A grammar of Rapa Nui
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Description
Contents
Reviews
Language
English
ISBN
978-3-946234-75-3
Contents
Acknowledgments
List of abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Rapa Nui: the island and the language
1.1.1 The island and its name
1.1.2 Origins
1.1.3 Snippets of history
1.2 Genetic affiliation
1.2.1 Rapa Nui in the Polynesian language family
1.2.2 Evidence for Eastern Polynesian and Central-Eastern Polynesian
Morphology
Lexicon
Sporadic sound changes
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Lexicon & semantics
Sporadic sound changes
1.3 The Rapa Nui language: typology and innovations
1.3.1 General typology
1.3.2 Innovations and losses in Rapa Nui
1.4 Sociolinguistic situation
1.4.1 Influence from Tahitian
1.4.2 Influence from Spanish
1.4.3 Language use and vitality
1.4.4 Orthography
1.5 Previous work on the language
1.5.1 Lexicon
1.5.2 Grammar and sociolinguistics
1.6 About this grammar
1.6.1 A corpus-based study
1.6.2 The corpus
1.6.3 Organisation of this grammar
2 Phonology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Phonemes
2.2.1 Consonants
Inventory
Contrastive sets
Derivation
2.2.2 Vowels
2.2.3 Phoneme frequencies
2.2.4 The glottal plosive
2.2.5 The glottal plosive in particles
2.3 Phonotactics
2.3.1 Syllable structure
2.3.2 Word structure
2.3.2.1 Constraints on word structure
2.3.2.2 Minimal words
2.3.2.3 Vowel sequences
2.3.2.4 Common and uncommon patterns
2.3.3 Cooccurrence restrictions
2.3.3.1 Between vowels
2.3.3.2 Between vowels and consonants
2.3.3.3 Between consonants
2.4 Suprasegmentals
2.4.1 Stress
2.4.2 Intonation
2.4.2.1 In declarative clauses
2.4.2.2 In questions
2.5 Phonological processes
2.5.1 Regular processes
2.5.1.1 Word-final vowel devoicing
2.5.1.2 Pre-stress lengthening
2.5.1.3 Elision
2.5.2 Lexicalised sound changes
Metathesis
Vowel changes
The liquid r
Glottals
The consonant h
Nasal consonants
Monophthongisation
Elision
2.5.3 The phonology of borrowings
2.5.3.1 Borrowings from lan]SpanishSpanish
2.5.3.1.1 Phoneme level
Voiceless plosivessbj]Plosive and nasals
Voiced plosives
Fricatives
Affricates
Liquids
Other
2.5.3.1.2 Phonotactics
Final consonants
Consonant clusters
Word shortening
Vowel lengthening
2.5.3.2 Borrowings from lan]TahitianTahitian
2.6 Reduplication
2.6.1 Patterns of reduplication
2.6.1.1 The morphology of type 1 reduplication
2.6.1.2 The morphology of type 2 reduplication
Bimoraic words (patterns a–b)
Trisyllabic words (patterns c–f)
Quadrumoraic words (patterns g–h)
2.6.2 Functions of reduplication
2.6.2.1 Type 1: plurality
2.6.2.2 Type 2: iterativity and intensity
2.6.2.2.1 Repetition
2.6.2.2.2 Distributive
2.6.2.2.3 Intensity
2.6.2.2.4 Lexicalised meanings
2.6.2.2.5 Reduplication as basic form
2.6.2.2.6 Conversion
2.6.2.2.7 Attenuative
2.6.3 Reduplications without base form
2.7 Conclusions
3 Nouns and verbs
3.1 Introduction: word classes in Rapa Nui
3.2 Nouns and verbs
3.2.1 The noun/verb distinction
3.2.1.1 Reasons to maintain a lexical noun/verb distinction
3.2.1.2 Prototypicality
3.2.2 Lexical noun/verb correspondences
3.2.2.1 Homophonous noun/verb pairs
3.2.2.1.1 Concrete entities
Instrument
Product
Utterance
Patient
Agent
Location
3.2.2.1.2 Abstract words
Natural phenomena
Human experiences
Other abstract words
3.2.2.2 Lexical nominalisation involving a suffix
3.2.2.3 Cross-categorial use of borrowings
3.2.3 Syntactic nominalisation
3.2.3.1 Uses of zero and suffixed nominalisation
3.2.3.1.1 Nominalised main clauses
The actor-emphatic
Ko S te V
He V te aŋa
Ko te V
Other main clauses
Reason clause
3.2.3.1.2 Subordinate clauses
ꞌO + nominalised verb
ꞌI + nominalised verb
Temporal clauses
Circumstantial clauses
