International GCSE History: Oxford Resources for OxfordAQA
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Description
Contents
Reviews
Language
English
ISBN
9781382075589
Cover Page
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
Introduction
What is History?
The specification
Paper 1: International Relations depth studies: conflict and peace in the 20th century
Section A
Section B
Paper 2: Studies in change
Section A
Section B
How to use this book
Glossary
Exam practice
Paper 1, Section A: Peacemaking and the League of Nations, c1919–1939
Chapter 1 The Paris Peace Conference
1.1 Introducing the ‘Big Three’: Great Britain
The Paris Peace Conference
The aims of Great Britain
1.2 Introducing the ‘Big Three’: France and the USA
The aims of France
The aims of the USA
1.3 Disagreements at the Paris Peace Conference
Disagreements between the ‘Big Three’
The influence of the armistice
Territorial claims
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Changes in Europe
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Chapter 2 The main terms of the Treaty of Versailles
2.1 The Treaty of Versailles: territorial changes
The signing of the Treaty of Versailles
Territorial changes
The ‘Polish Corridor’
Land to other European countries
Anschluss forbidden
Overseas colonies
2.2 The Treaty of Versailles: military restrictions and the League of Nations
Reducing Germany’s military power
Military restrictions
Demilitarization of the Rhineland
The League of Nations
2.3 The Treaty of Versailles: war guilt and reparations
‘Making Germany pay’
War guilt
Reparations
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Chapter 3 The impact of the Treaty of Versailles
3.1 Strengths and problems of the Treaty of Versailles
Strengths of the Treaty of Versailles
Difficulties that the Treaty created
3.2 German objections to the Treaty
The ‘Diktat’
Article 231
The ‘stabbed in the back’ myth
Fears for the future
3.3 British, French, and US reactions to the Treaty
Reactions in Britain
Reactions in France
Reactions in the USA
3.4 The extent to which the peacemakers achieved their aims
Georges Clemenceau, France
David Lloyd George, Britain
Woodrow Wilson, USA
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Chapter 4 The wider settlement
4.1 The wider settlement: Austria
The wider settlement in Europe
Terms of the Treaty of St Germain (1919)
Impacts of the Treaty
Positive impacts
Difficulties
4.2 The wider settlement: Hungary
Background to the Treaty of Trianon (1920)
Terms of the Treaty
Impacts of the Treaty
Positive impacts
Difficulties
4.3 The wider settlement: the Ottoman Empire
Terms of the Treaty of Sèvres (1920)
Treaty of Lausanne, 24 July 1923
Significance of the Treaty of Lausanne
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Chapter 5 The League of Nations
5.1 The formation of the League of Nations and its Covenant
The formation of the League
Aims of the League
The Covenant of the League of Nations
5.2 The structure of the League
The Assembly
The Council
The Secretariat
The Permanent Court of International Justice
Special commissions
5.3 Military and economic sanctions; changing membership
Military and economic sanctions
Membership and how it changed
Strengths and weaknesses of the League of Nations
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Chapter 6 The contribution of the League to peace in the 1920s
6.1 The League in the 1920s: Vilna and Upper Silesia
The League in the 1920s
Vilna, 1920
Upper Silesia, 1921–25
6.2 The League in the 1920s: Åland Islands, Corfu, and Bulgaria
Åland Islands, 1921
Corfu, 1923
Bulgaria, 1925
6.3 The work of the League’s agencies
The League’s agencies
International Labour Organization (ILO)
Key achievements
Failures
The Commission for Refugees
Key achievements
Failures
The Temporary Slavery Commission and the Slavery Convention
Key achievements
Failures
The Economic and Financial Committee
Key achievements
Failures
The Permanent Central Opium Board
Key achievements
Failures
The Health Committee
Key achievements
6.4 The Geneva Protocols
The Geneva Protocols
Geneva Protocol, 1924
Geneva Protocol, 1925
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Chapter 7 Diplomacy outside the League
7.1 The Locarno treaties and the Kellogg–Briand Pact
The Locarno treaties, 1925
The Kellogg–Briand Pact, 1928
7.2 Efforts to bring about disarmament
Disarmament and the League
Disarmament in the 1920s
Disarmament in the 1930s
Failure of the Disarmament Conference
Chapter 8 The reasons for the collapse of the League
8.1 The impact of the world economic depression
The Depression
The impact of economic problems on politics
The impact of the Depression on the League of Nations
8.2 The Manchurian Crisis, 1931–33
