CHAPTER I BEFORE 1800

I.—§ 1. Antiquity.

I.—§ 2. Middle Ages and Renaissance.

I.—§ 3. Eighteenth-century Speculation. Herder.

I.—§ 4. Jenisch.

CHAPTER II BEGINNING OF NINETEENTH CENTURY

II.—§ 1. Introduction. Sanskrit.

II.—§ 2. Friedrich von Schlegel.

II.—§ 3. Rasmus Rask.

II.—§ 4. Jacob Grimm.

II.—§ 5. The Sound Shift.

II.—§ 6. Franz Bopp.

II.—§ 7. Bopp continued.

II.—§ 8. Wilhelm von Humboldt.

II.—§ 9. Grimm Once More.

CHAPTER III MIDDLE OF NINETEENTH CENTURY

III.—§ 1. After Bopp and Grimm.

III.—§ 2. K. M. Rapp.

III.—§ 3. J. H. Bredsdorff.

III.—§ 4. August Schleicher.

III.—§ 5. Classification of Languages.

III.—§ 6. Reconstruction.

III.—§ 7. Curtius, Madvig, and Specialists.

III.—§ 8. Max Müller and Whitney.

CHAPTER IV END OF NINETEENTH CENTURY

IV.—§ 1. Achievements about 1870.

IV.—§ 2. New Discoveries.

IV.—§ 3. Phonetic Laws and Analogy.

IV.—§ 4. General Tendencies.

CHAPTER V SOUNDS

V.—§ 1. From Screaming to Talking.

V.—§ 2. First Sounds.

V.—§ 3. Sound-laws of the Next Stage.

V.—§ 4. Groups of Sounds.

V.—§ 5. Mutilations and Reduplications.

V.—§ 6. Correction.

V.—§ 7. Tone.

CHAPTER VI WORDS

VI.—§ 1. Introductory.

VI.—§ 2. First Period.

VI.—§ 3. Father and Mother.

VI.—§ 4. The Delimitation of Meaning.

VI.—§ 5. Numerals. Time.

VI.—§ 6. Various Difficulties.

VI.—§ 7. Shifters.

VI.—§ 8. Extent of Vocabulary.

VI.—§ 9. Summary.

CHAPTER VII GRAMMAR

VII.—§ 1. Introductory.

VII.—§ 2. Substantives and Adjectives.

VII.—§ 3. Verbs.

VII.—§ 4. Degrees of Consciousness.

VII.—§ 5. Word-formation.

VII.—§ 6. Word-division.

VII.—§ 7. Sentences.

VII.—§ 8. Negation and Question.

VII.—§ 9. Prepositions and Idioms.

CHAPTER VIII SOME FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS

VIII.—§ 1. Why is the Native Language learnt so well?

VIII.—§ 2. Natural Ability and Sex.

VIII.—§ 3. Mother-tongue and Other Tongue.

VIII.—§ 4. Playing at Language.

VIII.—§ 5. Secret Languages.

VIII.—§ 6. Onomatopœia.

VIII.—§ 7. Word-inventions.

VIII.—§ 8. ‘Mamma’ and ‘Papa.’

CHAPTER IX THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHILD ON LINGUISTIC DEVELOPMENT

IX.—§ 1. Conflicting Views.

IX.—§ 2. Meringer. Analogy.

IX.—§ 3. Herzog’s Theory of Sound Changes.

IX.—§ 4. Gradual Shiftings.

IX.—§ 5. Leaps.

IX.—§ 6. Assimilations, etc.

IX.—§ 7. Stump-words.

CHAPTER X THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHILD—continued

X.—§ 1. Confusion of Words.

X.—§ 2. Metanalysis.

X.—§ 3. Shiftings of Meanings.

X.—§ 4. Differentiations.

X.—§ 5. Summary.

X.—§ 6. Indirect Influence.

X.—§ 7. New Languages.

CHAPTER XI THE FOREIGNER

XI.—§ 1. The Substratum Theory.

XI.—§ 2. French u and Spanish h.

XI.—§ 3. Gothonic and Keltic.

XI.—§ 4. Etruscan and Indian Consonants.

XI.—§ 5. Gothonic Sound-shift.

XI.—§ 6. Natural and Specific Changes.

XI.—§ 7. Power of Substratum.

XI.—§ 8. Types of Race-mixture.

XI.—§ 9. Summary.

XI.—§ 10. General Theory of Loan-words.

XI.—§ 11. Classes of Loan-words.

XI.—§ 12. Influence on Grammar.

XI.—§ 13. Translation-loans.

CHAPTER XII PIDGIN AND CONGENERS

XII.—§ 1. Beach-la-Mar.

XII.—§ 2. Grammar.

XII.—§ 3. Sounds.

XII.—§ 4. Pidgin.

XII.—§ 5. Grammar, etc.

XII.—§ 6. General Theory.

XII.—§ 7. Mauritius Creole.

XII.—§ 8. Chinook Jargon.

XII.—§ 9. Chinook continued.

XII.—§ 10. Makeshift Languages.

XII.—§ 11. Romanic Languages.

CHAPTER XIII THE WOMAN

XIII.—§ 1. Women’s Languages.

XIII.—§ 2. Tabu.

XIII.—§ 3. Competing Languages.

XIII.—§ 4. Sanskrit Drama.

XIII.—§ 5. Conservatism.

XIII.—§ 6. Phonetics and Grammar.

XIII.—§ 7. Choice of Words.

XIII.—§ 8. Vocabulary.

XIII.—§ 9. Adverbs.

XIII.—§ 10. Periods.