Purpose clauses
3.2.3.1.3 Nominal roles
Subject
Direct object
Possessives
After prepositions
Nominal predicates
3.2.3.2 The form of the nominalising suffix
3.2.3.3 The nominalised phrase
Verb phrase elements
Noun & verb phrase elements
Noun phrase elements
3.2.4 Nouns used as VP nucleus
3.2.5 Nominal drift
Complements
Compounding
Arguments as possessives
3.3 Nouns
3.3.1 Classification of nouns
3.3.2 Proper nouns
3.3.2.1 Proper names of persons
3.3.2.2 Personal pronouns
3.3.2.3 Kinship terms
3.3.2.4 General terms referring to people
3.3.2.5 The collective marker
3.3.2.6 Names of months
3.3.2.7 Horasbj]hora ‘summer’ ‘summer’
3.3.2.8 Definite numerals
3.4 Verbs
3.4.1 Classification of verbs
3.4.2 Active, stative, intransitive
3.5 Adjectives
3.5.1 Does Rapa Nui have adjectives?
3.5.1.1 Adjectives as a prototypical category
3.5.1.2 Morphology of adjectives
3.5.1.3 Syntactic function: adnominal and other uses
3.5.1.4 Adnominal adjectives versus adnominal nouns and verbs
3.5.1.5 Predicate adjectives
The contiguity marker kasbj]ka (aspect marker)
Imperfective esbj]e (imperfective)
Perfect kosbj]ko V ꞌā (perfect aspect) V ꞌā
Neutral hesbj]he (aspect marker)
Other preverbal markers
3.5.1.6 Nominal use of adjectives
3.5.1.7 Conclusions
3.5.2 Degrees of comparison
3.5.2.1 The comparative
3.5.2.2 The superlative
3.5.2.3 The equative
3.6 Locationals
3.6.1 Introduction
3.6.2 Relative locationals
3.6.2.1 Adverbial expressions
3.6.2.2 Locationals with complement: prepositional expressions
3.6.2.3 The semantics of some locationals
3.6.2.4 Temporal use of locationals
3.6.3 Absolute locationals
3.6.3.1 Tai ‘seashore’; ꞌuta ‘inland’
3.6.3.2 Tahatai ‘seashore’
3.6.3.3 Kampō ‘countryside’
3.6.3.4 Kōnui ‘far’
3.6.4 Temporal locationals
3.6.4.1 Ra ꞌe ‘first’
3.6.5 The locational phrase
3.7 Conclusions
4 Closed word classes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Pronouns
4.2.1 Personal pronouns
4.2.1.1 Forms
4.2.2 Possessive pronouns
4.2.2.1 T-possessives
4.2.2.1.1 Singular possessors
4.2.2.1.2 Plural possessors
4.2.2.2 Ø-possessives
4.2.3 Benefactive pronouns
4.2.4 Uses of pronouns
4.2.4.1 Generic pronouns: ‘one’
4.2.4.2 Second person pronouns of personal involvement
4.3 Numerals
4.3.1 Forms of the numerals
4.3.1.1 Basic and alternative forms
4.3.1.1.1 One to ten
4.3.1.1.2 11 to 100
4.3.1.1.3 Above 100
4.3.1.1.4 Etymology of the numerals
4.3.1.2 Other uses of the alternative numerals
4.3.1.2.1 Days and dates
4.3.1.2.2 Telling time
4.3.1.2.3 Measuring space and time
4.3.1.3 Old numerals
4.3.2 The numeral phrase
4.3.2.1 Neutral e
4.3.2.2 The contiguity marker ka
4.3.2.3 The person marker hoko
4.3.2.4 Modifiers in the numeral phrase
4.3.3 Ordinal numerals
4.3.4 Definite numerals
4.3.5 Fractions
4.4 Quantifiers
4.4.1 Overview
4.4.2 Ta ꞌato ꞌa ‘all’
Te N ta ꞌato ꞌa
Te ta ꞌato ꞌa N
Ta ꞌato ꞌa te N
Ta ꞌato ꞌa N
(Te) ta ꞌato ꞌa
With pronoun
4.4.3 Paurō ‘each’
4.4.4 Ananake ‘together’
4.4.4.1 Modern use
4.4.4.2 Ananake in older Rapa Nui
4.4.5 Rauhuru ‘diverse’
Rauhuru te N
Te rauhuru N
Rauhuru N
(Te) N rauhuru
As a noun
4.4.6 Tētahi ‘some, other’
4.4.6.1 Syntax of tētahi: te + tahi?
4.4.6.2 Use of tētahi
4.4.7 Me ꞌe rahi and rahi ‘much, many’
4.4.7.1 Me ꞌe rahi: from noun phrase to quantifier
4.4.7.2 Rahi ‘many, much’
Predicate
Adverb
Noun
Adjective
4.4.8 Other quantifiers
4.4.8.1 Kē ‘some, others’
4.4.8.2 Kā ‘every’
4.4.8.3 Pura ‘mere, only’
4.4.9 Tahi ‘all’
4.4.10 The quantifier phrase
4.4.11 Conclusions
4.5 Adverbs
4.5.1 Verb phrase adverbs
4.5.2 Sentential adverbs
4.5.3 Individual adverbs
4.5.3.1 Iho ‘just then’
4.5.3.2 Tako ꞌa ‘also’
4.5.3.3 Hoki ‘also’
4.5.3.4 Haka ꞌou ‘again’
4.5.4 Sentential particles
4.5.4.1 Deictic particles
4.5.4.1.1 ꞌī ‘here’
4.5.4.1.2 ꞌAi ‘there is’
