The Loves of Krishna in Indian Painting and Poetry
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Radha and Krishna in the Grove Kangra (Punjab Hills), c. 1785
THE LOVES OF KRISHNA IN INDIAN PAINTING AND POETRY
By
W. G. ARCHER
To MR. AND MRS. H. N. WITH LOVE AND ADMIRATION
To MR. AND MRS. H. N. WITH LOVE AND ADMIRATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CONTENTS
I
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
II
THE MAHABHARATA: KRISHNA THE HERO
THE MAHABHARATA: KRISHNA THE HERO
III
THE BHAGAVATA PURANA: THE COWHERD
(i) Birth and Early Adventures
(ii) The Loves of the Cowgirls
(iii) The Death of the Tyrant
(i) Birth and Early Adventures
(ii) The Loves of the Cowgirls
(iii) The Death of the Tyrant
THE BHAGAVATA PURANA: THE COWHERD
(i) Birth and Early Adventures
(ii) The Loves of the Cowgirls
(iii) The Death of the Tyrant
(i) Birth and Early Adventures
(ii) The Loves of the Cowgirls
(iii) The Death of the Tyrant
IV
THE BHAGAVATA PURANA: THE PRINCE
(i) The Return to Court
(ii) Marriages and Offspring
(iii) Last Phases
(iv) The Purana Re-considered
(i) The Return to Court
(ii) Marriages and Offspring
(iii) Last Phases
(iv) The Purana Re-considered
THE BHAGAVATA PURANA: THE PRINCE
(i) The Return to Court
(ii) Marriages and Offspring
(iii) Last Phases
(iv) The Purana Re-considered
(i) The Return to Court
(ii) Marriages and Offspring
(iii) Last Phases
(iv) The Purana Re-considered
V
THE KRISHNA OF POETRY
(i) The Triumph of Radha
(ii) The Gita Govinda
(iii) Later Poetry
(iv) The Rasika Priya
(i) The Triumph of Radha
(ii) The Gita Govinda
(iii) Later Poetry
(iv) The Rasika Priya
THE KRISHNA OF POETRY
(i) The Triumph of Radha
(ii) The Gita Govinda
(iii) Later Poetry
(iv) The Rasika Priya
(i) The Triumph of Radha
(ii) The Gita Govinda
(iii) Later Poetry
(iv) The Rasika Priya
VI
THE KRISHNA OF PAINTING
THE KRISHNA OF PAINTING
NOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
THE PLATES
PLATE 1
PLATE 2
PLATE 3
PLATE 4
PLATE 5
PLATE 6
The Road to Brindaban Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
The Road to Brindaban Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
PLATE 7
Krishna milking Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1800 G.K. Kanoria collection, Calcutta
Krishna milking Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1800 G.K. Kanoria collection, Calcutta
PLATE 8
The Quelling of the Snake Kaliya Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
The Quelling of the Snake Kaliya Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
PLATE 9
Balarama killing the Demon Pralamba Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
Balarama killing the Demon Pralamba Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
PLATE 10
The Forest Fire Illustration to an incident from the Bhagavata Purana Basohli, Punjab Hills, c. 1680 Karl Khandalavala collection, Bombay
The Forest Fire Illustration to an incident from the Bhagavata Purana Basohli, Punjab Hills, c. 1680 Karl Khandalavala collection, Bombay
PLATE 11
The Stealing of the Clothes Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
The Stealing of the Clothes Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
PLATE 12
The Raising of Mount Govardhana Illustration to an incident from the Bhagavata Purana Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
The Raising of Mount Govardhana Illustration to an incident from the Bhagavata Purana Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
PLATE 13
Krishna with his Favourite after leaving the Dance Illustration to the Bhagavala Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
Krishna with his Favourite after leaving the Dance Illustration to the Bhagavala Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
PLATE 14
Krishna's Favourite deserted Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
Krishna's Favourite deserted Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
PLATE 15
The Quest for Krishna Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
The Quest for Krishna Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
PLATE 16
The Eve of the final Encounter Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
The Eve of the final Encounter Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
PLATE 17
The End of the Tyrant Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 Chester Beatty Library, Dublin
The End of the Tyrant Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 Chester Beatty Library, Dublin
PLATE 18
The Rape of Rukmini Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Bilaspur, Punjab Hills, c. 1745 British Museum. London
The Rape of Rukmini Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Bilaspur, Punjab Hills, c. 1745 British Museum. London
PLATE 19
Krishna welcoming the Brahman Sudama Illustration to the Sudama episode in the Bhagavata Purana Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1785 Chester Beatty Library, Dublin
Krishna welcoming the Brahman Sudama Illustration to the Sudama episode in the Bhagavata Purana Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1785 Chester Beatty Library, Dublin
