A Study of Recent Earthquakes
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A STUDY OF RECENT EARTHQUAKES.
BY
CHARLES DAVISON, Sc.D., F.G.S.
WITH 80 ILLUSTRATIONS
London and Newcastle-on-Tyne: THE WALTER SCOTT PUBLISHING CO., LTD. 1905
London and Newcastle-on-Tyne: THE WALTER SCOTT PUBLISHING CO., LTD. 1905
PREFACE.
CONTENTS.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
WITH 80 ILLUSTRATIONS
London and Newcastle-on-Tyne: THE WALTER SCOTT PUBLISHING CO., LTD. 1905
London and Newcastle-on-Tyne: THE WALTER SCOTT PUBLISHING CO., LTD. 1905
PREFACE.
CONTENTS.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
A STUDY OF RECENT EARTHQUAKES.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS.
ORIGIN OF EARTHQUAKES.
FOOTNOTES:
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS.
ORIGIN OF EARTHQUAKES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER II.ToC
THE NEAPOLITAN EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 16TH, 1857.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE.
GENERAL OBJECTS OF INVESTIGATION.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
ELEMENTS OF THE WAVE-MOTION.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
MINOR SHOCKS.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
REFERENCE.
FOOTNOTES:
THE NEAPOLITAN EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 16TH, 1857.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE.
GENERAL OBJECTS OF INVESTIGATION.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
ELEMENTS OF THE WAVE-MOTION.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
MINOR SHOCKS.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
REFERENCE.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER III.ToC
THE ISCHIAN EARTHQUAKES OF MARCH 4TH, 1881, AND JULY 28TH, 1883.
VOLCANIC HISTORY OF ISCHIA.
EARTHQUAKE OF MARCH 4TH, 1881.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
EARTHQUAKE OF JULY 28TH, 1883.
PREPARATORY SIGNS.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
LANDSLIPS.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ISCHIAN EARTHQUAKES.
ORIGIN OF THE ISCHIAN EARTHQUAKES.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
THE ISCHIAN EARTHQUAKES OF MARCH 4TH, 1881, AND JULY 28TH, 1883.
VOLCANIC HISTORY OF ISCHIA.
EARTHQUAKE OF MARCH 4TH, 1881.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
EARTHQUAKE OF JULY 28TH, 1883.
PREPARATORY SIGNS.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
LANDSLIPS.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ISCHIAN EARTHQUAKES.
ORIGIN OF THE ISCHIAN EARTHQUAKES.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER IV.ToC
THE ANDALUSIAN EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 25TH, 1884.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
THE UNFELT EARTHQUAKE.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
MISCELLANEOUS PHENOMENA.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
GEOLOGY OF THE MEIZOSEISMAL AREA AND ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKES.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
THE ANDALUSIAN EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 25TH, 1884.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
THE UNFELT EARTHQUAKE.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
MISCELLANEOUS PHENOMENA.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
GEOLOGY OF THE MEIZOSEISMAL AREA AND ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKES.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER V.ToC
THE CHARLESTON EARTHQUAKE OF AUGUST 31ST, 1886.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
PREPARATION FOR THE EARTHQUAKE.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
THE DOUBLE EPICENTRE.
ORIGIN OF THE DOUBLE SHOCK.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCI.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
MISCELLANEOUS PHENOMENA.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
THE CHARLESTON EARTHQUAKE OF AUGUST 31ST, 1886.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
PREPARATION FOR THE EARTHQUAKE.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
THE DOUBLE EPICENTRE.
ORIGIN OF THE DOUBLE SHOCK.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCI.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
MISCELLANEOUS PHENOMENA.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VI.ToC
THE RIVIERA EARTHQUAKE OF FEBRUARY 23RD, 1887.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKES.
PREPARATION FOR THE EARTHQUAKES.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRES.
DEPTH OF THE PRINCIPAL FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
THE UNFELT EARTHQUAKE.
EFFECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE AT SEA.
MISCELLANEOUS PHENOMENA.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKES.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
THE RIVIERA EARTHQUAKE OF FEBRUARY 23RD, 1887.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKES.
PREPARATION FOR THE EARTHQUAKES.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRES.
DEPTH OF THE PRINCIPAL FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
THE UNFELT EARTHQUAKE.
EFFECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE AT SEA.
MISCELLANEOUS PHENOMENA.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKES.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VII.ToC
THE JAPANESE EARTHQUAKE OF OCTOBER 28TH, 1891.
THE MEIZOSEISMAL AREA.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS OBTAINED FROM SEISMOGRAPHIC RECORDS.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
THE GREAT FAULT-SCARP.
MINOR SHOCKS.
EFFECT OF THE EARTHQUAKE ON THE SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF THE ADJOINING DISTRICTS.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
THE JAPANESE EARTHQUAKE OF OCTOBER 28TH, 1891.
THE MEIZOSEISMAL AREA.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS OBTAINED FROM SEISMOGRAPHIC RECORDS.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
THE GREAT FAULT-SCARP.
