Virginia Penny

The Employments of Women A Cyclopaedia of Woman's Work

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The great, urgent, universal wants of mankind, in all classes of society, are food, clothing, shelter, and fuel. After these come the comforts and luxuries pertaining to the condition of those in easy circumstances. Above and beyond these animal wants, but of nearly equal importance, are those relating to the mindÑwritten and printed matter, oral instructions, as lectures and sermons, and the handiwork of the fine arts. These, in addition to health, freedom, and friends, comprise the greatest blessings man enjoys. I would add that the means of transit are necessary to make him entirely independent. Nearly all honest

Language

English

ISBN

Unknown

THE EMPLOYMENTS OF WOMEN: A Cyclopædia of Woman's Work.

PREFACE.

INTRODUCTION.

NATURE OF THE CONTENTS.

HEADS OF SUBJECTS.

CONTENTS.

PROFESSIONAL, LITERARY, AND SCIENTIFIC PURSUITS.

1. Amanuenses.

2. Astronomers.

3. Authors.

5. Bible Readers.

4. Bankers and Bankers' Clerks.

6. Brokers.

7. Colonizationists.

8. Colportors.

9. Copyists.

10. Deaconesses.

11. Dentists.

12. Editresses.

13. Government Officers.

14. Lawyers.

15. Lecturers.

16. Librarians.

17. Magazine Contributors.

18. Missionaries.

19. Medical Missionaries.

20. Physicians.

21. Preachers.

22. Proof Readers.

23. Publishers.

24. Readers to the Working Classes.

25. Reporters.

26. Reviewers.

27. Teachers.

28. Teachers of Bookkeeping.

29. Teachers of Gymnastics and Dancing.

30. Teachers of Drawing and Painting.

31. Teachers of Fancy Work.

32. Teachers of Horsemanship.

33. Teachers of Infant Schools.

34. Teachers of Languages.

35. Teachers of Music.

36. Teachers of Navigation.

37. Teachers of Swimming.

28. Teachers of Bookkeeping.

29. Teachers of Gymnastics and Dancing.

30. Teachers of Drawing and Painting.

31. Teachers of Fancy Work.

32. Teachers of Horsemanship.

33. Teachers of Infant Schools.

34. Teachers of Languages.

35. Teachers of Music.

36. Teachers of Navigation.

37. Teachers of Swimming.

38. Translators.

ARTISTIC PURSUITS, AND EMPLOYMENTS CONNECTED WITH THE FINE ARTS.

