Jasper Yeates Brinton, George L. Canfield, George W. Dalzell

The Law of the Sea A manual of the principles of admiralty law for students, mariners, and ship operators

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THE LAW OF THE SEA

EDITORS' PREFACE

AUTHORS' PREFACE

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I MARITIME LAW

1. General Maritime Law.—

2. Sources in United States.—

3. Courts.—

4. Jurisdiction.—

a. The Ship.—

b. The Waters.—

a. The Ship.—

b. The Waters.—

5. Maritime Contracts and Torts.—

6. Personality of Ship.—

7. Limits of Liability.—

8. Equitable Principles.—

9. General Considerations.—

REFERENCES FOR GENERAL READING

CHAPTER II TITLE AND TRANSFER

1. How Title Acquired.—

2. Registration and Regulation.—

3. Shipbuilding Contracts.—

4. Not Within Admiralty Jurisdiction.—

5. Enrollment and Registration.—

6. Ships Entitled to.—

7. Incidents of Enrollment or Registration.—

8. How Obtained.—

9. Recording of American-built Foreign Ships.—

10. Name.—

11. Sale.—

12. Transfer of Flag and Sales to Foreigners.—

13. Admiralty Sales.—

14. Sales by Trustees and Executors.—

15. Sales by Mortgagee.—

16. Sales by Master.—

17. Sale of Ship at Sea.—

18. Appurtenances.—

19. Warranties and Representations.—

REFERENCES FOR GENERAL READING

CHAPTER III OWNERS AND MANAGERS

1. Who May Be.—

2. Part-Owners.—

3. Corporations.—

4. Majority Interest.—

5. Minority Interest.—

6. Suits between Part-Owners.—

7. Authority of Owner.—

8. Obligation of Owner.—

9. Liability of Owner.—

10. Temporary Ownership.—

11. Managing Owner.—

12. Compensation and Lien.—

REFERENCES FOR GENERAL READING

CHAPTER IV THE MASTER

1. Appointment and General Authority.—

2. Personal Liability.—

3. Restriction on Authority.—

4. Rights of Master.—

5. Wages.—

6. Lien.—

7. Relations to Cargo.—

8. Power to Sell or Mortgage Cargo.—

9. Power to Sell Vessel.—

10. Power to Create Liens.—

11. Duties on Disaster.—

12. Log Book and Protests.—

REFERENCES FOR GENERAL READING

CHAPTER V SEAMEN

1. Favored in Maritime Law.—

2. Who Are Seamen?—

3. Contract.—

4. Wages Secured.—

5. Forfeitures and Punishments.—

6. Personal Injuries.—

7. Duties in Disaster.—

8. Offenses of Seamen.—

9. When Entitled to Leave Ship.—

10. Desertion.—

11. Self-defense.—

12. Lien for Wages.—

13. Shipping Articles.—

14. Wages and Effects.—

15. Protection and Relief.—

REFERENCES FOR READING

CHAPTER VI CARRIAGE BY SEA

1. Common and Private Carriers.—

2. Liabilities.—

3. Seaworthiness.—

4. Loading and Stowage.—

5. Wreck or Stranding.—

6. Arrival and Discharge.—

7. Freight and Demurrage.—

8. Unfair Freight Rates.—

9. Passengers.—

10. Reciprocal Duties.—

11. Baggage.—

12. Personal Injuries.—

13. Loss of Life.—

REFERENCES FOR GENERAL READING

CHAPTER VII CONTRACTS OF AFFREIGHTMENT, BILLS OF LADING AND CHARTER PARTIES

1. Definitions.—

2. Seaworthiness.—

3. Deviation.—

4. Perils of the Sea.—

5. Fire.—

6. Restraint of Princes.—

7. Freight.—

(a) Dead Freight.—

(b) When Freight is Earned.—

(a) Dead Freight.—

(b) When Freight is Earned.—

8. Contracts of Affreightment.—

9. Bills of Lading.—

10. Statements in Bills of Lading.—

11. Negotiability of Bills of Lading.—

12. Duration of Carrier's Liability.—

13. Exceptions in Bills of Lading.—

14. Valuation.—

15. Notice of Claim.—

16. Nature and Effect of Charter Party.—

17. Subcharters.—

18. Provisions in Charter Parties.—

(a) Safe Port.—

(b) Insurance.—

(d) Cancellation and Withdrawal.—

(e) The Breakdown Clause.—

(a) Safe Port.—

(b) Insurance.—

(d) Cancellation and Withdrawal.—

(e) The Breakdown Clause.—

19. Lien for Freight and Charter Hire.—

20. Liability for Loss or Damage.—

21. Demurrage and Laydays.—

22. Breach of Charter.—

23. Dissolution of Charter.—

REFERENCES FOR READING