MINOR SHOCKS.
EFFECT OF THE EARTHQUAKE ON THE SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF THE ADJOINING DISTRICTS.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VIII.ToC
THE HEREFORD EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 17TH, 1896, AND THE INVERNESS EARTHQUAKE OF SEPTEMBER 18TH, 1901.
THE HEREFORD EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 17TH, 1896.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
DIRECTION OF THE SHOCK.
COSEISMAL LINES AND VELOCITY OF EARTH-WAVES.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
MINOR EARTHQUAKES.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKES.
THE INVERNESS EARTHQUAKE OF SEPTEMBER 18TH, 1901.
PREPARATORY SHOCKS.
EFFECTS OF THE SHOCK.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
THE AFTER-SHOCKS AND THEIR ORIGIN.
SYMPATHETIC EARTHQUAKES.
CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
THE HEREFORD EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 17TH, 1896, AND THE INVERNESS EARTHQUAKE OF SEPTEMBER 18TH, 1901.
THE HEREFORD EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 17TH, 1896.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
DIRECTION OF THE SHOCK.
COSEISMAL LINES AND VELOCITY OF EARTH-WAVES.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
MINOR EARTHQUAKES.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKES.
THE INVERNESS EARTHQUAKE OF SEPTEMBER 18TH, 1901.
PREPARATORY SHOCKS.
EFFECTS OF THE SHOCK.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
THE AFTER-SHOCKS AND THEIR ORIGIN.
SYMPATHETIC EARTHQUAKES.
CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER IX.ToC
THE INDIAN EARTHQUAKE OF JUNE 12TH, 1897.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
ELEMENTS OF THE WAVE-MOTION.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
THE UNFELT EARTHQUAKE.
EARTH-FISSURES, SAND-VENTS, ETC.
LANDSLIPS.
ROTATION OF PILLARS, ETC.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE EPICENTRAL AREA.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
THE INDIAN EARTHQUAKE OF JUNE 12TH, 1897.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
ELEMENTS OF THE WAVE-MOTION.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
THE UNFELT EARTHQUAKE.
EARTH-FISSURES, SAND-VENTS, ETC.
LANDSLIPS.
ROTATION OF PILLARS, ETC.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE EPICENTRAL AREA.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER X.ToC
CONCLUSION.
FORE-SHOCKS.
DISTURBED AREA.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE EPICENTRAL AREA.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
ORIGIN OF EARTHQUAKES.
FOOTNOTES:
CONCLUSION.
FORE-SHOCKS.
DISTURBED AREA.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE EPICENTRAL AREA.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
ORIGIN OF EARTHQUAKES.
FOOTNOTES:
INDEX.ToC
INTRODUCTION.
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS.
ORIGIN OF EARTHQUAKES.
FOOTNOTES:
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS.
ORIGIN OF EARTHQUAKES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER II.ToC
THE NEAPOLITAN EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 16TH, 1857.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE.
GENERAL OBJECTS OF INVESTIGATION.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
ELEMENTS OF THE WAVE-MOTION.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
MINOR SHOCKS.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
REFERENCE.
FOOTNOTES:
THE NEAPOLITAN EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 16TH, 1857.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE.
GENERAL OBJECTS OF INVESTIGATION.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
ELEMENTS OF THE WAVE-MOTION.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
MINOR SHOCKS.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
REFERENCE.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER III.ToC
THE ISCHIAN EARTHQUAKES OF MARCH 4TH, 1881, AND JULY 28TH, 1883.
VOLCANIC HISTORY OF ISCHIA.
EARTHQUAKE OF MARCH 4TH, 1881.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
EARTHQUAKE OF JULY 28TH, 1883.
PREPARATORY SIGNS.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
LANDSLIPS.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ISCHIAN EARTHQUAKES.
ORIGIN OF THE ISCHIAN EARTHQUAKES.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
THE ISCHIAN EARTHQUAKES OF MARCH 4TH, 1881, AND JULY 28TH, 1883.
VOLCANIC HISTORY OF ISCHIA.
EARTHQUAKE OF MARCH 4TH, 1881.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
EARTHQUAKE OF JULY 28TH, 1883.
PREPARATORY SIGNS.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
LANDSLIPS.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ISCHIAN EARTHQUAKES.
ORIGIN OF THE ISCHIAN EARTHQUAKES.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER IV.ToC
THE ANDALUSIAN EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 25TH, 1884.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
THE UNFELT EARTHQUAKE.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
MISCELLANEOUS PHENOMENA.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
GEOLOGY OF THE MEIZOSEISMAL AREA AND ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKES.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
THE ANDALUSIAN EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 25TH, 1884.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
THE UNFELT EARTHQUAKE.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
MISCELLANEOUS PHENOMENA.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
GEOLOGY OF THE MEIZOSEISMAL AREA AND ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKES.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER V.ToC
THE CHARLESTON EARTHQUAKE OF AUGUST 31ST, 1886.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
PREPARATION FOR THE EARTHQUAKE.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
THE DOUBLE EPICENTRE.