39. Actresses.

40. Aquaria Makers.

41. Architects.

42. Cameo Cutters.

43. Copperplate Engravers.

44. Daguerreans.

45. Schools of Design.

46. Miscellaneous Designers.

47. Designers for Calico Prints.

48. Designers for Wall Paper.

47. Designers for Calico Prints.

48. Designers for Wall Paper.

49. Draughtswomen.

50. Employés in the United States Mint.

51. Engravers and Chasers of Gold and Silver.

52. Equestrians and Gymnasts.

53. Etchers and Stamp Cutters.

54. Herbarium Makers.

55. Lapidaries.

56. Landscape Gardeners.

57. Lithographers.

58. Map Makers.

59. Medallists.

60. Modellers.

61. Modellers of Wax Figures.

62. Mineral Labellers and Arrangers.

63. Musicians.

64. Music Engravers and Folders.

65. Opera Performers.

66. Painters.

67. Animals.

68. Banners.

69. Crayon and Pastel.

70. Flowers and Fruit.

71. Fresco.

72. Historical.

73. Landscape.

74. Marine.

75. Miniature Painters.

76. Panoramas

77. Portrait.

78. Water Colors.

67. Animals.

68. Banners.

69. Crayon and Pastel.

70. Flowers and Fruit.

71. Fresco.

72. Historical.

73. Landscape.

74. Marine.

75. Miniature Painters.

76. Panoramas

77. Portrait.

78. Water Colors.

79. Painters of Dial Plates.

80. Picture Restorers.

81. Piano Tuners.

82. Plaster Statuary.

83. Painters of Plates for Books.

84. Photographists and Colorists.

85. Preparers of Scientific Plates.

86. Seal Engravers.

87. Sculptors.

88. Steel and other Engravers.

89. Bank Note Engravers.

90. Card Engravers.

91. Door Plate Engravers.

92. Map Engravers.

93. Picture and Heraldry Engravers.

89. Bank Note Engravers.

90. Card Engravers.

91. Door Plate Engravers.

92. Map Engravers.

93. Picture and Heraldry Engravers.

94. Telegraph Operators.

95. Vocalists.

96. Wax Work.

97. Wood Engravers.

MERCANTILE PURSUITS.

98. Merchants.

99. Bookkeepers.

100. Book Merchants.

101. China Merchants.

102. Clothiers.

103. Curiosity Dealers.

104. Druggists and Druggists' Clerks.

105. Keepers of Fancy Stores.

106. Gentlemen's Furnishing Stores.

107. Furniture Sellers.

108. Grocers.

109. Junk Dealers.

110. Music Sellers.

111. Sellers of Artists' Materials.

112. Sellers of Seeds, Roots, and Herbs.

113. Sellers of Small Wares.

114. Sellers of Snuff, Tobacco, and Cigars.

115. Saleswomen.

116. Street Sellers.

117. Toy Merchants.

118. Wall Paper Dealers.

119. Worn Clothes and Second-hand Furniture.

120. Variety Shops.

EMPLOYMENTS PERTAINING TO GRAIN, BIRDS, FLOWERS, FRUITS, AND VEGETABLES.

121. Agriculturists.

122. Bee Dealers.

123. Bird Importers and Raisers.

124. Bird and Animal Preservers.

125. Florists.

126. Flower Girls.

127. Fruit Growers.

128. Fruit Venders.

129. Gardeners.

130. Makers of Cordial and Syrups.

131. Root, Bark, and Seed Gatherers.

132. Seed Envelopers and Herb Packers.

133. Sellers of Pets.

134. Wine Manufacturers and Grape Growers.

RAISERS, MAKERS, PREPARERS, AND DISPOSERS OF ARTICLES OF FOOD.

135. Bread Bakers.

136. Brewers.

137. Candy Manufacturers.

138. Cheesemakers.

139. Coffee and Chocolate Packers.

140. Cracker Bakers.

141. Fancy Confectionery.

142. Fish Women.

143. Macaroni.

144. Maple Sugar.

145. Market Women.

146. Meat Sellers.

147. Milk Dealers.

148. Mince Meat and Apple Butter.

149. Mustard Packers.

150. Oyster Sellers.

151. Pie Bakers.

152. Picklers of Oysters.

153. Poulterers.

154. Restaurant Keepers.

155. Sealed Provisions, Pickles, and Sauces.

156. Sugar Makers.

157. Tea Packers.

158. Vermicelli.

159. Vinegar.

160. Yeast.

TEXTILE MANUFACTURES.

161. Cotton Manufacturers.

162. Batting.

163. Calicoes.

164. Canton Flannels.

165. Carpet Chains.

166. Cord.

167. Dyers and Bleachers.

168. Factory Operatives.

169. Gingham.

170. Hosiers.

171. Men's Wear.

172. Print Works.

173. Spinners.

174. Spool Cotton.

175. Tape.

176. Weavers.

162. Batting.

163. Calicoes.

164. Canton Flannels.

165. Carpet Chains.

166. Cord.

167. Dyers and Bleachers.

168. Factory Operatives.

169. Gingham.

170. Hosiers.

171. Men's Wear.

172. Print Works.

173. Spinners.

174. Spool Cotton.

175. Tape.

176. Weavers.

177. Linen Manufacture.

178. Sewing Thread.

179. Woollen Manufacture.

180. Blankets.

181. Carpets.

182. Carpet Bags.

183. Cassimere.

184. Cloths.

185. Coverlets.

186. Dry Goods Refinishers.

187. Flannels.

188. Gloves.

189. Linseys.

190. Woollen Shawls.

191. Shoddy.

192. Yarn.

180. Blankets.

181. Carpets.

182. Carpet Bags.

183. Cassimere.

184. Cloths.

185. Coverlets.

186. Dry Goods Refinishers.

187. Flannels.

188. Gloves.

189. Linseys.

190. Woollen Shawls.

191. Shoddy.

192. Yarn.

193. Silk Manufacture.

194. Ribbons.

195. Sewing Silk.

194. Ribbons.

195. Sewing Silk.

196. Lace Makers.

197. Lace Menders.

198. Hair Cloth Manufacture.

METAL MANUFACTURES.