4.5.4.1.3 Nā ‘there near you’
4.5.4.2 Ho ꞌi and pa ꞌi
4.5.4.2.1 Pa ꞌi ‘in fact’
4.5.4.2.2 Ho ꞌi ‘indeed’
4.5.4.3 Ia ‘so, then’
4.5.4.4 The intensifier rā
4.5.4.5 Asseverative ꞌō
4.5.4.6 Dubitative hō
4.6 Demonstratives
4.6.1 Forms
4.6.2 Neutral demonstrative determiners
4.6.2.1 The t-demonstrative: form and function
4.6.2.2 The demonstrative hū
4.6.3 Postnominal demonstratives
4.6.3.1 Distal/neutral era
4.6.3.2 Proximal nei
4.6.3.3 Medial ena
4.6.4 Demonstrative determiners
4.6.4.1 Distal/neutral rā
4.6.4.2 Proximal nei
4.6.4.3 Proximal nī
4.6.4.4 Medial nā
4.6.5 Deictic locationals
4.6.5.1 Nei, nā and rā as deictic locationals
4.6.5.2 The anaphoric locational ira
4.6.6 Demonstrative pronouns
4.7 Prepositions
4.7.1 Introduction
4.7.2 The preposition ꞌi/i ‘in, at, on’
4.7.2.1 Locative ꞌi
4.7.2.2 General-purpose i
4.7.3 Causes and reasons: ꞌi and ꞌo
4.7.4 The preposition ki ‘to’
4.7.5 The preposition mai ‘from’
4.7.6 The preposition pe ‘toward’
4.7.7 The preposition a ‘along; towards’
4.7.8 The benefactive prepositions mo and mā
4.7.9 The preposition pa/pē ‘like’
4.7.10 The instrumental preposition hai
4.7.11 The deictic preposition ꞌai
4.7.12 The prominence marker ko
4.7.12.1 Ko in lists and in isolation
4.7.12.2 Ko as a locative preposition
4.7.12.3 Lexicalised ko
4.7.12.4 What is ko?
4.8 Conclusions
5 The noun phrase
5.1 The structure of the common noun phrase
5.2 The collective marker kuā
Proper names
Kinship terms
Other personal nouns
Pronouns
5.3 Determiners
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 The syntax of t-determiners
5.3.2.1 Obligatory t-determiners
5.3.2.2 Contexts in which determiners are excluded
5.3.2.3 Contexts in which t-determiners are optional
5.3.3 The function of the article te
5.3.4 The predicate marker he
5.3.4.1 Uses of he
In appositions
In isolation
In lists
After pē ‘like’
After the negator ꞌina
In topicalisation
5.3.4.2 He is a determiner
5.3.5 Numeral phrases in determiner position
5.4 Numerals in the noun phrase
5.4.1 Numerals before the noun
5.4.2 Numerals after the noun
5.4.3 Optional numeral placement; e tahi ‘one’
5.5 Plural markers
5.5.1 The plural marker ŋā
5.5.1.1 The position of ŋā
5.5.1.2 Use and non-use of ŋā
5.5.1.3 Semantics of ŋā
5.5.2 Co-occurrence of ŋā and the determiner
5.5.3 Other words used as plural markers
Mau
Nu ꞌu
5.6 The noun: headless noun phrases
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.3
5.6.4
5.6.5
5.7 Modifiers in the noun phrase
5.7.1 Introduction: types of modifiers
5.7.2 Compounds
5.7.2.1 Lexical compounds
5.7.2.2 Syntactic compounds
5.7.2.3 Incorporation of objects and verbs
5.7.2.4 Compound verbs
5.7.3 Modifying adjectives
5.7.3.1 Multiple adjectives
5.7.3.2 The adjective phrase
5.8 Adverbs and nō in the noun phrase
5.8.1 Adverbs
5.8.2 The limitative marker nō
5.8.2.1 ‘The only one’
5.8.2.2 ‘Only that one’
5.8.2.3 ‘Just’
