Acid as an Oxidizing Agent.
- Permanganic Acid, Chromic Acids, etc., as Oxidizing Agents.
- Nitric Acid.
- Summary.
- Oxidation of Organic Compounds.
- Summary.
- Tables and Summaries.
- Chapter XV Footnotes
- Chapter XVI. Systematic Analysis for Acid Ions
- Grouping of Acid Ions.
- Systematic Analysis for Acid Ions, Based on the Removal of Metal Ions other than the Alkali Metal Ions.
- Systematic Analysis for Acid Ions in Acid Solution.
- Desirability of Experience with Both Methods.
- The Groups of Acid Ions.
- Applications of Physico-Chemical Principles and Theories.
- Fractional Precipitation of Salts with a Common Ion.
- Complex Ions.
- Complex Ions of Acid Ions with Other Acids.
- Oxidation and Reduction.
- Oxidation of Hydroiodic Acid by Air.
- Oxidation of Potassium Iodide by Air.
- Chapter XVI Footnotes
- Grouping of Acid Ions.
- Systematic Analysis for Acid Ions, Based on the Removal of Metal Ions other than the Alkali Metal Ions.
- Systematic Analysis for Acid Ions in Acid Solution.
- Desirability of Experience with Both Methods.
- The Groups of Acid Ions.
- Applications of Physico-Chemical Principles and Theories.
- Fractional Precipitation of Salts with a Common Ion.
- Complex Ions.
- Complex Ions of Acid Ions with Other Acids.
- Oxidation and Reduction.
- Oxidation of Hydroiodic Acid by Air.
- Oxidation of Potassium Iodide by Air.
- Chapter XVI Footnotes
- Chapter IX. Systematic Analysis for the Common Metal Ions. The Ions of the Alkalies and of the Alkaline Earths. Order of Precipitation of Difficultly Soluble Salts With a Common Ion
- Index
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