The Elements of Qualitative Chemical Analysis, vol. 1, parts 1 and 2. With Special Consideration of the Application of the Laws of Equilibrium and of the Modern Theories of Solution.
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The Elements of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. Volume I, Parts I and II. Fundamental Principles and Their Application. By Julius Stieglitz.
Preface
Contents
List of References and Their Abbreviations
Part I. Fundamental Principles
Chapter I. Introduction
Chapter I Footnotes
Chapter I Footnotes
Chapter II. Osmotic Pressure and the Theory of Solution I
Definition of Osmotic Pressure.
Measurement of Osmotic Pressure.
Osmotic Pressure and the Laws of Gases.
Boyle's Law.
Gay-Lussac's Law.
The Avogadro-van 't Hoff Hypothesis.
Indirect Determinations of Osmotic Pressure.
Apparent Exceptions.
Summary.
Chapter II Footnotes
Definition of Osmotic Pressure.
Measurement of Osmotic Pressure.
Osmotic Pressure and the Laws of Gases.
Boyle's Law.
Gay-Lussac's Law.
The Avogadro-van 't Hoff Hypothesis.
Indirect Determinations of Osmotic Pressure.
Apparent Exceptions.
Summary.
Chapter II Footnotes
Chapter III. Osmotic Pressure and the Theory of Solution II
Semipermeability.
Osmosis.
Osmosis and Gas Pressure.
The Kinetic Theory and Osmotic Pressure.
Chapter III Footnotes
Semipermeability.
Osmosis.
Osmosis and Gas Pressure.
The Kinetic Theory and Osmotic Pressure.
Chapter III Footnotes
Chapter IV. The Theory of Ionization; Ionization and Electrical Conductivity
Gaseous Dissociation.
Molecular Weight Determinations in Solution.
The Theory of Ionization.
Main Assumptions of Arrhenius's Theory of Ionization.
The Theory of Ionization and the Electron Theory of Electricity and of Matter.
The Validity of the Theory of Ionization.
Ionization and Electrical Conductivity.
Electrolysis.
Conductivity and Dilution.
Degree of Ionization of an Electrolyte.
Clausius's Theory of Ionization and the Modern Theory.
Mobilities or Partial Conductivities of Ions: Principle of Kohlrausch.
Faraday's Law.
Diffusion of Ions and Concentration Cells.
The Rôle of the Solvent in Ionization.
The Ionizing Power of Solvents Related to the Unsaturated Condition of their Simple Molecules and to their Power of Association.
Chapter IV Footnotes
Gaseous Dissociation.
Molecular Weight Determinations in Solution.
The Theory of Ionization.
Main Assumptions of Arrhenius's Theory of Ionization.
The Theory of Ionization and the Electron Theory of Electricity and of Matter.
The Validity of the Theory of Ionization.
Ionization and Electrical Conductivity.
Electrolysis.
Conductivity and Dilution.
Degree of Ionization of an Electrolyte.
Clausius's Theory of Ionization and the Modern Theory.
Mobilities or Partial Conductivities of Ions: Principle of Kohlrausch.
Faraday's Law.
Diffusion of Ions and Concentration Cells.
The Rôle of the Solvent in Ionization.
The Ionizing Power of Solvents Related to the Unsaturated Condition of their Simple Molecules and to their Power of Association.
Chapter IV Footnotes
Chapter V. The Theory of Ionization. II.
Quantitative Evidence.
The Chemical Composition of the Ions of Electrolytes.
Ionization and Chemical Activity.
Dry Salts and their Aqueous Solutions.
Behavior of Fused Salts.
Dry Salts at Ordinary Temperatures.
Influence of Light and Heat.
Conclusions.
Quantitative Relations.
Summary.
Chemical Activity of Non-ionized Molecules.
Reactions in Non-aqueous Solutions.
Some Applications of the Chemical Activity of Ions to Qualitative Analysis.
Chapter V Footnotes
Quantitative Evidence.
The Chemical Composition of the Ions of Electrolytes.
Ionization and Chemical Activity.
Dry Salts and their Aqueous Solutions.
Behavior of Fused Salts.
Dry Salts at Ordinary Temperatures.
Influence of Light and Heat.
Conclusions.
Quantitative Relations.
Summary.
Chemical Activity of Non-ionized Molecules.
Reactions in Non-aqueous Solutions.
Some Applications of the Chemical Activity of Ions to Qualitative Analysis.
Chapter V Footnotes
Chapter VI. Chemical Equilibrium. The Law of Mass Action
The Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
Limitations to the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
The Factors of the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
Chemical Equilibrium of Electrolytes.
The Ionization of Various Acids.
The Ionization of Polybasic Acids.
The Ionization of Bases.
The Ionization of Salts.
The Ionization of Strong Electrolytes and the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
The "Salt Effect".
