Are the Effects of Use and Disuse Inherited? An Examination of the View Held by Spencer and Darwin
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ARE THE EFFECTS OF USE AND DISUSE INHERITED?
PREFACE.
CONTENTS.
ARE THE EFFECTS OF USE AND DISUSE INHERITED?
IMPORTANCE AND BEARING OF THE INQUIRY.
FOOTNOTES:
SPENCER'S EXAMPLES AND ARGUMENTS.
DIMINUTION OF THE JAWS IN CIVILIZED RACES.
DIMINISHED BITING MUSCLES OF LAP-DOGS.
CROWDED TEETH.
BLIND CAVE-CRABS.
NO CONCOMITANT VARIATION FROM CONCOMITANT DISUSE.
THE GIRAFFE, AND NECESSITY FOR CONCOMITANT VARIATION.
ALLEGED RUINOUS EFFECTS OF NATURAL SELECTION.
ADVERSE CASE OF NEUTER INSECTS.
ÆSTHETIC FACULTIES.
LACK OF EVIDENCE.
INHERITED EPILEPSY IN GUINEA-PIGS.
INHERITED INSANITY AND NERVOUS DISORDERS.
INDIVIDUAL AND TRANSMISSIBLE TYPE NOT MODIFIED ALIKE BY THE DIRECT EFFECT OF CHANGED HABITS OR CONDITIONS.
FOOTNOTES:
DARWIN'S EXAMPLES.
REDUCED WINGS OF BIRDS OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
DROOPING EARS AND DETERIORATED INSTINCTS.
WINGS AND LEGS OF DUCKS AND FOWLS.
PIGEONS' WINGS.
SHORTENED BREAST-BONE IN PIGEONS.
SHORTENED FEET IN PIGEONS.
SHORTENED LEGS OF RABBITS.
BLIND CAVE-ANIMALS.
INHERITED HABITS.
TAMENESS OF RABBITS.
MODIFICATIONS OBVIOUSLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO SELECTION.
SIMILAR EFFECTS OF NATURAL SELECTION AND USE-INHERITANCE.
INFERIORITY OF SENSES IN EUROPEANS.
SHORT-SIGHT IN WATCHMAKERS AND ENGRAVERS.
LARGER HANDS OF LABOURERS' INFANTS.[49]
THICKENED SOLE IN INFANTS.
A SOURCE OF MENTAL CONFUSION.
WEAKNESS OF USE-INHERITANCE.
FOOTNOTES:
INHERITED INJURIES.
INHERITED MUTILATIONS.
THE MOTMOT'S TAIL.
OTHER INHERITED INJURIES MENTIONED BY DARWIN.
QUASI-INHERITANCE.
FOOTNOTES:
MISCELLANEOUS CONSIDERATIONS.
TRUE RELATION OF PARENTS AND OFFSPRING.
INVERSE INHERITANCE.
EARLY ORIGIN OF THE OVA.
MARKED EFFECTS OF USE AND DISUSE ON THE INDIVIDUAL.
WOULD NATURAL SELECTION FAVOUR USE-INHERITANCE?
USE-INHERITANCE AN EVIL.
VARIED EFFECTS OF USE AND DISUSE.
USE-INHERITANCE IMPLIES PANGENESIS.
PANGENESIS IMPROBABLE.
SPENCER'S EXPLANATION OF USE-INHERITANCE.
FOOTNOTES:
CONCLUSIONS.
USE-INHERITANCE DISCREDITED AS UNNECESSARY, UNPROVEN, AND IMPROBABLE.
MODERN RELIANCE ON USE-INHERITANCE MISPLACED.
FOOTNOTES:
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