Oxford Resources for IB DP History: Conflict and Displacement ePub
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Description
Contents
Reviews
Language
English
ISBN
9781382076371
Cover Page
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
Guide to Paper 1
Course description and aims
Syllabus overview
Introduction to the focused study: Conflict and displacement
Historical concepts
Example of conceptual questions for Paper 1
Working with sources
How to use this book
Focused study 1 Post-war displacement in Europe (1945–1960)
Introduction
1.1 What were the conditions that led to mass displacement?
1.1.1 How did the war lead to mass displacement?
Displacement in Eastern Europe
Operation Barbarossa
The Soviet advance towards Germany from the East
D-Day: Operations from the West
The liberation of the concentration camps
The development of the camps
Auschwitz: The numbers
Camp survivors
Allied victory
The scale of the death and destruction of the Second World War
The Yalta conference
Decisions about Germany
Decisions about Poland
Displaced Germans and Poles
The Potsdam conference
Borders
Germany
1.1.2 How did persecution and fear of reprisals cause displacement?
Reprisals
Ostarbeiter: Eastern European forced labourers
Treatment of German prisoners of war
Collaboration with the Nazis
Persecution
Forced internal and external migrations
Ethnic Germans
1.1.3 How did economic factors lead to mass displacement?
Economic drivers of displacement
Collapse of pre-war economies and trade
Use of resources
Damage to homes and infrastructure
Homelessness
Infrastructure damage
Civilian casualties
Labour shortages for farming and factories
Shortages of food and the onset of disease
Land redistribution after borders were redrawn
Soviet economic planning and collectivization
A growing humanitarian crisis
End-of-unit practice paper
Inquiry question
Question 1 – 6 marks
Question 2 – 6 marks
Question 3 – 12 marks
Text alternatives to non-text content
Text alternative to Figure 1.1
Text alternative to Source C
Text alternative to Source L
Text alternative to Figure 1.9
Text alternative to Source AA
1.2 What was the national and international response to displacement?
1.2.1 Displaced persons camps, migration, emigration and repatriation
Displacement in Germany
Austria after the war
Displaced persons (DP) camps
Types of camps
Aid in the camps
Relocation and migration
Migration, relocation and the Yalta and Potsdam agreements
After relocation and migration
Emigration
The Last Million
Repatriation
Repatriation of Soviet citizens
Ethnic Germans
People who refused repatriation
Integration of refugees in their home countries
1.2.2 The role of Allied government and non-governmental organizations
Government assistance with population transfers
The role of military forces in repatriation
Government and military cooperation
The role of SHAEF
Governmental efforts to aid emigration
Developing an international framework
Unity in Europe
The Marshall Plan
The role of non-governmental organizations
The International Red Cross
Organization for Rehabilitation through Training (ORT)
Hebrew Immigration Aid Society (HIAS)
1.2.3 UN organizations
Formation of the United Nations
The role of UNRRA
The International Refugee Organization
Responses to displacement
End-of-unit practice paper
Inquiry question
Questions
Question 1 – 6 marks
Question 2 – 6 marks
Question 3 – 12 marks
Text alternatives to non-text content
Text alternative to Figure 1.12
Text alternative to Source E
Text alternative to Figure 1.19
1.3 How was displacement experienced by different groups?
1.3.1 Refugees and stateless persons
Displacement: Immediate and long-term experiences
1.3.2 Concentration camp survivors, including Jewish, Roma and Sinti people, and prisoners of war
People in the DP camps
Roma and Sinti people
Jewish people
Helping the Jewish survivors
Conditions in Jewish DP camps
Life in a DP camp
Repatriation and emigration of Jewish DPs
The creation of the state of Israel
POWs
Rheinwiesenlager and other POW camps
Former forced labourers
Refugees from Eastern Europe and the Baltic states
Emigration of Eastern Europeans to the West
Emigration to and from West Germany
1.3.3 Former forces under German command
Areas and forces under German command
Romania
Relocation of the Swabian Germans
Yugoslavia
Forced expulsions under the new government
Repatriation to Yugoslavia
Displacement of people from Baltic states
Baltic Germans
Collaborators
Evacuations at the end of the war
Repatriation to the Soviet Union
End-of-unit practice paper
Inquiry question
Questions
Question 1 – 6 marks
Question 2 – 6 marks
Question 3 – 12 marks
Selected references and further reading
Books
Films
Text alternatives to non-text content
Text alternative to Figure 1.20
Focused Study 2 Indochina refugee crisis (1975–1990)
Introduction
2.1 What were the conditions that led to mass displacement?
2.1.1 How did the war lead to mass displacement?
What was the background to the conflict in Indochina?
French colonial rule
The First Indochina War (1946–1954)
The Geneva Accords (1954) and division of Vietnam
How were the United States, China and the Soviet Union involved in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos?
Deepening US involvement
Soviet and Chinese support for communist movements
Regional spillover: Laos and Cambodia
How did the war affect people in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos?