Manchuria
Japan and Manchuria
Japanese militarism
The Mukden Incident
8.3 The League’s reaction to the Manchurian Crisis
China’s appeal to the League of Nations
Reasons for caution
The League’s response
8.4 The Abyssinian Crisis, 1935–36
Italy and Abyssinia
Mussolini’s reasons for invading Abyssinia
Economic reasons
National pride and revenge
Opportunities
The Italian invasion of Abyssinia
December 1934
January 1935
3 October 1935
30 June 1936
8.5 The League’s reaction to the Abyssinian Crisis
Trade sanctions against Italy
Trade sanctions against Abyssinia
Failure to close the Suez Canal
The Hoare–Laval Pact
Abyssinia’s reaction
8.6 The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39
The Spanish Civil War
A policy of non-intervention
8.7 The League as a peacekeeping body
The Second World War
Reasons for the failure of the League
Lack of military power
Overly ambitious aims
Ineffective decision-making structure
Absence of key powers
Ineffective sanctions
Impact of the world economic depression
Rise of dictatorships
Allies’ conflicting interests
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Paper 1, Section A: Crises of the Cold War, 1960–1975
Chapter 1 Causes of tension
1.1 The U2 Crisis, 1960
The U2 spy plane incident
The responses of the USA and the USSR
The effect on the Paris Summit
1.2 The situation in Berlin
Why Berlin was a centre of tension
The Vienna Summit, June 1961
1.3 The Berlin Wall and Kennedy’s response
The Berlin Wall
Kennedy’s response
Ich bin ein Berliner
1.4 The arms race
The nature of the arms race
Nuclear deterrent
The development of ICBMs and Polaris
1.5 The space race
Interplanetary and human space flight
The race to the moon
Apollo missions
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Chapter 2 The Cuban Missile Crisis
2.1 The effect of Castro’s seizure of power, 1959
The rise of Fidel Castro
Castro in power
Impact on relations with the USA
2.2 Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs
Reasons the USA opposed Castro
The invasion
The outcome
2.3 Khrushchev and the missile crisis, 1962
Why place missiles in Cuba?
The discovery of the launch sites
The US response
2.4 Kennedy’s response and the danger to the world
Kennedy’s response
Brinkmanship: a danger to the world
25 October: first challenge
26 October: letters arrive
27 October: shots fired
28 October: settlement
2.5 The results of the crisis and the effect on Kennedy and Khrushchev
The results of the crisis
The consequences for Kennedy
The consequences for Khrushchev
The consequences for the world
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Chapter 3 Czechoslovakia, 1968
3.1 Dubček and the Prague Spring
Czechoslovakia: behind the Iron Curtain
The Prague Spring
Soviet concerns
3.2 The Warsaw Pact’s concerns and its response
Concerns
Response
Escalation
3.3 The effects on East–West relations
The response of communist countries
The reaction of the West
The USA
Other Western responses
3.4 The Brezhnev Doctrine
Brezhnev’s reaction
The international reaction
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Chapter 4 The US escalation of conflict in Vietnam
4.1 Domino Theory and Kennedy’s intervention
The French in Vietnam
The Domino Theory
Kennedy’s intervention
4.2 The Vietcong and its tactics
Guerrilla warfare
Supplying the communists
4.3 The US response
Kennedy’s dilemma
The Strategic Hamlets Program
The removal of Ngo Dinh Diem
4.4 Johnson’s war and the Gulf of Tonkin
US President Lyndon B. Johnson
The Gulf of Tonkin incident
The bombing campaign
US ground troops
4.5 US tactics: Search and Destroy
US difficulties in Vietnam
US Army tactics
Morale of US soldiers
My Lai, 1968
4.6 The My Lai Massacre
The events at My Lai
Public outrage
4.7 The protest movement and the Tet Offensive
Growing protest and demands for peace
The Tet Offensive, January 1968
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Chapter 5 The ending of the conflict in Vietnam
5.1 Nixon’s war, including Vietnamization
Johnson leaves
Nixon becomes president
Vietnamization
5.2 Chemical warfare and bombing
Failure of Rolling Thunder
Chemical warfare and Agent Orange
Bombs
Napalm
The consequences of the bombing campaign
Nixon expands the bombing campaign, 1969
5.3 Widening the war into Laos and Cambodia; relations with China
Cambodia
Laos
The Easter Offensive and Operation Linebacker
Relations with China
5.4 Protest and opposition: Kent State University
Protest and opposition
Kent State University
5.5 The impact of the US media
Accredited journalists
Television
Walter Cronkite
5.6 The end of the war: the Paris peace talks
The Paris peace talks
The Anna Chennault Affair
Peace
5.7 US withdrawal and the fall of Saigon, 1975
