On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason and On the Will in Nature: Two Essays (revised edition)
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TWO ESSAYS BY ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER.
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
CONTENTS.
ON THE FOURFOLD ROOT OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON.
THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.
List of Additions to the Third Edition.
List of Additions to the Third Edition.
EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.
§ 1. The Method.
§ 2. Application of the Method in the present case.
§ 3. Utility of this Inquiry.
§ 4. Importance of the Principle of Sufficient Reason.
§ 5. The Principle itself.
§ 1. The Method.
§ 2. Application of the Method in the present case.
§ 3. Utility of this Inquiry.
§ 4. Importance of the Principle of Sufficient Reason.
§ 5. The Principle itself.
CHAPTER II. GENERAL SURVEY OF THE MOST IMPORTANT VIEWS HITHERTO HELD CONCERNING THE PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON.
§ 6. First Statement of the Principle and Distinction between Two of its Meanings.
§ 7. Descartes.
§ 8. Spinoza.
§ 9. Leibnitz.
§ 10. Wolf.
§ 11. Philosophers between Wolf and Kant.
§ 12. Hume.
§ 13. Kant and his School.
§ 14. On the Proofs of the Principle.
§ 6. First Statement of the Principle and Distinction between Two of its Meanings.
§ 7. Descartes.
§ 8. Spinoza.
§ 9. Leibnitz.
§ 10. Wolf.
§ 11. Philosophers between Wolf and Kant.
§ 12. Hume.
§ 13. Kant and his School.
§ 14. On the Proofs of the Principle.
CHAPTER III. INSUFFICIENCY OF THE OLD AND OUTLINES OF A NEW DEMONSTRATION.
§ 15. Cases which are not comprised among the old established meanings of the Principle.
§ 16. The Roots of the Principle of Sufficient Reason.
§ 15. Cases which are not comprised among the old established meanings of the Principle.
§ 16. The Roots of the Principle of Sufficient Reason.
CHAPTER IV. ON THE FIRST CLASS OF OBJECTS FOR THE SUBJECT, AND THAT FORM OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON WHICH PREDOMINATES IN IT.
§ 17. General Account of this Class of Objects.
§ 18. Outline of a Transcendental Analysis of Empirical Reality.
§ 19. Immediate Presence of Representations.
§ 20. Principle of Sufficient Reason of Becoming.
§ 21. À priori character of the conception of Causality. Intellectual Character of Empirical Perception. THE UNDERSTANDING.
§ 22. Of the Immediate Object.
§ 23. Arguments against Kant's Proof of the à priority of the conception of Causality.
§ 24. Of the Misapplication of the Law of Causality.
§ 25. The Time in which a Change takes place.
§ 17. General Account of this Class of Objects.
§ 18. Outline of a Transcendental Analysis of Empirical Reality.
§ 19. Immediate Presence of Representations.
§ 20. Principle of Sufficient Reason of Becoming.
§ 21. À priori character of the conception of Causality. Intellectual Character of Empirical Perception. THE UNDERSTANDING.
§ 22. Of the Immediate Object.
§ 23. Arguments against Kant's Proof of the à priority of the conception of Causality.
§ 24. Of the Misapplication of the Law of Causality.
§ 25. The Time in which a Change takes place.
CHAPTER V. ON THE SECOND CLASS OF OBJECTS FOR THE SUBJECT AND THE FORM OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON WHICH PREDOMINATES IN IT.
§ 26. Explanation of this Class of Objects.
§ 27. The Utility of Conceptions.
§ 28. Representatives of Conceptions. The Faculty of Judgment.
§ 29. Principle of Sufficient Reason of Knowing.
§ 30. Logical Truth.
§ 31. Empirical Truth.
§ 32. Transcendental Truth.
§ 33. Metalogical Truth.
§ 34. Reason.
§ 26. Explanation of this Class of Objects.
§ 27. The Utility of Conceptions.
§ 28. Representatives of Conceptions. The Faculty of Judgment.
§ 29. Principle of Sufficient Reason of Knowing.
§ 30. Logical Truth.
§ 31. Empirical Truth.
§ 32. Transcendental Truth.
§ 33. Metalogical Truth.
§ 34. Reason.
CHAPTER VI. ON THE THIRD CLASS OF OBJECTS FOR THE SUBJECT AND THAT FORM OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON WHICH PREDOMINATES IN IT.
§ 35. Explanation of this Class of Objects.
§ 36. Principle of the Sufficient Reason of Being.
§ 37. Reason of Being in Space.
§ 38. Reason of being in Time. Arithmetic.
§ 39. Geometry.
§ 35. Explanation of this Class of Objects.
§ 36. Principle of the Sufficient Reason of Being.
§ 37. Reason of Being in Space.
§ 38. Reason of being in Time. Arithmetic.
§ 39. Geometry.
CHAPTER VII. ON THE FOURTH CLASS OF OBJECTS FOR THE SUBJECT, AND THE FORM OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON WHICH PREDOMINATES IN IT.
§ 40. General Explanation.
§ 41. Subject of Knowledge and Object.
§ 42. The Subject of Volition.
§ 43. Willing. The Law of Motives (Motivation).
§ 44. Influence of the Will over the Intellect.
§ 45. Memory.
§ 40. General Explanation.
§ 41. Subject of Knowledge and Object.
§ 42. The Subject of Volition.
§ 43. Willing. The Law of Motives (Motivation).
§ 44. Influence of the Will over the Intellect.
§ 45. Memory.
CHAPTER VIII. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS.
§ 46. The Systematic Order.
§ 47. Relation in Time between Reason and Consequence.
§ 48. Reciprocity of Reasons.
§ 49. Necessity.
§ 50. Series of Reasons and Consequences.
§ 51. Each Science has for its Guiding Thread one of the Forms of the Principle of Sufficient Reason in preference to the others.
§ 52. Two principal Results.
§ 46. The Systematic Order.
§ 47. Relation in Time between Reason and Consequence.
§ 48. Reciprocity of Reasons.
§ 49. Necessity.
§ 50. Series of Reasons and Consequences.
§ 51. Each Science has for its Guiding Thread one of the Forms of the Principle of Sufficient Reason in preference to the others.
§ 52. Two principal Results.
ON THE WILL IN NATURE.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.
EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.
INTRODUCTION.
PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY.
PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANTS.
PHYSICAL ASTRONOMY.
LINGUISTIC.
ANIMAL MAGNETISM AND MAGIC.
SINOLOGY.
REFERENCE TO ETHICS.
CONCLUSION.
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