5.8.2.4 Contrastive use
5.9 The identity marker ꞌā/ ꞌana
5.10 The deictic particle ai
5.11 Heavy shift
5.12 Appositions
5.12.1 Common nouns in apposition
Bare appositions
He-marked appositions
Ko-marked appositions
5.12.2 Proper nouns in apposition
5.13 The proper noun phrase
5.13.1 Structure of the proper noun phrase
5.13.2 The proper article a
5.13.2.1 Contexts in which a is used
Subject
After prepositions ending in -i
5.13.2.2 Is a a determiner?
5.14 Conclusions
6 Possession
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Possessive constructions
6.2.1 Possessives in the noun phrase
6.2.2 The partitive construction
6.2.3 Other possessive constructions
6.2.3.1
6.2.3.2
6.2.3.3
6.2.3.4
6.2.3.5
6.2.3.6
6.2.4 Summary: use of possessive forms
6.3 The semantics of possessives
6.3.1 Relationships expressed by possessives
6.3.1.1
6.3.1.2
6.3.1.3
6.3.1.4
6.3.1.5
6.3.1.6
6.3.1.7
6.3.1.8
6.3.1.9
6.3.1.10
6.3.2 A- and o-possessives
6.3.3 Possessive relations marked with a and o
6.3.3.1 Human possessees
6.3.3.1.1 Kinship relations
6.3.3.1.2 Other human relationships
6.3.3.2 Non-human possessees with ꞌa
6.3.3.3 Non-human possessees with o
6.3.3.4 Possession with nominalised verbs
6.3.4 General discussion
6.3.4.1 Summary
6.3.4.2 A general rule?
6.3.4.3 o as unmarked possession
6.3.4.4 The o/a distinction and the nominal hierarchy
6.4 Conclusions
7 The verb phrase
7.1 The structure of the verb phrase
7.2 Aspect marking
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 The obligatoriness of aspectuals