Some Applications of the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
The Exceptional Ionization of Mercuric Cyanide and Its Consequences.
Chapter VI Footnotes
The Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
Limitations to the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
The Factors of the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
Chemical Equilibrium of Electrolytes.
The Ionization of Various Acids.
The Ionization of Polybasic Acids.
The Ionization of Bases.
The Ionization of Salts.
The Ionization of Strong Electrolytes and the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
The "Salt Effect".
Some Applications of the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
The Exceptional Ionization of Mercuric Cyanide and Its Consequences.
Chapter VI Footnotes
Chapter VII. Physical Or Heterogeneous Equilibrium.—The Colloidal Condition
Applications of the Law of Physical Equilibrium.
Supersaturated Solutions.
Solubility of Fine Powders.
The Colloidal Condition
Colloidal Gold.
Colloidal Silver.
Colloidal Ferric Hydroxide.
Solution Theory of the Colloidal Condition.
The Suspension Theory of the Colloidal Condition.
The General Character and the Definition of the Colloidal Condition.
Relations to Analysis.
Electrical Conditions of Colloids.
The Source of the Electrical Charges on Colloids.
Precipitation of Colloids by Electrolytes and by Colloids.
The Precipitating Power of Electrolytes and the Valence of their Ions.
Nonprecipitation of Nonelectrified Colloids by Electrolytes.
Protective Action of Colloids on Other Colloids.
Applications in Analysis.
Chapter VII Footnotes
Applications of the Law of Physical Equilibrium.
Supersaturated Solutions.
Solubility of Fine Powders.
The Colloidal Condition
Colloidal Gold.
Colloidal Silver.
Colloidal Ferric Hydroxide.
Solution Theory of the Colloidal Condition.
The Suspension Theory of the Colloidal Condition.
The General Character and the Definition of the Colloidal Condition.
Relations to Analysis.
Electrical Conditions of Colloids.
The Source of the Electrical Charges on Colloids.
Precipitation of Colloids by Electrolytes and by Colloids.
The Precipitating Power of Electrolytes and the Valence of their Ions.
Nonprecipitation of Nonelectrified Colloids by Electrolytes.
Protective Action of Colloids on Other Colloids.
Applications in Analysis.
Chapter VII Footnotes
Chapter VIII. Simultaneous Chemical and Physical Equilibrium.—The Solubility- or Ion-product.
Earlier Derivation of the Solubility-Product Principle.
The Solubility- or Ion-Product Principle.
Criticism of the Derivation of the Principle.
Influence of a Common Ion.
Precipitation.
Applications in Analysis.
Washing of Precipitates.
The Solubility-Product in Volumetric Analysis.
Effect of Electrolytes with No Ion in Common with the Precipitate.
Solution of Precipitates.
Summary.
Further Considerations Concerning Precipitation and Solution.
Solubility and Solvent.
Chapter VIII Footnotes
Earlier Derivation of the Solubility-Product Principle.
The Solubility- or Ion-Product Principle.
Criticism of the Derivation of the Principle.
Influence of a Common Ion.
Precipitation.
Applications in Analysis.
Washing of Precipitates.
The Solubility-Product in Volumetric Analysis.
Effect of Electrolytes with No Ion in Common with the Precipitate.
Solution of Precipitates.
Summary.
Further Considerations Concerning Precipitation and Solution.
Solubility and Solvent.
Chapter VIII Footnotes
Part II. Systematic Analysis and the Application of Fundamental Principles
Chapter IX. Systematic Analysis for the Common Metal Ions. The Ions of the Alkalies and of the Alkaline Earths. Order of Precipitation of Difficultly Soluble Salts With a Common Ion
The Silver Group.
The Copper and the Arsenic Groups.
The Aluminium and the Zinc Groups.
The Alkaline Earth Group.
The Alkalies.
The Alkali Group.
The Alkaline Earth Group.
Fractional Precipitation.
Precipitation by a Weak Base in the Presence of its Salts.
Chapter IX Footnotes
The Silver Group.
The Copper and the Arsenic Groups.
The Aluminium and the Zinc Groups.
The Alkaline Earth Group.
The Alkalies.
The Alkali Group.
The Alkaline Earth Group.
Fractional Precipitation.
Precipitation by a Weak Base in the Presence of its Salts.
Chapter IX Footnotes
Chapter X. Aluminium; Amphoteric Hydroxides; Hydrolysis of Salts. The Aluminium and Zinc Groups
Aluminium Hydroxide an Amphoteric Hydroxide.
Common Occurrence of Amphoteric Hydroxides.
Amphoteric Character of Hydroxides Considered in Analysis.
Self-Neutralization of Amphoteric Substances.
Hydrolysis of Salts
Ionization of Water.
Water is An Acid.
Water as a Base.
