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Myths & Legends of Babylonia & Assyria
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Myths & Legends of Babylonia & Assyria

By Lewis Spence
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Table of Contents
  • E-text prepared by Clare Graham and Marc D'Hooghe (http://www.freeliterature.org) from page images generously made available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
  • MYTHS & LEGENDS OF BABYLONIA & ASSYRIA
    • BY
    • LEWIS SPENCE F.R.A.I.
      • AUTHOR OF "THE MYTHS OF MEXICO AND PERU" "THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT MEXICO" "THE POPOL VUH" "THE MYTHS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS" "MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF ANCIENT EGYPT" ETC.
        • WITH EIGHT PLATES IN COLOUR BY EVELYN PAUL AND THIRTY-TWO OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS
        • PREFACE
        • CONTENTS
        • CHAPTER I: BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA IN HISTORY AND LEGEND
        • The Akkadians
        • The Semite Conquerors
        • A Babylonian Conqueror
        • The First Library in Babylonia
        • Gudea
        • Khammurabi the Great
        • A Court Murder
        • Tiglath-Pileser
        • Semiramis the Great
        • The Second Assyrian Empire
        • Sardanapalus the Splendid
        • The First Great Library
        • The Last Kings of Assyria
        • Nebuchadrezzar
        • The Last of the Babylonian Kings
        • The History of Berossus
        • Berossus' Account of the Deluge
        • Analogies with the Flood Myth
        • Babylonian Archæology
        • The Tower of Babel
        • Nimrod, the Mighty Hunter
        • Abram and Nimrod
        • A Persian Version
        • The 'Babylonica'
        • Cuneiform Writing
        • Grotefend
        • Rawlinson
        • Origin of Cuneiform
        • The Sacred Literature of Babylonia
        • Hymn to Adar
        • CHAPTER II: BABYLONIAN COSMOGONY
        • The Babylonian Myth of Creation
        • The Birth of the Gods
        • A Darksome Trinity
        • Type of Babylonian Cosmology
        • Connexion with the Jonah Legend
        • CHAPTER III: EARLY BABYLONIAN RELIGION
        • The Beginnings of Babylonian Religion
        • Spirits and Gods
        • Was Babylonian Religion Semitic in Type?
        • Totemism in Babylonian Religion
        • The Great Gods
        • Bel
        • Bel and the Dragon
        • Beltis
        • The Temple of Bel
        • Nergal
        • Dibarra
        • Shamash
        • Ea
        • The Writings of Oannes
        • The Story of Adapa and the South Wind
        • Anu
        • Ishtar
        • The Descent of Ishtar into Hades
        • Tammuz and Ishtar
        • At the Gates of Aralu
        • Ishtar and Persephone
        • Lamentations for Tammuz
        • An Allegorical Interpretation of the Myth
        • Ishtar, Tammuz, and Vegetation
        • Ishtar and Esther
        • Lang on the Esther Story
        • Nin-Girsu
        • Bau
        • Nannar
        • Nannar in Decay
        • Aralu, or Eres-ki-Gal
        • Dagon
        • Nirig, or Enu-Restu
        • CHAPTER IV: THE GILGAMESH EPIC
        • The Birth of Gilgamesh
        • Eabani
        • Gilgamesh as Tyrant
        • The Beguiling of Eabani
        • Gilgamesh meets Eabani
        • The Monster Khumbaba
        • Ishtar's Love for Gilgamesh
        • The Bull of Anu
        • The Death of Eabani
        • The Quest of Gilgamesh
        • Gilgamesh and Ut-Napishtim
        • The Deluge Myth
        • The Babylonian Ark
        • The Bird Messengers
        • CHAPTER V: THE LATER PANTHEON OF BABYLONIA
        • Nebo
        • Nebo as Grain-God
        • Tashmit
        • Shamash and Khammurabi
        • Hadad
        • Hadad, Dáda, David, and Dido
        • Ea in Later Times
        • Zu