7.2.3 Neutral he
7.2.3.1 Introduction
7.2.3.2 Range of use
7.2.3.3 He and postverbal particles
7.2.3.3.1 Demonstratives
7.2.3.3.2 He V rō ꞌai
7.2.3.4 Summary
7.2.4 Perfective i
7.2.4.1 Introduction
7.2.4.2 Neutral he versus perfective i
Anteriority
Highlighting
Intervening events
Background
7.2.4.3 Summary
7.2.5 Imperfective e
7.2.5.1 Introduction
7.2.5.2 Bare e
7.2.5.3 e V rō: future
7.2.5.4 E with postverbal demonstratives and with ꞌā/ ꞌana
7.2.5.5 Postverbal demonstratives versus ꞌā; the function of ꞌā
7.2.5.6 Summary
7.2.6 The contiguity marker ka
7.2.6.1 Introduction: ka in Polynesian and in Rapa Nui
7.2.6.2 Ka in subordinate clauses
7.2.6.3 Ka in main clauses
7.2.6.4 Other uses of ka
7.2.6.5 Summary
7.2.7 Perfect aspect ko V ꞌā
7.2.7.1 Anterior events leading to a present situation
7.2.7.2 Present states
7.2.7.3 Ko V era ꞌā: ‘well and truly finished’
7.2.7.4 Perfect ko V ꞌā versus perfective i
7.2.7.5 Summary
7.2.8 Aspectuals and constituent order
7.3 Preverbal particles
7.3.1 Rava ‘given to’
7.3.2 Degree modifiers
7.3.2.1 ꞌApa
7.3.2.2 ꞌAta
7.3.2.3 Placement
7.4 Evaluative markers
7.4.1 The limitative marker nō
7.4.2 The asseverative marker rō
7.4.3 Conclusion
7.5 Directionals
7.5.1 Use of directionals
7.5.1.1 In direct speech
7.5.1.2 In third-person contexts
7.5.1.2.1 Example 1: a stable deictic centre
7.5.1.2.2 Example 2: a shifting deictic centre
7.5.1.3 Directionals with speech verbs
7.5.1.4 Lack of movement: more metaphorical uses
7.5.1.5 Atu indicating extent
7.5.2 Directionals with motion, speech, and perception verbs
7.5.2.1 Motion verbs
7.5.2.2 Speech verbs
7.5.2.3 Perception verbs
7.5.3 To use or not to use a directional
Directionality
Highlighting
Participant reference
Distance
7.6 Postverbal demonstratives
7.6.1 Introduction
7.6.2 Proximal nei
7.6.3 Medial ena
7.6.4 Neutral/distal era
7.6.5 Postverbal demonstratives with perfective i
7.7 Serial verb constructions
7.7.1 Introduction
7.7.2 The syntax of SVCs in Rapa Nui
7.7.3 Semantics of SVCs
7.7.3.1 Aspect
7.7.3.2 Direction
7.7.3.3 Manner
7.7.3.4 Other
7.8 Conclusions
8 The verbal clause
8.1 Introduction; constituent order
8.2 Case marking: introduction
8.2.1 Case in Polynesian
8.2.2 Case in Rapa Nui
8.2.3 Preliminaries to the analysis of case marking
8.3 Marking of S/A: the agentive marker e
8.3.1 Syntactic factors
8.3.2 Semantic patterns
8.3.3 E with statives?
8.3.4 Pragmatic/discourse factors
8.3.5 Diachronic developments in the use of e
8.4 Marking of O
8.4.1 Use and non-use of the accusative marker
Preverbal
Imperative
Nominalised verbs
Lexical factors
8.4.2 Conclusion: Rapa Nui is an accusative language
8.5 The passive
8.5.1 Passivisation in Rapa Nui
8.5.2 The pseudopassive
8.5.3 Two other uses of e
8.5.3.1
8.5.3.2
8.6 Non-standard verbal clauses
8.6.1 Marked constituent orders
8.6.1.1 Preverbal subjects
8.6.1.2 Preverbal objects
8.6.1.3 Topic-comment constructions
8.6.2 Topicalisation
8.6.2.1 Topicalisation with ko
8.6.2.2 Topicalisation with he
8.6.3 The actor-emphatic construction
Perfective