PLATE 20
The Beginnings of Romance Illustration to the Gita Govinda Garhwal. Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
The Beginnings of Romance Illustration to the Gita Govinda Garhwal. Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
PLATE 21
Krishna playing on the Flute Illustration to the Gita Govinda Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 N.C. Mehta collection, Bombay
Krishna playing on the Flute Illustration to the Gita Govinda Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 N.C. Mehta collection, Bombay
PLATE 22
Krishna dancing with the Cowgirls Illustration to the Gita Govinda Western Rajasthan, c. 1610 N.C. Mehta collection, Bombay
Krishna dancing with the Cowgirls Illustration to the Gita Govinda Western Rajasthan, c. 1610 N.C. Mehta collection, Bombay
PLATE 23
Krishna seated with the Cowgirls Illustration to the Gita Govinda Jaunpur, Eastern India, c. 1590 Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay
Krishna seated with the Cowgirls Illustration to the Gita Govinda Jaunpur, Eastern India, c. 1590 Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay
PLATE 24
The neglected Radha Illustration to the Gita Govinda Jaunpur, Eastern India, c. 1590 Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay
The neglected Radha Illustration to the Gita Govinda Jaunpur, Eastern India, c. 1590 Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay
PLATE 25
Krishna repentant Illustration to the Gita Govinda Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1790
Krishna repentant Illustration to the Gita Govinda Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1790
PLATE 26
The last Tryst Illustration to the Gita Govinda Basohli. Punjab Hills, c.* 1730 State Museum, Lahore
The last Tryst Illustration to the Gita Govinda Basohli. Punjab Hills, c.* 1730 State Museum, Lahore
PLATE 27
The closing Scene Illustration to the Gita Govinda Basohli, Punjab Hills. c. 1730 Art Gallery, Chandigarh, East Punjab
The closing Scene Illustration to the Gita Govinda Basohli, Punjab Hills. c. 1730 Art Gallery, Chandigarh, East Punjab
PLATE 28
Krishna awaiting Radha Illustration to the Rasika Priya of Keshav Das Bundi (Rajasthan), c. 1700 National Museum, New Delhi
Krishna awaiting Radha Illustration to the Rasika Priya of Keshav Das Bundi (Rajasthan), c. 1700 National Museum, New Delhi
PLATE 29
Radha and Krishna making Love Illustration to the Sursagar of Sur Das Udaipur, Rajasthan, c. 1650 G.K. Kanoria collection, Calcutta
Radha and Krishna making Love Illustration to the Sursagar of Sur Das Udaipur, Rajasthan, c. 1650 G.K. Kanoria collection, Calcutta
PLATE 30
The Lover approaching Illustration to the Rasamanjari of Bhanu Datta Basohli, Punjab Hills, c. 1680 Victoria and Albert Museum, London (I.S. 52-1953)
The Lover approaching Illustration to the Rasamanjari of Bhanu Datta Basohli, Punjab Hills, c. 1680 Victoria and Albert Museum, London (I.S. 52-1953)
PLATE 31
Radha extinguishing the Lamp Basohli, Punjab Hills, c. 1690 Bharat Kala Bhawan, Benares
Radha extinguishing the Lamp Basohli, Punjab Hills, c. 1690 Bharat Kala Bhawan, Benares
PLATE 32
The Month of Asarh (June-July) Illustration to a Barahmasa (or Cycle of the Months) Bundi, Rajasthan, c. 1750 Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay
The Month of Asarh (June-July) Illustration to a Barahmasa (or Cycle of the Months) Bundi, Rajasthan, c. 1750 Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay
PLATE 33
Radha and Krishna swinging Illustration to the musical mode. Hindola Raga ('the swinging music') Malwa, Middle India, c. 1750 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Radha and Krishna swinging Illustration to the musical mode. Hindola Raga ('the swinging music') Malwa, Middle India, c. 1750 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
PLATE 34
Krishna attended by Ladies Illustration to the musical mode, Bhairava Raga Hyderabad. Deccan, c. 1750 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Krishna attended by Ladies Illustration to the musical mode, Bhairava Raga Hyderabad. Deccan, c. 1750 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
PLATE 35
Radha disguised as a Constable arresting Krishna as a Thief Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1785 Indian Museum, Calcutta
Radha disguised as a Constable arresting Krishna as a Thief Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1785 Indian Museum, Calcutta
PLATE 36
Krishna meeting Radha Illustration to a poem from the Sat Sai of Bihari Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 N.C. Mehta collection. Bombay
Krishna meeting Radha Illustration to a poem from the Sat Sai of Bihari Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 N.C. Mehta collection. Bombay
PLATE 37
Radha's Longing Guler, Punjab Hills, c. 1810 Bharat Kala Bhawan, Banaras
Radha's Longing Guler, Punjab Hills, c. 1810 Bharat Kala Bhawan, Banaras
PLATE 38
Radha and Krishna returning in the Rain Nahan, Punjab Hills, c. 1820 State Museum, Lahore.