Action of Water on a Salt of a Strong Base and a Strong Acid.
Action of Water on the Salt of a Strong Base with a Weak Acid.
Action of Water on a Salt of a Strong Acid with a Weak Base.
Action of Water on a Salt of a Base and an Acid, Both of which are Weak.
Self-Neutralization of Amphoteric Hydroxides.
The Analysis of the Aluminium and Zinc Groups.
Separation of the Aluminium Group from the Zinc Group by Means of Ammonium Chloride and Ammonium Hydroxide.
Separation of Cobalt and Nickel from the Other Members of the Zinc and Aluminium Groups.
Separation of the Aluminium and Zinc Groups by Means of Barium Carbonate.
Analysis of the Aluminium Group.
The Favorable Conditions for a Maximum Precipitation of an Amphoteric Hydroxide.
Chapter X Footnotes
Aluminium Hydroxide an Amphoteric Hydroxide.
Common Occurrence of Amphoteric Hydroxides.
Amphoteric Character of Hydroxides Considered in Analysis.
Self-Neutralization of Amphoteric Substances.
Hydrolysis of Salts
Ionization of Water.
Water is An Acid.
Water as a Base.
Action of Water on a Salt of a Strong Base and a Strong Acid.
Action of Water on the Salt of a Strong Base with a Weak Acid.
Action of Water on a Salt of a Strong Acid with a Weak Base.
Action of Water on a Salt of a Base and an Acid, Both of which are Weak.
Self-Neutralization of Amphoteric Hydroxides.
The Analysis of the Aluminium and Zinc Groups.
Separation of the Aluminium Group from the Zinc Group by Means of Ammonium Chloride and Ammonium Hydroxide.
Separation of Cobalt and Nickel from the Other Members of the Zinc and Aluminium Groups.
Separation of the Aluminium and Zinc Groups by Means of Barium Carbonate.
Analysis of the Aluminium Group.
The Favorable Conditions for a Maximum Precipitation of an Amphoteric Hydroxide.
Chapter X Footnotes
Chapter XI. The Copper and Silver Groups. Precipitation With Hydrogen Sulphide
The Ionization of Hydrogen Sulphide.
Precipitation of Sulphides by Hydrogen Sulphide.
Theory of the Separation of Sulphides by Precipitation with Hydrogen Sulphide. I. Precipitation of Ferrous Sulphide.
II. Precipitation of Zinc Sulphide.
III. Precipitation of Cadmium Sulphide.
The Separation of the Copper and Arsenic Groups from the Zinc Group.
The Effect of a Large Excess of Acid.
The Desirable Concentration of Acid (of Hydrogen-ion) and an Indicator for Correct Acidification.
Chapter XI Footnotes
The Ionization of Hydrogen Sulphide.
Precipitation of Sulphides by Hydrogen Sulphide.
Theory of the Separation of Sulphides by Precipitation with Hydrogen Sulphide. I. Precipitation of Ferrous Sulphide.
II. Precipitation of Zinc Sulphide.
III. Precipitation of Cadmium Sulphide.
The Separation of the Copper and Arsenic Groups from the Zinc Group.
The Effect of a Large Excess of Acid.
The Desirable Concentration of Acid (of Hydrogen-ion) and an Indicator for Correct Acidification.
Chapter XI Footnotes
Chapter XII. The Copper and Silver Groups (continued).—The Theory of Complex Ions
Action of Ammonia on Silver Nitrate.
The Complex Silver-Ammonium425-Ion.
Application in Analysis.
Complex Metal-Ammonium Ions of Copper, Cadmium, etc.
The Complex Cyanide Ions.
The Argenticyanide-Ion.
Cuprocyanide and Cadmicyanide Ions.
Cobalticyanide and Nickelocyanide Ions.
Applications and Precautions in Analysis.
Ferrocyanide and Ferricyanide Ions.
The Aurocyanide-Ion.
The Reacting Components in Solutions of the Complex Cyanide Ions.
The Structure of Complex Ions.
Complex Halide, Sulphide, Oxide and Oxonium Ions.
Complex Ions of Organic Oxygen Derivatives.
Chapter XII Footnotes
Action of Ammonia on Silver Nitrate.
The Complex Silver-Ammonium425-Ion.
Application in Analysis.
Complex Metal-Ammonium Ions of Copper, Cadmium, etc.
The Complex Cyanide Ions.
The Argenticyanide-Ion.
Cuprocyanide and Cadmicyanide Ions.
Cobalticyanide and Nickelocyanide Ions.
Applications and Precautions in Analysis.
Ferrocyanide and Ferricyanide Ions.
The Aurocyanide-Ion.
The Reacting Components in Solutions of the Complex Cyanide Ions.
The Structure of Complex Ions.
Complex Halide, Sulphide, Oxide and Oxonium Ions.