199. Iron.

200. Files.

201. Guns.

202. Hinges.

203. Locks.

204. Nails.

205. Rivets.

206. Screws.

207. Skates.

208. Shovels.

209. Wire Workers.

200. Files.

201. Guns.

202. Hinges.

203. Locks.

204. Nails.

205. Rivets.

206. Screws.

207. Skates.

208. Shovels.

209. Wire Workers.

Brass Manufacture.

210. Candlesticks.

211. Hooks and Eyes.

212. Lamps.

213. Pins.

214. Rings.

215. Scales.

216. Stair Rods.

210. Candlesticks.

211. Hooks and Eyes.

212. Lamps.

213. Pins.

214. Rings.

215. Scales.

216. Stair Rods.

217. Steel Manufacture.

218. Buckles.

219. Edge Tools.

220. Electrical Machines.

221. Fire Arms.

222. Knives and Forks.

223. Needles.

224. Pens

225. Philosophical Apparatus.

226. Saws.

227. Scissors.

228. Spectacles.

229. Surgical Instruments.

230. Telescopes.

231. Thermometers.

218. Buckles.

219. Edge Tools.

220. Electrical Machines.

221. Fire Arms.

222. Knives and Forks.

223. Needles.

224. Pens

225. Philosophical Apparatus.

226. Saws.

227. Scissors.

228. Spectacles.

229. Surgical Instruments.

230. Telescopes.

231. Thermometers.

232. Copper and Zinc Manufacture.

233. Tin Manufacture.

234. Lanterns.

235. Britannia Ware.

236. Silver.

237. Burnishers.

238. Thimbles.

237. Burnishers.

238. Thimbles.

239. Silver Plating.

240. Bronze.

241. Gold and Jewelry Manufactures.

242. Gold Assayers.

243. Enamellers.

244. Gold and Silver Leaf.

245. Jewellers' Findings.

246. Pencils.

247. Pens.

248. Watches.

249. Watch Case and Jewelry Polishers.

250. Watch Chains.

251. Watch Jewels.

242. Gold Assayers.

243. Enamellers.

244. Gold and Silver Leaf.

245. Jewellers' Findings.

246. Pencils.

247. Pens.

248. Watches.

249. Watch Case and Jewelry Polishers.

250. Watch Chains.

251. Watch Jewels.

MISCELLANEOUS WORK.

252. Indian Goods.

253. Inkstands.

254. Lithoconia

255. Marble Workers.

256. Mineral Door Knobs.

257. Paper Cutters.

258. Papier-Maché Finishers.

259. Pipes.

260. Porcelain.

261. Pottery and Earthenware.

262. Stucco Work.

263. Terra Cotta.

264. Transferrers on Wood.

GLASS MANUFACTURERS.

265. Glass Manufacture.

266. Blowers.

267. Beads.

268. Cutters or Grinders.

269. Embossers.

270. Enamellers.

271. Engravers.

272. Painters.

273. Stainers.

274. Watch Crystals.

CHINA DECORATORS.

275. China Decorators.

LEATHER.

276. Leather.

277. Currying.

278. Harness.

279. Jewel and Instrument Cases.

280. Morocco Sewers.

281. Pocket Books.

282. Saddle Seats.

283. Tanning.

284. Trunks.

285. Whips.

WHALEBONE WORKERS.

286. Whalebone Workers.

BRUSH MANUFACTURERS.

287. Brush Manufacturers.

IVORY CUTTERS AND WORKERS.