Imperfective
Nominal
8.6.4 Other non-canonical arguments
8.6.4.1 Possessive S/A arguments
8.6.4.2 Middle verbs: ki-marked objects
Perception verbs
Emotive verbs
Cognitive verbs
Speech verbs
Other verbs
Ki + NP is direct object
8.6.4.3 Patient marked as instrument
Throwing
Covering/filling
8.6.4.4 Variable argument assignment
8.6.4.5 Ko with non-topicalised arguments
Poreko ‘to be born’
Naming verbs
Perception verbs
8.6.4.6 Object incorporation with rova ꞌa
8.6.4.7 Agentive use of i
8.7 Case marking in nominalised clauses
8.8 Obliques
8.8.1 Indirect object?
8.8.2 Marking of obliques
8.8.2.1 Ki ‘to’
8.8.2.2 Mo ‘for’
8.8.2.3 Order of constituents
8.9 Reflexive and reciprocal
8.9.1 Reflexive
8.9.2 Reciprocal
8.10 Comitative constructions: ‘with’
8.10.1 Introduction
8.10.2 Pronouns as comitative markers
8.10.3 Ararua and ananake ‘together’ as comitative markers
8.10.4 Koia ko ‘with’
8.10.4.1 Koia ko + noun
8.10.4.2 Koia ko + verb
8.10.5 Ko without comitative marker
8.10.6 Pronouns as NP1: inclusory and exclusory use
8.10.7 The inclusory pronoun construction
8.11 The vocative
8.12 The causative
8.12.1 Introduction
8.12.2 Causativisation of intransitive predicates
8.12.3 Causativisation of transitive verbs
8.12.4 Reflexive and implicit causatives
8.12.5 Lexicalised causatives
8.12.6 The causative prefix with nouns
8.12.7 Lexical causatives
8.12.7.1
8.12.7.2
8.12.7.3
8.13 Conclusions
9 Nonverbal and copular clauses
9.1 Introduction
9.2 NP NP clauses
9.2.1 Classifying clauses
9.2.2 Identifying clauses
9.2.3 Comparing classifying and identifying clauses
9.2.4 Constituent order in identifying clauses
9.2.5 Split predicates
9.2.6 Clefts
9.2.7 Attributive clauses
9.3 Existential clauses
9.3.1 Verbless and verbal existential clauses
9.3.2 Existential-locative clauses
9.3.3 Possessive clauses
9.3.4 Conclusion
9.4 Prepositional predicates
9.4.1 Locative clauses
9.4.2 Proprietary clauses
9.4.3 Other prepositional predicates
9.5 Numerical clauses
9.6 Copula verbs
9.6.1 Ai ‘to exist’ as a copula verb
9.6.2 Riro ‘to become’
9.7 Conclusions
10 Mood and negation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Imperative mood
10.2.1 The imperative
10.2.2 Third-person injunctions (jussives)
10.2.3 First-person injunctions (hortatives)
10.3 Interrogatives
10.3.1 Polar questions
10.3.2 Content questions
10.3.2.1 Ai/ ꞌai ‘who’
10.3.2.2 Aha ‘what, why’
10.3.2.3 Hē ‘where, when, how, which’
Location
Situation
Time
Adjectival use
10.3.2.4 Hia ‘how much, how many’
10.3.3 Dependent questions
Polar questions
Content questions
10.4 Exclamatives
10.4.1 Ka in exclamations
10.4.2 Ko in exclamations
10.4.3 ꞌAi in exclamations
10.5 Negation
10.5.1 The neutral negator ꞌina
10.5.1.1 Verbal clauses
10.5.1.2 Nonverbal clauses
10.5.1.3 Independent polarity item
10.5.2 Status and origin of ꞌina
10.5.3 The perfective negator kai
10.5.4 The imperfective negator (e) ko
10.5.5 Negation of the imperative
10.5.6 The constituent negator ta ꞌe
10.5.6.1
10.5.6.2
10.5.6.3
10.5.6.4
10.5.6.5
10.5.6.6
10.5.6.7.