US withdrawal
The fall of Saigon
Exam practice
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Paper 1, Section B: The origins of the First World War, c1890–1915
Chapter 1 Rivalries between the European powers, c1890
1.1 The development of the alliance system; the Triple Alliance
The results of the Franco-Prussian War
The formation of the Triple Alliance
Bismarck’s dismissal
1.2 The Franco-Russian Alliance
The formation of the Franco-Russian Alliance
Russia and Germany
Russia and France
1.3 Britain’s ‘splendid isolation’
‘Splendid isolation’
Britain’s agreements with other countries
1.4 ‘Splendid isolation’ tested: the Fashoda Crisis, the Boer War, and China
The Fashoda Crisis
The Boer War
The end of ‘splendid isolation’
1.5 The Entente Cordiale
The formation of the Entente Cordiale, 1904
Terms of the Entente Cordiale
1.6 The Anglo-Russian Agreement
The lead-up to the Anglo-Russian Agreement
Terms of the Anglo-Russian Agreement
The importance of the Triple Entente
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Chapter 2 Kaiser Wilhelm II’s aims in foreign policy
2.1 Kaiser Wilhelm II
A complex background
Fear of encirclement: a change of direction
Wilhelm II as Germany’s ruler
2.2 Weltpolitik
Weltpolitik and a ‘place in the sun’
The expansion of Germany’s navy
2.3 The Anglo-German Naval Race
Reform of the British navy
The race to build more ships
2.4 Militarism and the arms race
A culture of militarism
The Schlieffen Plan
Plan 17
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Chapter 3 Rivalries in North Africa and the Balkans
3.1 The 1905 Moroccan Crisis
The Kaiser’s visit to Morocco
The Algeciras Conference, 1906
The effects of the crisis
3.2 Slav nationalism and international tensions
The Balkans and the origins of conflict
Austria-Hungary and ethnic tensions
Slav nationalism and ‘Greater Serbia’
The Young Turk Revolution, 1908
3.3 The Bosnian Crisis, 1908–09
Russia and Austria-Hungary reach a deal
The crisis develops
How the crisis ended
The consequences of the Bosnian Crisis
3.4 The 1911 Moroccan Crisis
The Agadir Crisis
Britain’s role in ending the crisis
3.5 The First Balkan War, 1912–13
The Balkan League
The First Balkan War and the Treaty of London
3.6 The Second Balkan War, 1913
The causes of the Second Balkan War
Bulgaria and the Second Balkan War
The consequences of the Second Balkan War
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Chapter 4 The outbreak of the First World War
4.1 Austria-Hungary, Serbia, and the Black Hand
The Black Hand
Serbia’s aims in the Balkans
Austria-Hungary’s aims in the Balkans
4.2 The assassination of Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo
The visit to Bosnia: bad planning and security
The assassination
4.3 The response of Austria-Hungary and Serbia: the July crisis
Austria-Hungary’s reactions to the assassinations
Serbia’s response to the ultimatum
The July crisis escalates
The timeline of war, 1914
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Chapter 5 The widening of regional conflict into a world war
5.1 France, Belgium, and Britain
The Schlieffen Plan
5.2 The Schlieffen Plan: failed military planning
Changes to the Schlieffen Plan
The Western Front
5.3 The escalating war: the Eastern Front
The Eastern Front at the start of the war
Two Russian disasters: Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes, 1914
The Battle of Lodz, 1914
5.4 The escalating war: the Ottoman Empire
The Goeben’s escape
The Ottoman Empire’s impact on the war
Fighting spreads to the Dardanelles
5.5 The escalating war: Africa and the Pacific
The Pacific
The contribution of the European empires
The war in Africa
The ‘forgotten war’
5.6 The escalating war: at sea
German battlecruisers on the high seas
Admiral von Spee: victory and loss
5.7 The escalating war: Italy
A divided Italy
Reasons to support the Central Powers
Reasons to support the Allies
Negotiations for Italy’s support
Impacts of Italy joining the war
The war after 1915
5.8 Responsibility for the outbreak of the First World War
The alliance system
Colonial rivalry
Nationalism
The arms race and military planning
Responsibilities of countries and leaders
Russia and Serbia
Austria-Hungary
Germany
5.9 The origins of the First World War timeline, c1890–1915
A timeline of the origins of the First World War, c1890–1915
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Paper 1, Section B: Hitler’s foreign policy and the origins of the Second World War, 1933–1941
Chapter 1 The origins of tension
1.1 The threats to peace
A temporary peace
The failures of the League of Nations
The Depression
The legacy of the Treaty of Versailles
The role of individuals
1.2 Hitler’s aims in foreign policy
What did Hitler want?
