The Chemistry of Plant Life
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AGRICULTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS
THE CHEMISTRY OF PLANT LIFE
THE CHEMISTRY OF PLANT LIFE
BY
ROSCOE W. THATCHER, M.A., D.Agr. Dean of the Department of Agriculture and Director of the Agricultural Experiment Stations. University of Minnesota (formerly Professor of Plant Chemistry. University of Minnesota)
McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc. NEW YORK: 370 SEVENTH AVENUE LONDON: 6 & 8 BOUVERIE ST., E. C. 4 1921
Preface
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHEMISTRY OF PLANT LIFE
CHAPTER I
PLANT NUTRIENTS
PLANT FOOD ELEMENTS
AVAILABLE AND UNAVAILABLE FORMS
THE VALUE OF THE SOIL ELEMENTS AS PLANT FOOD
RÔLE OF PLANT FOOD ELEMENTS IN PLANT GROWTH
INORGANIC PLANT TOXINS AND STIMULANTS
References
CHAPTER II
THE ORGANIC COMPONENTS OF PLANTS
TYPES OF CHEMICAL CHANGES INVOLVED IN PLANT GROWTH
GROUPS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOUND IN PLANTS
PHYSIOLOGICAL USES AND BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
PHYSIOLOGICAL USES OF THE ORGANIC COMPONENT GROUPS
CHAPTER III
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PHYSIOLOGICAL STEPS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS
FORMALDEHYDE, THE SIMPLEST CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE
THE CONDENSATION OF FORMALDEHYDE INTO SUGARS
THEORIES CONCERNING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
THE PRODUCTION OF SUGARS AND STARCHES
References
CHAPTER IV
CARBOHYDRATES
GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATES
ISOMERIC FORMS OF MONOSACCHARIDES
FOOTNOTES:
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF MONOSACCHARIDES
CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF HEXOSES
THE OCCURRENCE AND PROPERTIES OF MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
TRISACCHARIDES
TETRASACCHARIDES
THE RELATION OF THE MOLECULAR CONFIGURATION OF SUGARS TO THEIR BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
POLYSACCHARIDES
(A) The Dextrosans
(B) Levulosans
(C) Mannosans, or Mannans
(D) Galactans
PHYSIOLOGICAL USE AND BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CARBOHYDRATES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER V
GUMS, PECTINS, AND CELLULOSES
THE NATURAL GUMS AND PENTOSANS
MUCILAGES
PECTINS
CELLULOSES
PHYSIOLOGICAL USE OF CELLULOSES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER VI
GLUCOSIDES
FOOTNOTES:
HYDROLYSIS OF THE NATURAL GLUCOSIDES
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GLUCOSIDES
THE PHENOL GLUCOSIDES
THE ALCOHOL GLUCOSIDES
THE ALDEHYDE GLUCOSIDES
THE ACID GLUCOSIDES
THE OXY-CUMARIN GLUCOSIDES
THE PIGMENT GLUCOSIDES
THE CYANOPHORE GLUCOSIDES
THE MUSTARD OIL GLUCOSIDES
TEE DIGITALIS GLUCOSIDES
THE SAPONINS
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL USES OF GLUCOSIDES
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF GLUCOSIDES
References.
CHAPTER VII
TANNINS
FOOTNOTES:
OCCURRENCE
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION
CLASSES OF TANNINS
SOME COMMON TANNINS
PHYSIOLOGICAL USES OF TANNINS
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TANNINS IN FRUITS
References.
CHAPTER VIII
PIGMENTS
THE CHLOROPHYLLS
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE CHLOROPHYLLS
SIMILARITY OF CHLOROPHYLL AND HÆMOGLOBIN
PROPERTIES OF THE CHLOROPHYLLS
THE CAROTINOIDS
PHYCOERYTHRIN AND PHYCOPHÆIN
THE ANTHOCYANS
THE ANTHOXANTHINS
THE PRODUCTION OF ORNAMENTAL PIGMENTS IN FLOWERS, ETC.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL USES OF PIGMENTS
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ORNAMENTAL PIGMENTS
References.
CHAPTER IX
ORGANIC ACIDS, ACID SALTS, AND ESTERS
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION
SOME COMMON ORGANIC ACIDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL USES OF ORGANIC ACIDS
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FRUIT ACIDS, ETC.
CHAPTER X
FATS AND OILS, WAXES, AND LIPOIDS
A. FATS AND OILS
OCCURRENCE
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION
THE ACIDS WHICH OCCUR IN NATURAL FATS
THE ALCOHOLS WHICH OCCUR IN NATURAL FATS
HYDROLYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF FATS
THE EXTRACTION OF OILS FROM PLANT TISSUES
IDENTIFICATION OF FATS AND OILS
PHYSIOLOGICAL USE OF FATS AND OILS
B. THE WAXES
C. THE LIPOIDS
LECITHIN
OTHER PLANT PHOSPHATIDES
PLANT CEREBROSIDES
PHYSIOLOGICAL USES OF LIPOIDS
References.
CHAPTER XI
ESSENTIAL OILS AND RESINS
THE ESSENTIAL OILS
THE RESINS
PHYSIOLOGICAL USES AND BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ESSENTIAL OILS
References.
CHAPTER XII
THE VEGETABLE BASES
THE PLANT AMINES
ALKALOIDS
THE PURINE BASES
THE PYRIMIDINE BASES
THE NUCLEIC ACIDS
References
CHAPTER XIII
PROTEINS
GENERAL COMPOSITION OF PROTEINS
AMINO-ACIDS AND PEPTID UNITS
INDIVIDUAL AMINO-ACIDS FROM PROTEINS
COMPOSITION OF PLANT PROTEINS
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF THE PROTEINS
FOOTNOTES:
THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PROTEINS
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL PROTEINS
THE EXTRACTION OF PROTEINS FROM PLANT TISSUES
THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS IN PLANTS
PHYSIOLOGICAL USES OF PROTEINS
References
CHAPTER XIV
ENZYMES AND THEIR ACTION
ENZYMES AS CATALYSTS
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES
THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF ENZYMES
NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION
OCCURRENCE AND PREPARATION FOR STUDY
THE NATURE OF ENZYME ACTION
ACTIVATORS AND INHIBITORS
COENZYMES AND ANTIENZYMES
ZYMOGENS
PHYSIOLOGICAL USES OF ENZYMES
FURTHER STUDIES NEEDED
References
CHAPTER XV
THE COLLOIDAL CONDITION
THE COLLOIDAL CONDITION A DISPERSION PHENOMENON
NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION
CONDITIONS NECESSARY TO THE FORMATION OF SOLS
GEL-FORMATION
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS
ADSORPTION
CATALYSIS AFFECTED BY THE COLLOIDAL CONDITION
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDAL PHENOMENA
NATURAL COLLOIDAL PHENOMENA
References
CHAPTER XVI
THE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF PROTOPLASM
HETEROGENEOUS STRUCTURE OF THE CELL
WATER
SALTS
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
SURFACE BOUNDARY PHENOMENA
ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA OF PROTOPLASM
ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY OF PROTOPLASM
SUMMARY
References
CHAPTER XVII
HORMONES, AUXIMONES, VITAMINES, AND TOXINS
HORMONES
VITAMINES
AUXIMONES
TOXINS
CHAPTER XVIII
ADAPTATIONS
TYPES OF ADAPTATIONS
CHROMATIC ADAPTATIONS
STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS
PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS
CONCLUDING STATEMENTS
INDEX
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