        • The Legend of Zu
        • Bel
        • The Triad of Earth, Air, and Sea
        • Dawkina
        • Anu
        • CHAPTER VI: THE GREAT GOD MERODACH AND HIS CULT
        • A New-Year's Ceremony
        • CHAPTER VII: THE PANTHEON OF ASSYRIA
        • Asshur
        • The Secret of Assyrian Greatness
        • Asshur as Conqueror
        • Ishtar in Assyria
        • Ishtar as a War-Goddess
        • Ninib as an Assyrian War-God
        • Ninib as Hunter-God
        • Dagan
        • Anu
        • Ramman
        • Shamash
        • Sin in the Northern Land
        • Nusku of the Brilliant Sceptre
        • Bel-Merodach
        • Prisoner-Gods
        • The Assyrian Bel and Belit
        • Nabu and Merodach
        • Ea
        • Dibbarra
        • Lesser Gods
        • CHAPTER VIII: BABYLONIAN STAR-WORSHIP
        • Legend of the Origin of Star-Worship and Idolatry
        • Speculations of the Chaldeans
        • Planets identified with Gods
        • CHAPTER IX: THE PRIESTHOOD, CULT, AND TEMPLES
        • Sacrifices
        • The Temples of Babylonia and Assyria
        • The Great Temple-Builders
        • The Temple of E-Kur
        • The Brilliant House
        • Ur, the Moon-City
        • The Twin Temples
        • Temples as Banks
        • Feasts and Festivals
        • The Chamber of Fates
        • Lamentation Rituals
        • The Terror of Eclipse
        • CHAPTER X: THE MAGIC AND DEMONOLOGY OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA
        • The Roots of Science
        • Priestly Wizards
        • A Toothache Myth
        • The Word of Power
        • Babylonian Vampires
        • The Bible and Magic
        • The Speaking Head
        • Gods once Demons
        • The Legend of Ura
        • Purification
        • The Chamber of the Priest-Magician
        • The Witch-Finding
        • The Magic Circle
        • Babylonian Demons
        • Taboo
        • Popular Superstitions
        • Omens
        • The Ritual of Hepatoscopy
        • The Missing Caravan
        • CHAPTER XI: THE MYTHOLOGICAL MONSTERS AND ANIMALS OF CHALDEA
        • Winged Bulls
        • The Dog in Babylonia
        • A Dog Legend
        • Gazelle and Goat Gods
        • The Goat Cult
        • The Invasion of the Monsters
        • The Eagle
        • CHAPTER XII: TALES OF THE BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN KINGS
        • Poet or Braggart?
        • The Autobiography of Assur-bani-pal
        • Dream of Gyges
        • Assur-bani-pal as Architect
        • A 'Likeable' Monarch
        • The Fatal Eclipse
        • A Royal 'Day'
        • CHAPTER XIII: THE COMPARATIVE VALUE OF THE BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN RELIGIONS
        • Semitic Conservatism
        • Teutonic and Celtic Comparisons
        • Babylonian Religion Typically Animistic
        • A Mother-Goddess Theory
        • Babylonian Influence on Jewish Religion
        • Babylonian Influence upon the other Semites
        • The Canaanites
        • The Gods of the Phœnicians
        • The Carthaginian Religion
        • The Religion of Zoroaster
        • Babylonian Ethics
        • CHAPTER XIV: MODERN EXCAVATION IN BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA
        • Sir Henry Layard
        • Where Rawlinson Slept
        • George Smith
        • The Palace of Nimrûd
        • Hormuzd Rassam
        • De Sarzec
        • The American Expedition of 1889
        • The Business Quarter of Nippur
        • The Fourth Campaign
        • Hilprecht Returns
        • The House of the Dead
        • The Temple Library
        • A Babylonian Museum
        • Haynes' Work at Nippur
        • Recent Research
        • The Babylon of Nebuchadrezzar II
        • The Outer Wall
        • Bâbil as a Citadel
        • Babylon's Water-Supply
        • Nebuchadrezzar's Palace
        • The Palace without Windows
        • The Great Throne Room