Complex Ions of Organic Oxygen Derivatives.
Chapter XII Footnotes
Chapter XIII. The Arsenic Group. Sulpho-acids and Sulpho-salts
Sulpho-Salts.
Sulpho-Acids.
Sulpho-Bases.
Sulphoxy-Salts.
Complex Sulphide Ions.
Sulphurization of Sulphides.
Behavior of Arsenic Acid toward Hydrogen Sulphide.
Chapter XIII Footnotes
Sulpho-Salts.
Sulpho-Acids.
Sulpho-Bases.
Sulphoxy-Salts.
Complex Sulphide Ions.
Sulphurization of Sulphides.
Behavior of Arsenic Acid toward Hydrogen Sulphide.
Chapter XIII Footnotes
Chapter XIV. Oxidation and Reduction Reactions. I
Definitions of Oxidation and Reduction in Electric Terms.
Oxidations and Reductions by Electric Currents.
Production of Electric Currents by Means of Oxidation and Reduction Reactions.
Effects of Ion Concentrations on the Current.
Further Illustrations.
Summary.
Need of the Study of the Quantitative Relations.
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions as Reversible Reactions.
Condition of Equilibrium.
Applications.
The Equilibrium Relations between Two Metals and Their Ions.
General Principles Concerning Equilibrium in Reversible Oxidation and Reduction Reactions.
Applications; Reduction of Ferric Salts and Oxidation of Ferrous Salts.
Intensity of Reactions.
Reduction of Ferric Salts by Iodides.
Action of Chlorides on Ferric Salts.
Summary.
Chapter XIV Footnotes
Definitions of Oxidation and Reduction in Electric Terms.
Oxidations and Reductions by Electric Currents.
Production of Electric Currents by Means of Oxidation and Reduction Reactions.
Effects of Ion Concentrations on the Current.
Further Illustrations.
Summary.
Need of the Study of the Quantitative Relations.
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions as Reversible Reactions.
Condition of Equilibrium.
Applications.
The Equilibrium Relations between Two Metals and Their Ions.
General Principles Concerning Equilibrium in Reversible Oxidation and Reduction Reactions.
Applications; Reduction of Ferric Salts and Oxidation of Ferrous Salts.
Intensity of Reactions.
Reduction of Ferric Salts by Iodides.
Action of Chlorides on Ferric Salts.
Summary.
Chapter XIV Footnotes
Chapter XV. Oxidation and Reduction. II. Oxidation by Oxygen, Permanganates, Etc.; Oxidation of Organic Compounds
Oxidation of Hydrogen by Oxygen.
Summary.
Interpretation of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Terms of the Oxygen-Hydrogen Gas Cell.
Interpretation of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Terms of Direct Transfers of Electric Charges.
Arsenic Acid as an Oxidizing Agent.
Permanganic Acid, Chromic Acids, etc., as Oxidizing Agents.
Nitric Acid.
Summary.
Oxidation of Organic Compounds.
Summary.
Tables and Summaries.
Chapter XV Footnotes
Oxidation of Hydrogen by Oxygen.
Summary.
Interpretation of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Terms of the Oxygen-Hydrogen Gas Cell.
Interpretation of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Terms of Direct Transfers of Electric Charges.
Arsenic Acid as an Oxidizing Agent.
Permanganic Acid, Chromic Acids, etc., as Oxidizing Agents.
Nitric Acid.
Summary.
Oxidation of Organic Compounds.
Summary.
Tables and Summaries.
Chapter XV Footnotes
Chapter XVI. Systematic Analysis for Acid Ions
Grouping of Acid Ions.
Systematic Analysis for Acid Ions, Based on the Removal of Metal Ions other than the Alkali Metal Ions.
Systematic Analysis for Acid Ions in Acid Solution.
Desirability of Experience with Both Methods.
The Groups of Acid Ions.
Applications of Physico-Chemical Principles and Theories.
Fractional Precipitation of Salts with a Common Ion.
Complex Ions.
Complex Ions of Acid Ions with Other Acids.
Oxidation and Reduction.
Oxidation of Hydroiodic Acid by Air.
Oxidation of Potassium Iodide by Air.
Chapter XVI Footnotes
Grouping of Acid Ions.
Systematic Analysis for Acid Ions, Based on the Removal of Metal Ions other than the Alkali Metal Ions.
Systematic Analysis for Acid Ions in Acid Solution.
Desirability of Experience with Both Methods.
The Groups of Acid Ions.
Applications of Physico-Chemical Principles and Theories.
Fractional Precipitation of Salts with a Common Ion.
Complex Ions.
Complex Ions of Acid Ions with Other Acids.
Oxidation and Reduction.
Oxidation of Hydroiodic Acid by Air.
Oxidation of Potassium Iodide by Air.
Chapter XVI Footnotes
Index
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