Radha and Krishna returning in the Rain Nahan, Punjab Hills, c. 1820 State Museum, Lahore.
PLATE 39
The Triumph of Radha Kishangarh, Rajasthan, c. 1770 C.K. Kanoria collection, Calcutta
The Triumph of Radha Kishangarh, Rajasthan, c. 1770 C.K. Kanoria collection, Calcutta
PLATE 1
PLATE 2
PLATE 3
PLATE 4
PLATE 5
PLATE 6
The Road to Brindaban Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
The Road to Brindaban Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
PLATE 7
Krishna milking Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1800 G.K. Kanoria collection, Calcutta
Krishna milking Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1800 G.K. Kanoria collection, Calcutta
PLATE 8
The Quelling of the Snake Kaliya Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
The Quelling of the Snake Kaliya Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
PLATE 9
Balarama killing the Demon Pralamba Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
Balarama killing the Demon Pralamba Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
PLATE 10
The Forest Fire Illustration to an incident from the Bhagavata Purana Basohli, Punjab Hills, c. 1680 Karl Khandalavala collection, Bombay
The Forest Fire Illustration to an incident from the Bhagavata Purana Basohli, Punjab Hills, c. 1680 Karl Khandalavala collection, Bombay
PLATE 11
The Stealing of the Clothes Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
The Stealing of the Clothes Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
PLATE 12
The Raising of Mount Govardhana Illustration to an incident from the Bhagavata Purana Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
The Raising of Mount Govardhana Illustration to an incident from the Bhagavata Purana Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
PLATE 13
Krishna with his Favourite after leaving the Dance Illustration to the Bhagavala Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
Krishna with his Favourite after leaving the Dance Illustration to the Bhagavala Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
PLATE 14
Krishna's Favourite deserted Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
Krishna's Favourite deserted Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
PLATE 15
The Quest for Krishna Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
The Quest for Krishna Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
PLATE 16
The Eve of the final Encounter Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
The Eve of the final Encounter Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 J.K. Mody collection, Bombay
PLATE 17
The End of the Tyrant Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 Chester Beatty Library, Dublin
The End of the Tyrant Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 Chester Beatty Library, Dublin
PLATE 18
The Rape of Rukmini Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Bilaspur, Punjab Hills, c. 1745 British Museum. London
The Rape of Rukmini Illustration to the Bhagavata Purana Bilaspur, Punjab Hills, c. 1745 British Museum. London
PLATE 19
Krishna welcoming the Brahman Sudama Illustration to the Sudama episode in the Bhagavata Purana Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1785 Chester Beatty Library, Dublin
Krishna welcoming the Brahman Sudama Illustration to the Sudama episode in the Bhagavata Purana Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1785 Chester Beatty Library, Dublin
PLATE 20
The Beginnings of Romance Illustration to the Gita Govinda Garhwal. Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
The Beginnings of Romance Illustration to the Gita Govinda Garhwal. Punjab Hills, c. 1790 National Museum, New Delhi
PLATE 21
Krishna playing on the Flute Illustration to the Gita Govinda Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 N.C. Mehta collection, Bombay
Krishna playing on the Flute Illustration to the Gita Govinda Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 N.C. Mehta collection, Bombay
PLATE 22
Krishna dancing with the Cowgirls Illustration to the Gita Govinda Western Rajasthan, c. 1610 N.C. Mehta collection, Bombay
Krishna dancing with the Cowgirls Illustration to the Gita Govinda Western Rajasthan, c. 1610 N.C. Mehta collection, Bombay
PLATE 23
Krishna seated with the Cowgirls Illustration to the Gita Govinda Jaunpur, Eastern India, c. 1590 Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay
Krishna seated with the Cowgirls Illustration to the Gita Govinda Jaunpur, Eastern India, c. 1590 Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay
PLATE 24
The neglected Radha Illustration to the Gita Govinda Jaunpur, Eastern India, c. 1590 Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay
The neglected Radha Illustration to the Gita Govinda Jaunpur, Eastern India, c. 1590 Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay
PLATE 25
Krishna repentant Illustration to the Gita Govinda Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1790
Krishna repentant Illustration to the Gita Govinda Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1790
PLATE 26
The last Tryst Illustration to the Gita Govinda Basohli. Punjab Hills, c.* 1730 State Museum, Lahore
The last Tryst Illustration to the Gita Govinda Basohli. Punjab Hills, c.* 1730 State Museum, Lahore
PLATE 27
The closing Scene Illustration to the Gita Govinda Basohli, Punjab Hills. c. 1730 Art Gallery, Chandigarh, East Punjab
The closing Scene Illustration to the Gita Govinda Basohli, Punjab Hills. c. 1730 Art Gallery, Chandigarh, East Punjab
PLATE 28
Krishna awaiting Radha Illustration to the Rasika Priya of Keshav Das Bundi (Rajasthan), c. 1700 National Museum, New Delhi
Krishna awaiting Radha Illustration to the Rasika Priya of Keshav Das Bundi (Rajasthan), c. 1700 National Museum, New Delhi
PLATE 29
Radha and Krishna making Love Illustration to the Sursagar of Sur Das Udaipur, Rajasthan, c. 1650 G.K. Kanoria collection, Calcutta
Radha and Krishna making Love Illustration to the Sursagar of Sur Das Udaipur, Rajasthan, c. 1650 G.K. Kanoria collection, Calcutta
PLATE 30
The Lover approaching Illustration to the Rasamanjari of Bhanu Datta Basohli, Punjab Hills, c. 1680 Victoria and Albert Museum, London (I.S. 52-1953)
The Lover approaching Illustration to the Rasamanjari of Bhanu Datta Basohli, Punjab Hills, c. 1680 Victoria and Albert Museum, London (I.S. 52-1953)
PLATE 31
Radha extinguishing the Lamp Basohli, Punjab Hills, c. 1690 Bharat Kala Bhawan, Benares
Radha extinguishing the Lamp Basohli, Punjab Hills, c. 1690 Bharat Kala Bhawan, Benares
PLATE 32
The Month of Asarh (June-July) Illustration to a Barahmasa (or Cycle of the Months) Bundi, Rajasthan, c. 1750 Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay
The Month of Asarh (June-July) Illustration to a Barahmasa (or Cycle of the Months) Bundi, Rajasthan, c. 1750 Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay
PLATE 33
Radha and Krishna swinging Illustration to the musical mode. Hindola Raga ('the swinging music') Malwa, Middle India, c. 1750 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Radha and Krishna swinging Illustration to the musical mode. Hindola Raga ('the swinging music') Malwa, Middle India, c. 1750 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
PLATE 34
Krishna attended by Ladies Illustration to the musical mode, Bhairava Raga Hyderabad. Deccan, c. 1750 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Krishna attended by Ladies Illustration to the musical mode, Bhairava Raga Hyderabad. Deccan, c. 1750 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
PLATE 35
Radha disguised as a Constable arresting Krishna as a Thief Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1785 Indian Museum, Calcutta
Radha disguised as a Constable arresting Krishna as a Thief Garhwal, Punjab Hills, c. 1785 Indian Museum, Calcutta
PLATE 36
Krishna meeting Radha Illustration to a poem from the Sat Sai of Bihari Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 N.C. Mehta collection. Bombay
Krishna meeting Radha Illustration to a poem from the Sat Sai of Bihari Kangra, Punjab Hills, c. 1790 N.C. Mehta collection. Bombay
PLATE 37
Radha's Longing Guler, Punjab Hills, c. 1810 Bharat Kala Bhawan, Banaras
Radha's Longing Guler, Punjab Hills, c. 1810 Bharat Kala Bhawan, Banaras
PLATE 38
Radha and Krishna returning in the Rain Nahan, Punjab Hills, c. 1820 State Museum, Lahore.
Radha and Krishna returning in the Rain Nahan, Punjab Hills, c. 1820 State Museum, Lahore.
PLATE 39
The Triumph of Radha Kishangarh, Rajasthan, c. 1770 C.K. Kanoria collection, Calcutta
The Triumph of Radha Kishangarh, Rajasthan, c. 1770 C.K. Kanoria collection, Calcutta
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