        • The Drainage System
        • The Hanging Gardens
        • The Great Gate of Ishtar
        • The Street of Processions
        • The Temples of Babylon
        • E-Sagila
        • The Great Tower of Nabu (E-Zida)
        • The Euphrates Bridge
        • The Elder Babylon
        • Town-Planning
        • CHAPTER XV: THE TWILIGHT OF THE GODS
        • The Conquering Cyrus
        • A Great Lesson
        • GLOSSARY AND INDEX
        • THE PRONUNCIATION OF ASSYRIAN
      • WITH EIGHT PLATES IN COLOUR BY EVELYN PAUL AND THIRTY-TWO OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS
      • PREFACE
      • CONTENTS
      • CHAPTER I: BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA IN HISTORY AND LEGEND
      • The Akkadians
      • The Semite Conquerors
      • A Babylonian Conqueror
      • The First Library in Babylonia
      • Gudea
      • Khammurabi the Great
      • A Court Murder
      • Tiglath-Pileser
      • Semiramis the Great
      • The Second Assyrian Empire
      • Sardanapalus the Splendid
      • The First Great Library
      • The Last Kings of Assyria
      • Nebuchadrezzar
      • The Last of the Babylonian Kings
      • The History of Berossus
      • Berossus' Account of the Deluge
      • Analogies with the Flood Myth
      • Babylonian Archæology
      • The Tower of Babel
      • Nimrod, the Mighty Hunter
      • Abram and Nimrod
      • A Persian Version
      • The 'Babylonica'
      • Cuneiform Writing
      • Grotefend
      • Rawlinson
      • Origin of Cuneiform
      • The Sacred Literature of Babylonia
      • Hymn to Adar
      • CHAPTER II: BABYLONIAN COSMOGONY
      • The Babylonian Myth of Creation
      • The Birth of the Gods
      • A Darksome Trinity
      • Type of Babylonian Cosmology
      • Connexion with the Jonah Legend
      • CHAPTER III: EARLY BABYLONIAN RELIGION
      • The Beginnings of Babylonian Religion
      • Spirits and Gods
      • Was Babylonian Religion Semitic in Type?
      • Totemism in Babylonian Religion
      • The Great Gods
      • Bel
      • Bel and the Dragon
      • Beltis
      • The Temple of Bel
      • Nergal
      • Dibarra
      • Shamash
      • Ea
      • The Writings of Oannes
      • The Story of Adapa and the South Wind
      • Anu
      • Ishtar
      • The Descent of Ishtar into Hades
      • Tammuz and Ishtar
      • At the Gates of Aralu
      • Ishtar and Persephone
      • Lamentations for Tammuz
      • An Allegorical Interpretation of the Myth
      • Ishtar, Tammuz, and Vegetation
      • Ishtar and Esther
      • Lang on the Esther Story
      • Nin-Girsu
      • Bau
      • Nannar
      • Nannar in Decay
      • Aralu, or Eres-ki-Gal
      • Dagon
      • Nirig, or Enu-Restu
      • CHAPTER IV: THE GILGAMESH EPIC
      • The Birth of Gilgamesh
      • Eabani
      • Gilgamesh as Tyrant
      • The Beguiling of Eabani
      • Gilgamesh meets Eabani
      • The Monster Khumbaba
      • Ishtar's Love for Gilgamesh
      • The Bull of Anu
      • The Death of Eabani
      • The Quest of Gilgamesh
      • Gilgamesh and Ut-Napishtim
      • The Deluge Myth
      • The Babylonian Ark
      • The Bird Messengers
      • CHAPTER V: THE LATER PANTHEON OF BABYLONIA
      • Nebo
      • Nebo as Grain-God
      • Tashmit
      • Shamash and Khammurabi
      • Hadad
      • Hadad, Dáda, David, and Dido
      • Ea in Later Times
      • Zu
      • The Legend of Zu
      • Bel
      • The Triad of Earth, Air, and Sea
      • Dawkina
      • Anu
      • CHAPTER VI: THE GREAT GOD MERODACH AND HIS CULT
      • A New-Year's Ceremony
      • CHAPTER VII: THE PANTHEON OF ASSYRIA
      • Asshur
      • The Secret of Assyrian Greatness
      • Asshur as Conqueror
      • Ishtar in Assyria
      • Ishtar as a War-Goddess
      • Ninib as an Assyrian War-God
      • Ninib as Hunter-God
      • Dagan
      • Anu
      • Ramman
      • Shamash
      • Sin in the Northern Land