288. Ivory Workers.

289. Combs.

290. Piano Keys.

291. Rules.

PEARL WORKERS.

292. Pearl Workers.

TORTOISE-SHELL WORKERS.

293. Tortoise-Shell Workers.

GUM ELASTIC MANUFACTURE.

294. Gum Elastic Manufacture.

295. Men's Clothing.

296. Shoes.

297. Toys.

GUTTA PERCHA MANUFACTURE.

298. Gutta Percha Manufacture.

HAIR WORKERS.

299. Artists.

300. Dressers.

301. Dyers.

302. Growers.

303. Manufacturers.

304. Merchants.

WILLOW WARE.

305. Willow Ware.

WOOD WORK.

306. Carvers.

307. Kindling Wood.

308. Pattern Makers.

309. Rattan Splitters.

310. Segar Boxes.

311. Turners.

AGENTS.

312. Express and other Conveyances.

313. General Agents.

314. Literary, Book, and Newspaper Agents.

315. Mercantile Agents.

316. Pens.

317. Sewing Machines.

318. School Agents.

319. Telegraph Instruments.

320. Washing Machines.

MANUFACTURERS AND COLORERS OF LADIES' APPAREL.

321. Artificial Flowers.

322. Belts.

323. Bonnet Ruches.

324. Dress Trimmings.

325. Embroideries.

326. Feathers.

327. Hoop Skirts.

328. Muslin Sets.

329. Parasols and Umbrellas.

330. Sempstresses.

331. Sewing Machine Operatives.

FUR WORKERS.

332. Dyers.

333. Sewers.

FITTERS, CUTTERS, AND SEWERS OF LADIES' AND CHILDREN'S WEAR.

334. Bonnets.

335. Bonnet Frames.

336. Bonnet Wire.

337. Children's Clothes.

338. Cloaks and Mantillas.

339. Costumes.

340. Dresses.

341. Dress Caps and Head Dresses.

342. Fans.

343. Ladies' Under-Wear.

344. Over Gaiters.

345. Patterns.

346. Shoes.

347. Stays and Corsets.

STRAW WORKERS.

348. Bleachers and Pressers.

349. Braiders.

350. Sewers.

RENOVATORS.

351. Gentlemen's Wear.

352. Ladies' Wear.

GENTLEMEN'S CLOTHING.

353. Army and Navy Uniform.

354. Buttons.

355. Canes.

356. Caps.

357. Coats.

358. Cravats.

359. Hats.

Hat Braiders

360. Oil Clothing.

361. Pantaloons.

362. Regalias.

363. Shirts.

364. Suspenders.

365. Tailoresses.

366. Vests.

UPHOLSTERERS.

367. Upholsterers.

368. Beds.

369. Carpets.

370. Curled Hair Pullers.

371. Curtain Trimmings.

372. Furniture Goods.

373. Mattresses.

374. Venetian Blinds.

375. Window Shades.

Wire Window Shades.

MANUFACTURERS OF BOOKS, INK, PAPER, AND PENCILS.

376. Bookfolders.

377. Book Sewers.

378. Card Makers.

Visiting Cards.

379. Card Stencillers and Painters.

380. Cover and Edge Gilders.

381. Electrotypers.

382. Envelope Makers.

383. Folders and Directors of Newspapers.

384. Ink.

385. Label Cutters.

386. Lead Pencils.

387. Operatives in Paper Factories.

388. Paper-Bag Makers.

389. Paper-Box Makers.

390. Paper Marblers.

391. Paper Rulers.

392. Press Feeders.

393. Printers.

394. Sealing-Wax Makers.

395. Stereotypers.

396. Type Rubbers and Setters.

397. Wall Paper Gilders.

CHEMICALS.

398. Chemicals.

399. Baking Powders.

400. Bar and Soft Soap.

401. Blacking.

402. Candles.

403. Chalk.

404. Emery Paper.

405. Fancy Soaps.

406. Fire Works.

407. Flavoring Extracts.

408. Glue.

409. Gunpowder.

410. Oils.

411. Paints.

412. Patent Medicines.

413. Pearlash.

414. Perfumery.

415. Quinine.

416. Salt.

417. Soda.

418. Starch.

419. White Lead.

420. Whiting.

COMMUNICATING MEDIUMS BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND OTHERS.