1 Make Germany great
2 Reunite the German people
3 Expansion and ‘purity’
4 War on communism
1.3 The legacy of the Treaty of Versailles
German hatred for the Treaty of Versailles
1 Territorial losses
2 Military losses
3 Cost of blame
Protecting the Treaty of Versailles
1.4 Disarmament and the beginnings of rearmament
The World Disarmament Conference, 1932–34
The failure of the Conference
Germany departs
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Chapter 2 The development of tensions
2.1 Non-aggression and rearmament
Fears for Poland
Germany’s non-aggression pact with Poland (1934)
German rearmament and conscription
2.2 The Saar plebiscite
The Treaty of Versailles and the Saar region
Hitler and the Saar
The result of the plebiscite, 13 January 1935
2.3 The Stresa Front and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement
The Stresa Front, April 1935
The Anglo-German Naval Agreement, June 1935
Terms of the agreement
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Chapter 3 The escalation of tension
3.1 The remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936
The demilitarization of the Rhineland
Hitler’s reasons for remilitarizing the Rhineland
Why did Britain and France not respond?
What were the consequences for Hitler’s foreign policy?
3.2 Japanese militarism
The rise of militarism
Japanese militarism and Manchuria
How did the League of Nations respond?
Why did Japanese militarism matter to Hitler’s foreign policy?
3.3 Italian militarism
The rise of Italian militarism
Italian militarism and Abyssinia
How did the League of Nations respond?
3.4 The Rome–Berlin Axis and the Anti-Comintern Pact
The collapse of the Stresa Front pact
The Rome–Berlin Axis agreement
The Anti-Comintern Pact
3.5 German involvement in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–39
The Spanish Civil War
German involvement
Importance to Hitler’s foreign policy
3.6 Hitler and Austria
Germany and Austria
Hitler’s first attempt at Anschluss
Opposition to Anschluss
3.7 The Anschluss with Austria, 1938
The plebiscite and takeover
The reaction
The result of the plebiscite
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Chapter 4 France and Britain’s differing priorities
4.1 Rearmament
Efforts to maintain peace and strengthen defences
The practicalities of modern warfare
4.2 The Sudeten Crisis and the role of Chamberlain
What Hitler wanted
The Sudeten Crisis
Chamberlain’s role
4.3 The Munich Agreement, 1938
Hitler’s increasing demands
Chamberlain’s reaction
The Munich Agreement
4.4 Arguments for appeasement
Arguments for appeasement
4.5 Arguments against appeasement
Arguments against appeasement
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Chapter 5 The ending of appeasement
5.1 The collapse of Czechoslovakia
Reactions to the Munich Agreement
Polish invasion
Hungarian invasion
British and French support
5.2 The invasion of Czechoslovakia
Hitler’s ultimatum
German invasion
British and French reaction
5.3 Changing public opinion and guarantees to Poland
Hitler’s next objective
Impact on Britain and France: guarantees to Poland
International reaction
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Chapter 6 The outbreak of war
6.1 Germany’s relations with Italy and the USSR
The Pact of Steel, 1939
Role of Stalin and the USSR, 1938–39
Negotiations with Britain and France
6.2 The Nazi–Soviet Pact
What was the Nazi–Soviet Pact?
Why did the USSR sign the Nazi–Soviet Pact?
Benefits for the USSR
6.3 Hitler and the Nazi–Soviet Pact
Why did Hitler sign the Nazi–Soviet Pact?