      • Nusku of the Brilliant Sceptre
      • Bel-Merodach
      • Prisoner-Gods
      • The Assyrian Bel and Belit
      • Nabu and Merodach
      • Ea
      • Dibbarra
      • Lesser Gods
      • CHAPTER VIII: BABYLONIAN STAR-WORSHIP
      • Legend of the Origin of Star-Worship and Idolatry
      • Speculations of the Chaldeans
      • Planets identified with Gods
      • CHAPTER IX: THE PRIESTHOOD, CULT, AND TEMPLES
      • Sacrifices
      • The Temples of Babylonia and Assyria
      • The Great Temple-Builders
      • The Temple of E-Kur
      • The Brilliant House
      • Ur, the Moon-City
      • The Twin Temples
      • Temples as Banks
      • Feasts and Festivals
      • The Chamber of Fates
      • Lamentation Rituals
      • The Terror of Eclipse
      • CHAPTER X: THE MAGIC AND DEMONOLOGY OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA
      • The Roots of Science
      • Priestly Wizards
      • A Toothache Myth
      • The Word of Power
      • Babylonian Vampires
      • The Bible and Magic
      • The Speaking Head
      • Gods once Demons
      • The Legend of Ura
      • Purification
      • The Chamber of the Priest-Magician
      • The Witch-Finding
      • The Magic Circle
      • Babylonian Demons
      • Taboo
      • Popular Superstitions
      • Omens
      • The Ritual of Hepatoscopy
      • The Missing Caravan
      • CHAPTER XI: THE MYTHOLOGICAL MONSTERS AND ANIMALS OF CHALDEA
      • Winged Bulls
      • The Dog in Babylonia
      • A Dog Legend
      • Gazelle and Goat Gods
      • The Goat Cult
      • The Invasion of the Monsters
      • The Eagle
      • CHAPTER XII: TALES OF THE BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN KINGS
      • Poet or Braggart?
      • The Autobiography of Assur-bani-pal
      • Dream of Gyges
      • Assur-bani-pal as Architect
      • A 'Likeable' Monarch
      • The Fatal Eclipse
      • A Royal 'Day'
      • CHAPTER XIII: THE COMPARATIVE VALUE OF THE BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN RELIGIONS
      • Semitic Conservatism
      • Teutonic and Celtic Comparisons
      • Babylonian Religion Typically Animistic
      • A Mother-Goddess Theory
      • Babylonian Influence on Jewish Religion
      • Babylonian Influence upon the other Semites
      • The Canaanites
      • The Gods of the Phœnicians
      • The Carthaginian Religion
      • The Religion of Zoroaster
      • Babylonian Ethics
      • CHAPTER XIV: MODERN EXCAVATION IN BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA
      • Sir Henry Layard
      • Where Rawlinson Slept
      • George Smith
      • The Palace of Nimrûd
      • Hormuzd Rassam
      • De Sarzec
      • The American Expedition of 1889
      • The Business Quarter of Nippur
      • The Fourth Campaign
      • Hilprecht Returns
      • The House of the Dead
      • The Temple Library
      • A Babylonian Museum
      • Haynes' Work at Nippur
      • Recent Research
      • The Babylon of Nebuchadrezzar II
      • The Outer Wall
      • Bâbil as a Citadel
      • Babylon's Water-Supply
      • Nebuchadrezzar's Palace
      • The Palace without Windows
      • The Great Throne Room
      • The Drainage System
      • The Hanging Gardens
      • The Great Gate of Ishtar
      • The Street of Processions
      • The Temples of Babylon
      • E-Sagila
      • The Great Tower of Nabu (E-Zida)
      • The Euphrates Bridge
      • The Elder Babylon
      • Town-Planning
      • CHAPTER XV: THE TWILIGHT OF THE GODS
      • The Conquering Cyrus
      • A Great Lesson
      • GLOSSARY AND INDEX
      • THE PRONUNCIATION OF ASSYRIAN
      • Table of Contents — extended
    • AUTHOR OF "THE MYTHS OF MEXICO AND PERU" "THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT MEXICO" "THE POPOL VUH" "THE MYTHS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS" "MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF ANCIENT EGYPT" ETC.