421. Assistants in Public and Benevolent Institutions.

422. Commissioners of Deeds.

423. Housekeepers.

424. Keepers of Intelligence Offices.

425. Lighthouse Keepers.

426. Pawnbrokers.

427. Postmistresses.

428. Sewing-Machine Instructors.

429. Shepherdesses.

430. Toll Collectors.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE COMFORT OR AMUSEMENT OF OTHERS.

431. Bathhouse Attendants.

432. Brace and Truss Makers.

433. Chiropodists.

434. Cuppers and Leechers.

435. Fishing-Tackle Preparers.

436. Fortune Tellers.

437. Guides and Door Attendants.

438. Lodging and Boarding House Keepers.

439. Makers of Artificial Eyes.

440. Artificial Limbs.

441. Artificial Teeth.

442. Nurses for the Sick.

443. Steamboat and Railroad News Venders.

444. Street Musicians.

445. Tavern Keepers.

446. Travelling Companions.

MISTRESSES AND DOMESTICS.

447. Mistresses.

448. Domestics.

449. Chambermaids.

450. Cooks.

451. Dining-Room Waiters.

452. Ladies' Maids.

453. Nurses for Children.

454. Saloon Attendants.

455. Washers, Ironers, and Manglers.

MISCELLANEOUS OCCUPATIONS, AND WORKERS THEREIN.

456. Backgammon-Board Finishers.

457. Balloon Makers.

458. Billiard-Table Finishers.

459. Bill Posters.

460. Block Cutters.

461. Boatwomen.

462. Bone Collectors.

463. Bottlers and Labellers.

464. Broom Makers.

465. Bronzes.

466. Canvas and Cotton Bag Makers.

467. Carriage and Car Painters.

468. Carriage Trimmers.

469. Chair Seaters.

470. China Menders.

471. Cigar Makers.

472. Cigar-End Finders.

473. Cinder Gatherers.

474. Clear Starchers.

475. Clock Makers.

476. Clothes-Pin Makers.

477. Clothes Repairers.

478. Cork Assorters and Sole Stitchers.

479. Daguerreotype Apparatus.

480. Feather Dressers.

481. Flag Makers.

482. Furniture Painters.

483. Gilders of Mirror Frames.

484. Globe Makers.

485. Hobby Horse Finishers.

486. Horse Coverings.

487. House Painters.

488. Japanners.

489. Knitters.

490. Lace Bleachers.

491. Lacquerers.

492. Life Preservers.

493. Lucifer Matches.

494. Mat Makers.

495. Manufacturers of Musical Instruments.

Pianos.

Seraphines.

Pianos.

Seraphines.

496. Musical String Makers.

497. Netters.

498. Oakum Pickers.

499. Paper Hangers.

500. Polishers.

501. Pure Finders.

502. Rag Cutters.

503. Rag Gatherers.

504. Rope and Twine Makers.

505. Sail and Awning Makers.

506. Shoe-Peg Makers.

507. Shroud Makers.

508. Sign Painters.

509. Snuff Packers.

510. Stencil Makers.

511. Street Sweepers.

512. Tip Gilders.

513. Tobacco Strippers.

514. Toy Makers.

515. Varnishers and Varnish Makers.

516. Water Carriers.

EMPLOYMENTS FOR THE AFFLICTED.

517. Blind Women.

518. Deaf Mutes.

519. The Lame.

UNUSUAL EMPLOYMENTS.

520. United States.

521. England.

522. France.

523. Other Countries.

MINOR EMPLOYMENTS.

524. United States.

525. England.

526. France.

527. Occupations in which no Women are employed.

528. None in the United States.

529. Very few employed.

530. The South.

531. Prices of Board for Workwomen, and Remarks of Employers.

532. Number of Work Hours.

533. Extracts from the Census Report for 1860.

APPENDIX.

REMARKS ON PRECEDING TABLES.

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