The impact of bombing
Agent Orange and napalm
Unexploded ordnance (UXO)
Long-term impacts
The impact of the ground war
The impact of communist victory
Khmer Rouge victory and the evacuation of Phnom Penh
The fall of Saigon
Communist victory in Laos
2.1.2 How did persecution and fear of reprisals cause displacement?
Communist regimes in Indochina
Political repression
Political persecution: Re-education campsin Vietnam
Political persecution in Vietnam: New Economic Zones and the Hoa
Rumours of mass atrocities: Motivating escapes
Targeting of royalists and political dissidents in Laos
The royal family and their supporters
Pathet Lao retribution
Social engineering policies in Indochina
The Khmer Rouge: Remaking Cambodian society
Khmer Rouge policies: Forced urban evacuations and rural communes
Mass executions and ideological purges by the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia
Land confiscations and forced relocations in Vietnam and Laos
New Economic Zones in Vietnam
Laos
Ethnic and religious persecution
The persecution of the Hoa
The persecution of the Degar Montagnards
Persecution of the Chams
Persecution of the hill peoples
Persecution of Buddhists and Catholics
2.1.3 How did economic factors lead to mass displacement?
Economic devastation after the war
Land reforms: Collectivization and its impact in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos
The impact of war
Collectivization in Vietnam
Overseas trade
Collectivization in Cambodia
Collectivization in Laos
Vietnam: Integrating North and South
Economic performance (1976–1985): Centrally planned economy era in Vietnam
Industry and infrastructure in Cambodia
Infrastructure, industry and workforce in Laos
Aid to Laos
Push factors for migration
Food insecurity
Economic hardship
End-of-unit practice paper
Inquiry question
Questions
Question 1 – 6 marks
Question 2 – 6 marks
Question 3 – 12 marks
Text alternatives to non-text content
Text alternative to Figure 2.1
Text alternative to Figure 2.3
2.2 What was the national and international response to displacement?
2.2.1 US policies and initial evacuation efforts
Domestic debates on refugee intake and public opinion: Impact on policy
Congressional dynamics: Debates over funding and authority
Operation New Life
2.2.2 The international response
The policies of host countries: Open doors or closed borders?
Thailand
Malaysia
Indonesia
Western governments
Refugee camps
The role of UNHCR: Managing the refugee camps
Challenges
Collaboration with other international agencies
Healthcare and food
Safeguarding, children and families
Human rights and legal support
Relocation
2.2.3 Managing the ongoing crisis
United States political response
Policies on emigration: Vietnamese government
Restrictions on exit and punishments for illegal departure
Cooperation with international organizations
The 1979 Geneva Conference and multilateral efforts
The aims of the Geneva Conference
The role of international pressure in shaping policies
Grassroots initiatives
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Diaspora communities
The aims of the Orderly Departure Program
The role of the UNHCR in the Orderly Departure Program
Challenges facing the Orderly Departure Program
Competing priorities
Practical challenges
Ethical concerns
Legal concerns
Assessment of the Orderly Departure Program (ODP)
Ongoing resettlement in the United States
The Comprehensive Plan of Action 1989
International policy: The shift towards repatriation
Voluntary repatriation
The UNHCR’s role in facilitating safe returns
Providing information
Incentives
Voluntary repatriation: Successes and failures
Instances of involuntary returns from host countries
End-of-unit practice paper
Inquiry question
Questions
Question 1 – 6 marks
Question 2 – 6 marks
Question 3 – 6 marks
2.3 How was displacement experienced by different groups?
2.3.1 Motivations for escape
Vietnam
Ethnic Vietnamese
The Hoa
The impact of government economic policies
Tension and war with China
Encouragement and forced migration
The Montagnards
United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO)
Persecution under communist rule
Cultural and religious persecution
Confiscation of land
A continuing crisis
Cambodians fleeing the Khmer Rouge
Genocide and terror: Reasons for escape
The Chams
Religious persecution
Cultural annihilation
Forced dispersal and assimilation
Mass execution and disproportionate mortality
Laotians and the highland people of Laos
The experience of the Hmong
2.3.2 Experiences of escape
The dangers of the sea: The boat people crisis
Escaping by land
2.3.3 Life in refugee camps
Living conditions in refugee camps
Access to basic healthcare services
Experiences of vulnerable groups: Women, children and the elderly
Internal conflicts and crime within camps
The effects of camp life
Changing policies in countries of first asylum
2.3.4 Experiences of resettlement and repatriation
Resettlement
Challenges of assimilation, education and employment
Cultural differences
Education
Employment and housing
Trauma
Consequences
Life in the diaspora
Community building and resilience
Cultural preservation
Experiences of adaptation and trauma recovery
Repatriation and return
Displacement and return: Cambodia
Displacement and return: The Cham refugee experience
Returnees to Vietnam
Displacement and return: Laos’s political landscape and returnee challenges
End-of-unit practice paper
Inquiry question
Questions
Question 1 – 6 marks
Question 2 – 6 marks
Question 3 – 12 marks
Selected references and further reading
Text alternatives to non-text content
Text alternative to Figure 2.4
Index
Acknowledgements
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
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