International reaction to the Nazi–Soviet Pact
6.4 The outbreak of war in Europe
The German invasion of Poland, September 1939
The British and French reactions
The war spreads across Europe
6.5 Responsibility for the outbreak of war
The role of Hitler and Germany
Other factors
6.6 The European war
The spread of the European conflict
The loss of France
The Battle of Britain
Germany’s invasion of the USSR
6.7 The global war
The war in Africa
Britain and Asia
Japan, the USA, and the Pacific
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Exam practice
Paper 1, Section B: The origins and development of the Cold War, 1945–1960
Chapter 1 The end of the Second World War
1.1 Ideological differences between the Allies
Capitalism versus communism
The uneasy alliance
1.2 The ‘Big Three’ and their efforts to defeat Germany and Japan
The end of the Second World War
The ‘Big Three’ and the Yalta Conference
Roosevelt (USA)
Churchill (Britain)
Stalin (USSR)
1.3 The Yalta Agreement
Decisions made at Yalta
The end of the war in Europe
1.4 The Potsdam Conference
Changes in leadership
The Potsdam Conference
Agreements
The division of Germany and Berlin
1.5 The use of atomic weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Dropping the bomb
Why was the atomic bomb dropped?
What impact did these events have on the Cold War?
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Chapter 2 The Iron Curtain and the evolution of East–West rivalry
2.1 Soviet expansion and the Iron Curtain
The Iron Curtain
The USSR’s domination of Eastern Europe
How Soviet domination of Eastern Europe was achieved by 1946
2.2 Greece, Turkey, and the Truman Doctrine
Greece and Turkey
The Truman Doctrine
Opposition to the Truman Doctrine
2.3 The Marshall Plan and its impact on East–West rivalry
The Marshall Plan
The Soviet reaction to the Marshall Plan
2.4 The Soviet response to the Marshall Plan
Cominform and Comecon
Czechoslovakia (1948)
The Tito–Stalin split
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Chapter 3 The significance of the division of Germany
3.1 The Berlin Blockade: a Cold War crisis
Access routes to Berlin
Rebuilding West Germany
The currency crisis
3.2 The Berlin Blockade: the Berlin Airlift
The Blockade begins to take effect
A hazardous operation
3.3 The end of the Blockade
How the Blockade ended
The aftermath of the Airlift
Assessments of the Blockade and Airlift
3.4 The formation of NATO
Membership and formation
Aims and priorities
3.5 The formation of the Federal Republic and GDR
Germany divided
The Federal Republic of (West) Germany (FRG)
The German Democratic Republic (GDR)
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Chapter 4 The nuclear arms and space races
4.1 The hydrogen bomb
Atomic weapons and the beginnings of the nuclear arms race
The hydrogen bomb
The Soviet race for the H-bomb
4.2 The arms race
Bombers and early ICBMs
ICBM development
Spies
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
4.3 Superpower rivalry: from the Warsaw Pact to the space race
The formation of the Warsaw Pact
Sputnik 1
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Chapter 5 The significance of events in Asia for superpower relations
5.1 The USSR’s support for Mao Zedong
The Communist revolution in China
Stalin’s support for Mao
The Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Understanding, 1950
The USA’s reaction to the Sino-Soviet Treaty
5.2 The Korean War, 1950–53: reasons for involvement
Background to war
Involvement of the USSR and China
Involvement of the USA
5.3 The escalation of the war in Korea
Involvement of the UN
The role of MacArthur
Retreat and stalemate, 1951–53
5.4 The Korean War: armistice and peace
Armistice and peace talks
The impact of the war
Korea
The USA and UN
Communism and the Cold War
5.5 Conflict in Vietnam and the defeat of France
The origins of conflict
The Vietminh’s campaign against France and the USA, 1946–54
Dien Bien Phu, 1954
5.6 The Geneva Agreement and US involvement in Vietnam
The Geneva Agreement, 1954
President Diem
The communist campaign
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Chapter 6 The nature of the ‘Thaw’
6.1 The death of Stalin, ‘peaceful co-existence’, and Austria
The death of Stalin
‘Peaceful co-existence’
Austria’s declaration of neutrality
6.2 Hungary, 1956: causes of the Hungarian Uprising
Protest in Poland
The causes of the Hungarian Uprising
6.3 The Hungarian Uprising and the Soviet response
Events during the rising
The crushing of the Hungarian Uprising
6.4 The results of the Hungarian Uprising: effects on East–West relations
The results of the rising
6.5 Cold War timeline, 1945–60
Timeline of the development of the Cold War, 1945–60
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Exam practice
Paper 1, Section B: Détente and the collapse of communism, c1969–1991
Chapter 1 Reasons for détente and its progress
1.1 Détente: the motives of the USSR and USA
What was détente?