XIII.—§ 11. General Characteristics.

CHAPTER XIV CAUSES OF CHANGE

XIV.—§ 1. Anatomy.

XIV.—§ 2. Geography.

XIV.—§ 3. National Psychology.

XIV.—§ 4. Speed of Utterance.

XIV.—§ 5. Periods of Rapid Change.

XIV.—§ 6. The Ease Theory.

XIV.—§ 7. Sounds in Connected Speech.

XIV.—§ 8. Extreme Weakenings.

XIV.—§ 9. The Principle of Value.

XIV.—§ 10. Application to Case System, etc.

XIV.—§ 11. Stress Phenomena.

XIV.—§ 12. Non-phonetic Changes.

CHAPTER XV CAUSES OF CHANGE—continued

XV.—§ 1. Emotional Exaggerations.

XV.—§ 2. Euphony.

XV.—§ 3. Organic Influences.

XV.—§ 4. Lapses and Blendings.

XV.—§ 5. Latitude of Correctness.

XV.—§ 6. Equidistant and Convergent Changes.

XV.—§ 7. Homophones.

XV.—§ 8. Significative Sounds preserved.

XV.—§ 9. Divergent Changes and Analogy.

XV.—§ 10. Extension of Sound Laws.

XV.—§ 11. Spreading of Sound Change.

XV.—§ 12. Reaction.

XV.—§ 13. Sound Laws and Etymological Science.

XV.—§ 14. Conclusion.

CHAPTER XVI ETYMOLOGY

XVI.—§ 1. Achievements.

XVI.—§ 2. Doubtful Cases.

XVI.—§ 3. Facts, not Fancies.

XVI.—§ 4. Hope.

XVI.—§ 5. Requirements.

XVI.—§ 6. Blendings.

XVI.—§ 7. Echo-words.

XVI.—§ 8. Some Conjunctions.

XVI.—§ 9. Object of Etymology.

XVI.—§ 10. Reconstruction.

CHAPTER XVII PROGRESS OR DECAY?

XVII.—§ 1. Linguistic Estimation.

XVII.—§ 2. Degeneration?

XVII.—§ 3. Appreciation of Modern Tongues.

XVII.—§ 4. The Scientific Attitude.

XVII.—§ 5. Final Answer.

XVII.—§ 6. Sounds.

XVII.—§ 7. Shortenings.

XVII.—§ 8. Objections. Result.

XVII.—§ 9. Verbal Forms.

XVII.—§ 10. Synthesis and Analysis.

XVII.—§ 11. Verbal Concord.

CHAPTER XVIII PROGRESS

XVIII.—§ 1. Nominal Forms.

XVIII.—§ 2. Irregularities Original.

XVIII.—§ 3. Syntax.

XVIII.—§ 4. Objections.

XVIII.—§ 5. Word Order.

XVIII.—§ 6. Gender.

XVIII.—§ 7. Nominal Concord.

XVIII.—§ 8. The English Genitive.

XVIII.—§ 9. Bantu Concord.

XVIII.—§ 10. Word Order Again.

XVIII.—§ 11. Compromises.

XVIII.—§ 12. Order Beneficial?

XVIII.—§ 13. Word Order and Simplification.

XVIII.—§ 14. Summary.

CHAPTER XIX ORIGIN OF GRAMMATICAL ELEMENTS

XIX.—§ 1. The Old Theory.

XIX.—§ 2. Roots.

XIX.—§ 3. Structure of Chinese.

XIX.—§ 4. History of Chinese.

XIX.—§ 5. Recent Investigations.

XIX.—§ 6. Roots Again.

XIX.—§ 7. The Agglutination Theory.

XIX.—§ 8. Coalescence.

XIX.—§ 9. Flexional Endings.

XIX.—§ 10. Validity of the Theory.

XIX.—§ 11. Irregularity Original.

XIX.—§ 12. Coalescence Theory dropped.

XIX.—§ 13. Secretion.

XIX.—§ 14. Extension of Suffixes.

XIX.—§ 15. Tainting of Suffixes.

XIX.—§ 16. The Classifying Instinct.

XIX.—§ 17. Character of Suffixes.

XIX.—§ 18. Brugmann’s Theory of Gender.

XIX.—§ 19. Final Considerations.

CHAPTER XX SOUND SYMBOLISM

XX.—§ 1. Sound and Sense.

XX.—§ 2. Instinctive Feeling.

XX.—§ 3. Direct Imitation.

XX.—§ 4. Originator of the Sound.

XX.—§ 5. Movement.

XX.—§ 6. Things and Appearances.

XX.—§ 7. States of Mind.

XX.—§ 8. Size and Distance.

XX.—§ 9. Length and Strength of Words and Sounds.

XX.—§ 10. General Considerations.

XX.—§ 11. Importance of Suggestiveness.

XX.—§ 12. Ancient and Modern Times.

CHAPTER XXI THE ORIGIN OF SPEECH

XXI.—§ 1. Introduction.

XXI.—§ 2. Former Theories.

XXI.—§ 3. Method.

XXI.—§ 4. Sounds.

XXI.—§ 5. Grammar.

XXI.—§ 6. Units.

XXI.—§ 7. Irregularities.

XXI.—§ 8. Savage Tribes.

XXI.—§ 9. Law of Development.

XXI.—§ 10. Vocabulary.

XXI.—§ 11. Poetry and Prose.

XXI.—§ 12. Emotional Songs.

XXI.—§ 13. Primitive Singing.

XXI.—§ 14. Approach to Language.

XXI.—§ 15. The Earliest Sentences.

XXI.—§ 16. Conclusion.