CHAPTER VIII LIABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS

1. Liabilities of Ship.—

2. Liabilities of Owner.—

3. Liabilities of Charterer.—

4. Liabilities of Mortgagee.—

5. Liabilities of Underwriters.—

6. Theories of Limitation.—

7. Contract Limitations.—

8. The Federal Statutes.—

9. "Privity or Knowledge."—

10. Harter Act.—

11. Insurance.—

12. Single Ship Companies.—

REFERENCES FOR GENERAL READING

CHAPTER IX MARITIME LIENS

1. How Created.—

2. Essential Value.—

3. Independent of Notice or Possession.—

4. Secret.—

5. Diligence Required.—

6. Rules of Diligence.—

7. Recording Liens on "Preferred Mortgage" Vessels.—

8. Limited to Movable Things.—

9. Priorities.—

10. Lien for Repairs and Supplies.—

11. Not Sole Remedy.—

12. How Divested.—

13. State Liens.—

14. Builders' and Mechanics' Liens.—

15. Foreign Liens.—

16. Enforcement of Liens.—

REFERENCES FOR GENERAL READING

CHAPTER X MORTGAGES AND BONDS

1. Definitions.—

2. Bottomry Bonds.—

3. Respondentia.—

4. Necessity for Advances.—

5. Mortgages.—

6. Are Mortgages Maritime Contracts?—

7. When Postponed to Other Liens.—

8. Form.—

9. Recording.—

10. Rights of Mortgagee.—

11. Liabilities of Mortgagee.—

12. Transfer and Payment.—

13. Foreclosure.—

REFERENCES FOR GENERAL READING

CHAPTER XI COLLISION

1. Definition.—

2. Liability Dependent on Negligence.—

3. Tests of Negligence.—

4. The Regulations.—

5. Damage to Ship.—

6. Damage to Cargo.—

7. Damage to Crew and Passengers.—

8. Contribution.—

9. Division of Damages.—

10. Lien.—

11. Limitation of Liability.—

12. Remedies.—

13. Evidence.—

REFERENCES FOR GENERAL READING

CHAPTER XII TOWAGE AND PILOTAGE

1. Definition.—

2. Towage Service.—

3. Compensation.—

4. Duty of Tug.—

5. Duty of Tow.—

6. Negligence.—

7. Liability for Damage.—

A. As Between Tug and Tow.—

B. To Third Parties.—

A. As Between Tug and Tow.—

B. To Third Parties.—

8. Pilots.—

9. Duties.—

10. Authority.—

11. Compensation.—

12. Negligence.—

13. Liability of the Ship.—

REFERENCES FOR GENERAL READING

CHAPTER XIII SALVAGE AND GENERAL AVERAGE

1. Definitions.—

2. What May Be Salved.—

3. Salvor's Lien.—

4. Amount of Reward.—

5. Who May Be Salvors.—

6. Distinction Between Towage and Salvage.—

7. Distribution of Salvage Award.—

8. Distribution of Liability for Payment.—

9. Statutory Regulations.—

10. Instances of Salvage Services.—

11. Distinction Between General and Particular Average.—

12. Essential Elements.—

13. Instances of General Average.—

14. The Adjustment.—

CHAPTER XIV CRIMES COMMITTED AT SEA

1. Definition.—

2. Admiralty Criminal Jurisdiction.—

3. Place of Trial.—

4. Offenses Not Consummated on Shipboard.—

5. Penalties and Forfeitures.—

6. Federal Criminal Code.—

7. Concurrent Jurisdictions.—

8. Limitations of Prosecutions.—

9. Piracy.—

10. Barratry.—

11. Failure to Equip with Radio Telegraph.—

12. Failure to Disclose Liens.—

13. Mutiny.—

CHAPTER XV WRECKS AND DERELICTS

1. Definitions.—

2. Wrecks under the Common Law.—

3. Wrecks within Admiralty Jurisdiction.—

4. Liabilities of Owner of Wreck.—

5. Rights of Landowner.—

6. Owner's Rights.—

7. Rights of Government.—

8. Derelicts.—

9. Finders.—

CHAPTER XVI WHARFAGE AND MOORAGE

1. Definition.—

2. Right to Erect.—

3. Duties of Proprietor.—

4. Rights of Proprietor.—

5. Wharfage Compensation.—

6. Lien.—

7. Injuries to Wharves.—

8. Anchorage.—

9. Obstructions to Navigation.—

CHAPTER XVII ADMIRALTY REMEDIES

1. Proceedings in Rem.—

2. When Proceedings in Rem Will Lie.—

3. The Libel.—

4. The Writ or Process.—

5. Owner's Rights.—

6. Default.—

7. Interlocutory Sales.—

8. Intervenors.—

9. Costs and Expenses.—

10. Proceedings in Personam.—

11. Process in Personam.—

12. Proceedings in Limitation of Liability.—

APPENDIX I SUMMARY OF NAVIGATION LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES

I. Ship Registry

General.—

Registry and Nationality.—

Registry and the Flag.—

Registry and Ownership.—

Vessels Entitled to American Registry.—

Forms of Register, Enrollment and License.—

Restrictions as to Coastwise Trade.—

Procedure for Documenting Vessels.—

Bill of Sale Not Required on Original Documentation.—

Surrender and Reissue of Documents.—

General.—

Registry and Nationality.—

Registry and the Flag.—

Registry and Ownership.—

Vessels Entitled to American Registry.—

Forms of Register, Enrollment and License.—

Restrictions as to Coastwise Trade.—

Procedure for Documenting Vessels.—

Bill of Sale Not Required on Original Documentation.—

Surrender and Reissue of Documents.—

II. Recording of Bills of Sale

III. Preferred Mortgages Under Merchant Marine Act

IV. Change of Name

V. Entry and Clearance

VI. Shipping Articles

VII. Licensing and Qualifications of Officers

VIII. Qualifications of Seamen

Age.—

Service and Physical Qualification.—

Lifeboat Men.—

Language.—

Age.—

Service and Physical Qualification.—

Lifeboat Men.—

Language.—

IX. Nationality of Officers and Crew

Officers.—

Crew.—

Officers.—

Crew.—

X. Wages

Advances.—

XI. Watch and Watch and Work-Day

XII. Provisions for Crew

Sleeping Quarters.—

Washing Places.—

Provisions Scale.—

Hospital Accommodations.—

Warm Room and Woolen Clothing.—

Sleeping Quarters.—

Washing Places.—

Provisions Scale.—

Hospital Accommodations.—

Warm Room and Woolen Clothing.—

XIII. Personal Injuries to Seamen and Recoveries for Death

XIV. Offenses by Seamen

Mutiny, Desertion and Disobedience.—

Miscellaneous Offenses.—

Assistance in Case of Collision.—

Mutiny, Desertion and Disobedience.—

Miscellaneous Offenses.—

Assistance in Case of Collision.—

XV. Rules of the Road

XVI. Pilotage

XVII. Length of Hawsers

XVIII. Inspection of Steam Vessels

Barges.—

The Certificate of Inspection.—

Manning of Inspected Vessels.—

Barges.—

The Certificate of Inspection.—

Manning of Inspected Vessels.—

XIX. Register Tonnage

XX. Tonnage Taxes

XXI. Navigation Fees

XXII. Annual List of Merchant Vessels

XXIII. Numbering of Undocumented Motor Boats

XXIV. Administration of Navigation Laws

Commissioner of Navigation.—

Steamboat Inspection Service.—

Shipping Commissioners.—

Commissioner of Navigation.—

Steamboat Inspection Service.—

Shipping Commissioners.—

XXV. The Shipping Board

APPENDIX II THE MERCHANT MARINE ACT OF 1920[34]

Sec. 2.

Sec. 3.

Sec. 4.

Sec. 5.

Sec. 6.

Sec. 7.

Sec. 8.

Sec. 9.

Sec. 10.

Sec. 11.

Sec. 12.

Sec. 13.

Sec. 14.

Sec. 15.

Sec. 16.

Sec. 17.

Sec. 18.

Sec. 19.

Sec. 20.

Sec. 21.

Sec. 22.

Sec. 23.

Sec. 24.

Sec. 25.

Sec. 26.

Sec. 27.

Sec. 28.

Sec. 29.

Sec. 30.

Subsection A.

Subsection B.

Subsection C.

Subsection D.

Subsection E.

Subsection F.

Subsection G.

Subsection H.

Subsection I.

Subsection J.

Subsection K.

Subsection L.

Subsection M.

Subsection N.

Subsection O.

Subsection P.

Subsection Q.

Subsection R.

Subsection S.

Subsection T.

Subsection U.

Subsection V.

Subsection W.

Subsection X.

Subsection A.

Subsection B.

Subsection C.

Subsection D.

Subsection E.

Subsection F.

Subsection G.

Subsection H.

Subsection I.

Subsection J.

Subsection K.

Subsection L.

Subsection M.

Subsection N.

Subsection O.

Subsection P.

Subsection Q.

Subsection R.

Subsection S.

Subsection T.

Subsection U.

Subsection V.

Subsection W.

Subsection X.

Sec. 31.

Sec. 32.

Sec. 33.

Sec. 34.

Sec. 35.

Sec. 36.

Sec. 37.

Sec. 38.

Sec. 39.

APPENDIX III PROTEST

TABLE OF CASES

INDEX

SHIPPING SERIES TRAINING FOR THE STEAMSHIP BUSINESS

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