Motives for détente: the USSR
Motives for détente: the USA
1.2 Détente: the motives of China and West Germany
The international importance of détente
Motives for détente: China
Motives for détente: West Germany
1.3 The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) I, 1972
What was SALT I?
The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
1.4 Summits between Brezhnev and Nixon
Summit diplomacy during the 1970s
The Moscow Summit, 1972
The Washington Summit, 1973
A second Moscow Summit, 1974
1.5 Science, sport, and space: détente beyond the summit meetings
Symbols of détente
Science
Sport
Space
1.6 The Helsinki Accords, 1975
What were the Helsinki Accords?
Impact on détente
Impact in Eastern Europe
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Chapter 2 The collapse of détente
2.1 Soviet involvement in Afghanistan, 1979
Background: Afghanistan
Soviet troops arrive
Importance of Soviet involvement
2.2 The US reaction to war in Afghanistan
President Carter’s reaction: the end of détente
US reaction: support for the Mujahideen
Timeline: the USA responds to Soviet involvement in Afghanistan
2.3 Failure of the SALT II talks
What was SALT II?
Why did SALT II fail?
2.4 The Olympic boycotts of 1980 and 1984
1980: the US boycott of Moscow
1984: the Soviet boycott of Los Angeles
2.5 Reagan and the renewal of the Cold War
Reagan’s hard-line approach
Crises and threats to peace
2.6 New weapons and the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
Military build-up: missiles in Europe
The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
Other new weapons
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Chapter 3 The re-emergence of détente
3.1 Reagan, Gorbachev, and changing attitudes
Gorbachev’s “new thinking”
Confrontation to co-operation
Second period of détente
3.2 The Reykjavík Summit, 1986
Context and aims
What happened at Reykjavík?
Significance of the Reykjavík and Washington summits
3.3 The START Treaty, 1991
The significance of START
Was the treaty a success?
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Chapter 4 The Soviet retreat from Afghanistan
4.1 Reasons for the USSR’s failure in Afghanistan
Withdrawal from Afghanistan
Reasons for failure
Military challenges
Political and social factors
4.2 Effects of Soviet involvement in Afghanistan on the USSR
The impact of Soviet involvement in Afghanistan
Political effects
Economic effects
Chapter 5 Solidarity in Poland, 1980–81
5.1 Crisis in Poland and the role of Lech Wałęsa
The crisis of 1980–81
Who was Lech Wałęsa?
A symbol of resistance
5.2 Solidarity: aims, impact, and suppression
What did Solidarity want?
A national movement for change
Suppression and continued impact
Chapter 6 Gorbachev and Reagan
6.1 Gorbachev: changes in domestic and foreign policy
Glasnost and perestroika
Gorbachev’s domestic policies
Gorbachev’s foreign policies
6.2 Reagan: changes in domestic and foreign policy
Reagan’s domestic policies
Reagan’s foreign policies
Chapter 7 The end of Soviet control in Eastern Europe
7.1 The success of Solidarity in Poland
Short-term impact of Solidarity
Long-term impact of Solidarity
Solidarity’s achievements
7.2 Opening of the Berlin Wall
The events of November 1989
Why did the wall open?
Significance and aftermath
7.3 Successful movements against communism
Violence in Romania
Violence in Yugoslavia
Independence movements in the Baltic states
7.4 The end of communist rule in East Germany
The end of the communist regime
Germany reunified
7.5 Hungary and the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia
The end of communism in Hungary
Causes of Czechoslovakia’s Velvet Revolution
The end of communism in Czechoslovakia
7.6 Gorbachev’s fate, and the collapse of the USSR
Opposition to Gorbachev
Gorbachev’s fall from power
The collapse of the USSR
7.7 The end of the Cold War and its impact on the USA
The end of the Cold War
Impact on the USA
The USA as the ‘world’s policeman’
Text alternatives to non-text content
Text alternative to Source C
Text alternative to Source A
Exam practice
Glossary
Index
Acknowledgements
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
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