ORIGIN OF THE DOUBLE SHOCK.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCI.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
MISCELLANEOUS PHENOMENA.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
THE CHARLESTON EARTHQUAKE OF AUGUST 31ST, 1886.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
PREPARATION FOR THE EARTHQUAKE.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
THE DOUBLE EPICENTRE.
ORIGIN OF THE DOUBLE SHOCK.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCI.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
MISCELLANEOUS PHENOMENA.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VI.ToC
THE RIVIERA EARTHQUAKE OF FEBRUARY 23RD, 1887.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKES.
PREPARATION FOR THE EARTHQUAKES.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRES.
DEPTH OF THE PRINCIPAL FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
THE UNFELT EARTHQUAKE.
EFFECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE AT SEA.
MISCELLANEOUS PHENOMENA.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKES.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
THE RIVIERA EARTHQUAKE OF FEBRUARY 23RD, 1887.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKES.
PREPARATION FOR THE EARTHQUAKES.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRES.
DEPTH OF THE PRINCIPAL FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
THE UNFELT EARTHQUAKE.
EFFECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE AT SEA.
MISCELLANEOUS PHENOMENA.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKES.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VII.ToC
THE JAPANESE EARTHQUAKE OF OCTOBER 28TH, 1891.
THE MEIZOSEISMAL AREA.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS OBTAINED FROM SEISMOGRAPHIC RECORDS.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
THE GREAT FAULT-SCARP.
MINOR SHOCKS.
EFFECT OF THE EARTHQUAKE ON THE SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF THE ADJOINING DISTRICTS.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
THE JAPANESE EARTHQUAKE OF OCTOBER 28TH, 1891.
THE MEIZOSEISMAL AREA.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS OBTAINED FROM SEISMOGRAPHIC RECORDS.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
THE GREAT FAULT-SCARP.
MINOR SHOCKS.
EFFECT OF THE EARTHQUAKE ON THE SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF THE ADJOINING DISTRICTS.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VIII.ToC
THE HEREFORD EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 17TH, 1896, AND THE INVERNESS EARTHQUAKE OF SEPTEMBER 18TH, 1901.
THE HEREFORD EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 17TH, 1896.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
DIRECTION OF THE SHOCK.
COSEISMAL LINES AND VELOCITY OF EARTH-WAVES.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
MINOR EARTHQUAKES.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKES.
THE INVERNESS EARTHQUAKE OF SEPTEMBER 18TH, 1901.
PREPARATORY SHOCKS.
EFFECTS OF THE SHOCK.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
THE AFTER-SHOCKS AND THEIR ORIGIN.
SYMPATHETIC EARTHQUAKES.
CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
THE HEREFORD EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 17TH, 1896, AND THE INVERNESS EARTHQUAKE OF SEPTEMBER 18TH, 1901.
THE HEREFORD EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 17TH, 1896.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
DIRECTION OF THE SHOCK.
COSEISMAL LINES AND VELOCITY OF EARTH-WAVES.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
MINOR EARTHQUAKES.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKES.
THE INVERNESS EARTHQUAKE OF SEPTEMBER 18TH, 1901.
PREPARATORY SHOCKS.
EFFECTS OF THE SHOCK.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
THE AFTER-SHOCKS AND THEIR ORIGIN.
SYMPATHETIC EARTHQUAKES.
CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER IX.ToC
THE INDIAN EARTHQUAKE OF JUNE 12TH, 1897.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
ELEMENTS OF THE WAVE-MOTION.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
THE UNFELT EARTHQUAKE.
EARTH-FISSURES, SAND-VENTS, ETC.
LANDSLIPS.
ROTATION OF PILLARS, ETC.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE EPICENTRAL AREA.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
THE INDIAN EARTHQUAKE OF JUNE 12TH, 1897.
ISOSEISMAL LINES AND DISTURBED AREA.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK.
ELEMENTS OF THE WAVE-MOTION.
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
THE UNFELT EARTHQUAKE.
EARTH-FISSURES, SAND-VENTS, ETC.
LANDSLIPS.
ROTATION OF PILLARS, ETC.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE EPICENTRAL AREA.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
REFERENCES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER X.ToC
CONCLUSION.
FORE-SHOCKS.
DISTURBED AREA.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE EPICENTRAL AREA.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
ORIGIN OF EARTHQUAKES.
FOOTNOTES:
CONCLUSION.
FORE-SHOCKS.
DISTURBED AREA.
POSITION OF THE EPICENTRE.
DEPTH OF THE SEISMIC FOCUS.
NATURE OF THE SHOCK
SOUND-PHENOMENA.
VELOCITY OF THE EARTH-WAVES.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE EPICENTRAL AREA.
AFTER-SHOCKS.
ORIGIN OF EARTHQUAKES.
FOOTNOTES:
INDEX.ToC
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