      • WITH EIGHT PLATES IN COLOUR BY EVELYN PAUL AND THIRTY-TWO OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS
      • PREFACE
      • CONTENTS
      • CHAPTER I: BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA IN HISTORY AND LEGEND
      • The Akkadians
      • The Semite Conquerors
      • A Babylonian Conqueror
      • The First Library in Babylonia
      • Gudea
      • Khammurabi the Great
      • A Court Murder
      • Tiglath-Pileser
      • Semiramis the Great
      • The Second Assyrian Empire
      • Sardanapalus the Splendid
      • The First Great Library
      • The Last Kings of Assyria
      • Nebuchadrezzar
      • The Last of the Babylonian Kings
      • The History of Berossus
      • Berossus' Account of the Deluge
      • Analogies with the Flood Myth
      • Babylonian Archæology
      • The Tower of Babel
      • Nimrod, the Mighty Hunter
      • Abram and Nimrod
      • A Persian Version
      • The 'Babylonica'
      • Cuneiform Writing
      • Grotefend
      • Rawlinson
      • Origin of Cuneiform
      • The Sacred Literature of Babylonia
      • Hymn to Adar
      • CHAPTER II: BABYLONIAN COSMOGONY
      • The Babylonian Myth of Creation
      • The Birth of the Gods
      • A Darksome Trinity
      • Type of Babylonian Cosmology
      • Connexion with the Jonah Legend
      • CHAPTER III: EARLY BABYLONIAN RELIGION
      • The Beginnings of Babylonian Religion
      • Spirits and Gods
      • Was Babylonian Religion Semitic in Type?
      • Totemism in Babylonian Religion
      • The Great Gods
      • Bel
      • Bel and the Dragon
      • Beltis
      • The Temple of Bel
      • Nergal
      • Dibarra
      • Shamash
      • Ea
      • The Writings of Oannes
      • The Story of Adapa and the South Wind
      • Anu
      • Ishtar
      • The Descent of Ishtar into Hades
      • Tammuz and Ishtar
      • At the Gates of Aralu
      • Ishtar and Persephone
      • Lamentations for Tammuz
      • An Allegorical Interpretation of the Myth
      • Ishtar, Tammuz, and Vegetation
      • Ishtar and Esther
      • Lang on the Esther Story
      • Nin-Girsu
      • Bau
      • Nannar
      • Nannar in Decay
      • Aralu, or Eres-ki-Gal
      • Dagon
      • Nirig, or Enu-Restu
      • CHAPTER IV: THE GILGAMESH EPIC
      • The Birth of Gilgamesh
      • Eabani
      • Gilgamesh as Tyrant
      • The Beguiling of Eabani
      • Gilgamesh meets Eabani
      • The Monster Khumbaba
      • Ishtar's Love for Gilgamesh
      • The Bull of Anu
      • The Death of Eabani
      • The Quest of Gilgamesh
      • Gilgamesh and Ut-Napishtim
      • The Deluge Myth
      • The Babylonian Ark
      • The Bird Messengers
      • CHAPTER V: THE LATER PANTHEON OF BABYLONIA
      • Nebo
      • Nebo as Grain-God
      • Tashmit
      • Shamash and Khammurabi
      • Hadad
      • Hadad, Dáda, David, and Dido
      • Ea in Later Times
      • Zu
      • The Legend of Zu
      • Bel
      • The Triad of Earth, Air, and Sea
      • Dawkina
      • Anu
      • CHAPTER VI: THE GREAT GOD MERODACH AND HIS CULT
      • A New-Year's Ceremony
      • CHAPTER VII: THE PANTHEON OF ASSYRIA
      • Asshur
      • The Secret of Assyrian Greatness
      • Asshur as Conqueror
      • Ishtar in Assyria
      • Ishtar as a War-Goddess
      • Ninib as an Assyrian War-God
      • Ninib as Hunter-God
      • Dagan
      • Anu
      • Ramman
      • Shamash
      • Sin in the Northern Land