10.5.7 The negator kore
10.5.8 Hia/ia ‘not yet’
10.6 Conclusions
11 Combining clauses
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Coordination
11.2.1 Asyndetic and syndetic coordination
11.2.2 Disjunction
11.3 Clausal arguments
11.3.1 Perception verbs
11.3.1.1 Use of aspectuals
Contiguity marker ka
Perfect aspect ko V ꞌā
Imperfective e
11.3.1.2 NP + clause
11.3.2 Aspectual and manner verbs
11.3.2.1 Ha ꞌamata ‘begin’
11.3.2.2 Oti ‘finish’
11.3.2.3 Hōrou ‘hurry’
11.3.2.4 Oho ‘go, about to’
11.3.3 Cognitive verbs
11.3.4 Speech verbs
11.3.5 Attitude verbs
11.3.6 Modal verbs
11.3.7 Summary
11.4 Relative clauses
11.4.1 Introduction
11.4.2 Relativised constituents
11.4.2.1 Subject
11.4.2.2 Object
11.4.2.3 Oblique
11.4.2.4 Adjunct
11.4.2.5 Possessor
11.4.2.6 Identifying predicates
11.4.2.7 Existential clauses
11.4.3 Aspect marking in relative clauses
11.4.4 Possessive-relative constructions
11.4.5 Bare relative clauses; verb raising
11.5 Subordinating markers
11.5.1 The purpose/conditional marker mo
11.5.1.1 Mo in adverbial clauses
11.5.1.2 Arguments in the mo-clause
The S/A argument
The O argument
11.5.1.3 Mo in main clauses
11.5.2 The irrealis marker ana
11.5.2.1 Ana in main clauses
11.5.2.2 Ana in subordinate clauses
11.5.3 The purpose/temporal marker ki
11.5.3.1
11.5.3.2
11.5.4 ꞌO ‘lest’
11.5.5 Mai ‘before; while’
11.5.6 Summary
11.6 Adverbial clauses
11.6.1 Adverbial clause strategies
11.6.2 Time
11.6.2.1 Cohesive clauses
11.6.2.2 Other unmarked temporal clauses
Perfective i
Imperfective e
Contiguity marker ka
11.6.2.3 Development of hora ‘time’ into a pseudo-conjunction
11.6.2.4 Anteriority: ‘before’
ꞌI ra ꞌe
Ante
ꞌŌ ira
Hia
11.6.2.5 Temporal limit: ‘until’
11.6.3 Purpose: bare purpose clauses
11.6.4 Reason
11.6.5 Result
11.6.6 Condition
11.6.7 Concession
11.6.8 Circumstance
11.6.9 Summary
11.7 Conclusions
Appendix A: Interlinear texts
Te tātane taŋata – The devilman (R215)
Tikitiki ꞌa ꞌAtaraŋa – Tikitiki a Ataranga (R352)
He oho iŋa o te nu ꞌu hoko rua rama – The trip of two people who went torch fishing (R357)
Appendix B: The text corpus
Older texts
Texts from the 1970s
Programa Lengua Rapa Nui corpus
Bible translation
References
Index
Name index
Language index
Subject index
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