      • Nusku of the Brilliant Sceptre
      • Bel-Merodach
      • Prisoner-Gods
      • The Assyrian Bel and Belit
      • Nabu and Merodach
      • Ea
      • Dibbarra
      • Lesser Gods
      • CHAPTER VIII: BABYLONIAN STAR-WORSHIP
      • Legend of the Origin of Star-Worship and Idolatry
      • Speculations of the Chaldeans
      • Planets identified with Gods
      • CHAPTER IX: THE PRIESTHOOD, CULT, AND TEMPLES
      • Sacrifices
      • The Temples of Babylonia and Assyria
      • The Great Temple-Builders
      • The Temple of E-Kur
      • The Brilliant House
      • Ur, the Moon-City
      • The Twin Temples
      • Temples as Banks
      • Feasts and Festivals
      • The Chamber of Fates
      • Lamentation Rituals
      • The Terror of Eclipse
      • CHAPTER X: THE MAGIC AND DEMONOLOGY OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA
      • The Roots of Science
      • Priestly Wizards
      • A Toothache Myth
      • The Word of Power
      • Babylonian Vampires
      • The Bible and Magic
      • The Speaking Head
      • Gods once Demons
      • The Legend of Ura
      • Purification
      • The Chamber of the Priest-Magician
      • The Witch-Finding
      • The Magic Circle
      • Babylonian Demons
      • Taboo
      • Popular Superstitions
      • Omens
      • The Ritual of Hepatoscopy
      • The Missing Caravan
      • CHAPTER XI: THE MYTHOLOGICAL MONSTERS AND ANIMALS OF CHALDEA
      • Winged Bulls
      • The Dog in Babylonia
      • A Dog Legend
      • Gazelle and Goat Gods
      • The Goat Cult
      • The Invasion of the Monsters
      • The Eagle
      • CHAPTER XII: TALES OF THE BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN KINGS
      • Poet or Braggart?
      • The Autobiography of Assur-bani-pal
      • Dream of Gyges
      • Assur-bani-pal as Architect
      • A 'Likeable' Monarch
      • The Fatal Eclipse
      • A Royal 'Day'
      • CHAPTER XIII: THE COMPARATIVE VALUE OF THE BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN RELIGIONS
      • Semitic Conservatism
      • Teutonic and Celtic Comparisons
      • Babylonian Religion Typically Animistic
      • A Mother-Goddess Theory
      • Babylonian Influence on Jewish Religion
      • Babylonian Influence upon the other Semites
      • The Canaanites
      • The Gods of the Phœnicians
      • The Carthaginian Religion
      • The Religion of Zoroaster
      • Babylonian Ethics
      • CHAPTER XIV: MODERN EXCAVATION IN BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA
      • Sir Henry Layard
      • Where Rawlinson Slept
      • George Smith
      • The Palace of Nimrûd
      • Hormuzd Rassam
      • De Sarzec
      • The American Expedition of 1889
      • The Business Quarter of Nippur
      • The Fourth Campaign
      • Hilprecht Returns
      • The House of the Dead
      • The Temple Library
      • A Babylonian Museum
      • Haynes' Work at Nippur
      • Recent Research
      • The Babylon of Nebuchadrezzar II
      • The Outer Wall
      • Bâbil as a Citadel
      • Babylon's Water-Supply
      • Nebuchadrezzar's Palace
      • The Palace without Windows
      • The Great Throne Room
      • The Drainage System
      • The Hanging Gardens
      • The Great Gate of Ishtar
      • The Street of Processions
      • The Temples of Babylon
      • E-Sagila
      • The Great Tower of Nabu (E-Zida)
      • The Euphrates Bridge
      • The Elder Babylon
      • Town-Planning
      • CHAPTER XV: THE TWILIGHT OF THE GODS
      • The Conquering Cyrus
      • A Great Lesson
      • GLOSSARY AND INDEX
      • THE PRONUNCIATION OF ASSYRIAN
    • WITH EIGHT PLATES IN COLOUR BY EVELYN PAUL AND THIRTY-TWO OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS
    • PREFACE
    • CONTENTS
    • CHAPTER I: BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA IN HISTORY AND LEGEND
    • The Akkadians
    • The Semite Conquerors
    • A Babylonian Conqueror
    • The First Library in Babylonia
    • Gudea
    • Khammurabi the Great
    • A Court Murder
    • Tiglath-Pileser
    • Semiramis the Great
    • The Second Assyrian Empire
    • Sardanapalus the Splendid
    • The First Great Library
    • The Last Kings of Assyria
    • Nebuchadrezzar
    • The Last of the Babylonian Kings
    • The History of Berossus
    • Berossus' Account of the Deluge
    • Analogies with the Flood Myth
    • Babylonian Archæology
    • The Tower of Babel
    • Nimrod, the Mighty Hunter
    • Abram and Nimrod
    • A Persian Version
    • The 'Babylonica'
    • Cuneiform Writing
    • Grotefend
    • Rawlinson
    • Origin of Cuneiform
    • The Sacred Literature of Babylonia
    • Hymn to Adar
    • CHAPTER II: BABYLONIAN COSMOGONY
    • The Babylonian Myth of Creation
    • The Birth of the Gods
    • A Darksome Trinity
    • Type of Babylonian Cosmology
    • Connexion with the Jonah Legend
    • CHAPTER III: EARLY BABYLONIAN RELIGION
    • The Beginnings of Babylonian Religion
    • Spirits and Gods
    • Was Babylonian Religion Semitic in Type?
    • Totemism in Babylonian Religion
    • The Great Gods
    • Bel
    • Bel and the Dragon
    • Beltis
    • The Temple of Bel
    • Nergal
    • Dibarra
    • Shamash
    • Ea
    • The Writings of Oannes
    • The Story of Adapa and the South Wind
    • Anu
    • Ishtar
    • The Descent of Ishtar into Hades
    • Tammuz and Ishtar
    • At the Gates of Aralu
    • Ishtar and Persephone
    • Lamentations for Tammuz
    • An Allegorical Interpretation of the Myth
    • Ishtar, Tammuz, and Vegetation
    • Ishtar and Esther
    • Lang on the Esther Story
    • Nin-Girsu
    • Bau
    • Nannar
    • Nannar in Decay
    • Aralu, or Eres-ki-Gal
    • Dagon
    • Nirig, or Enu-Restu
    • CHAPTER IV: THE GILGAMESH EPIC
    • The Birth of Gilgamesh
    • Eabani
    • Gilgamesh as Tyrant
    • The Beguiling of Eabani
    • Gilgamesh meets Eabani
    • The Monster Khumbaba
    • Ishtar's Love for Gilgamesh
    • The Bull of Anu
    • The Death of Eabani
    • The Quest of Gilgamesh
    • Gilgamesh and Ut-Napishtim
    • The Deluge Myth
    • The Babylonian Ark
    • The Bird Messengers
    • CHAPTER V: THE LATER PANTHEON OF BABYLONIA
    • Nebo
    • Nebo as Grain-God
    • Tashmit
    • Shamash and Khammurabi
    • Hadad
    • Hadad, Dáda, David, and Dido
    • Ea in Later Times
    • Zu
    • The Legend of Zu
    • Bel
    • The Triad of Earth, Air, and Sea
    • Dawkina
    • Anu
    • CHAPTER VI: THE GREAT GOD MERODACH AND HIS CULT
    • A New-Year's Ceremony
    • CHAPTER VII: THE PANTHEON OF ASSYRIA
    • Asshur
    • The Secret of Assyrian Greatness
    • Asshur as Conqueror
    • Ishtar in Assyria
    • Ishtar as a War-Goddess
    • Ninib as an Assyrian War-God
    • Ninib as Hunter-God
    • Dagan
    • Anu
    • Ramman
    • Shamash
    • Sin in the Northern Land
    • Nusku of the Brilliant Sceptre
    • Bel-Merodach
    • Prisoner-Gods
    • The Assyrian Bel and Belit
    • Nabu and Merodach
    • Ea
    • Dibbarra
    • Lesser Gods
    • CHAPTER VIII: BABYLONIAN STAR-WORSHIP
    • Legend of the Origin of Star-Worship and Idolatry
    • Speculations of the Chaldeans
    • Planets identified with Gods
    • CHAPTER IX: THE PRIESTHOOD, CULT, AND TEMPLES
    • Sacrifices
    • The Temples of Babylonia and Assyria
    • The Great Temple-Builders
    • The Temple of E-Kur
    • The Brilliant House
    • Ur, the Moon-City
    • The Twin Temples
    • Temples as Banks
    • Feasts and Festivals
    • The Chamber of Fates
    • Lamentation Rituals
    • The Terror of Eclipse
    • CHAPTER X: THE MAGIC AND DEMONOLOGY OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA
    • The Roots of Science
    • Priestly Wizards
    • A Toothache Myth
    • The Word of Power
    • Babylonian Vampires
    • The Bible and Magic
    • The Speaking Head
    • Gods once Demons
    • The Legend of Ura
    • Purification
    • The Chamber of the Priest-Magician
    • The Witch-Finding
    • The Magic Circle
    • Babylonian Demons
    • Taboo
    • Popular Superstitions
    • Omens
    • The Ritual of Hepatoscopy
    • The Missing Caravan
    • CHAPTER XI: THE MYTHOLOGICAL MONSTERS AND ANIMALS OF CHALDEA
    • Winged Bulls
    • The Dog in Babylonia
    • A Dog Legend
    • Gazelle and Goat Gods
    • The Goat Cult
    • The Invasion of the Monsters
    • The Eagle
    • CHAPTER XII: TALES OF THE BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN KINGS
    • Poet or Braggart?
    • The Autobiography of Assur-bani-pal
    • Dream of Gyges
    • Assur-bani-pal as Architect
    • A 'Likeable' Monarch
    • The Fatal Eclipse
    • A Royal 'Day'
    • CHAPTER XIII: THE COMPARATIVE VALUE OF THE BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN RELIGIONS
    • Semitic Conservatism
    • Teutonic and Celtic Comparisons
    • Babylonian Religion Typically Animistic
    • A Mother-Goddess Theory
    • Babylonian Influence on Jewish Religion
    • Babylonian Influence upon the other Semites
    • The Canaanites
    • The Gods of the Phœnicians
    • The Carthaginian Religion
    • The Religion of Zoroaster
    • Babylonian Ethics
    • CHAPTER XIV: MODERN EXCAVATION IN BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA
    • Sir Henry Layard
    • Where Rawlinson Slept
    • George Smith
    • The Palace of Nimrûd
    • Hormuzd Rassam
    • De Sarzec
    • The American Expedition of 1889
    • The Business Quarter of Nippur
    • The Fourth Campaign
    • Hilprecht Returns
    • The House of the Dead
    • The Temple Library
    • A Babylonian Museum
    • Haynes' Work at Nippur
    • Recent Research
    • The Babylon of Nebuchadrezzar II
    • The Outer Wall
    • Bâbil as a Citadel
    • Babylon's Water-Supply
    • Nebuchadrezzar's Palace
    • The Palace without Windows
    • The Great Throne Room
    • The Drainage System
    • The Hanging Gardens
    • The Great Gate of Ishtar
    • The Street of Processions
    • The Temples of Babylon
    • E-Sagila
    • The Great Tower of Nabu (E-Zida)
    • The Euphrates Bridge
    • The Elder Babylon
    • Town-Planning
    • CHAPTER XV: THE TWILIGHT OF THE GODS
    • The Conquering Cyrus
    • A Great Lesson
    • GLOSSARY AND INDEX
    • THE PRONUNCIATION OF ASSYRIAN
    • Table of Contents — extended
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