A-Level Chemistry
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Description
Contents
Reviews
Language
English
ISBN
9781382017862
Contents
Acknowledgements
Preface
PART 1: THE FOUNDATION
CHAPTER 1: THE ATOM
1.1 Matter
1.2 The atomic theory
1.3 The size of the atom
1.4 The electron
1.5 The atomic nucleus
1.6 The neutron
1.7 The fundamental particles
1.8 Nuclides and isotopes
1.9 Mass spectrometry
1.10 Nuclear reactions
Questions on Chapter 1
CHAPTER 2: THE ATOM - THE ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRONS
2.1 Light from atoms
2.2 Atomic spectra
2.3 Electrons in orbits
2.4 The wave theory of the atom
2.5 Electronic configurations of atoms
2.6 The history of the Periodic Table
2.7 Features of the Periodic Table
2.8 The electronic configurations of the elements
2.9 The repeating pattern of the elements
Concept map: Atomic structure
Questions on Chapter 2
CHAPTER 3: EQUATIONS AND EQUILIBRIA
3.1 Equations, equilibria and calculations - who needs them?
3.2 Formulae
3.3 Equations
3.4 Relative atomic mass
3.5 Relative molecular mass
3.6 The mole
3.7 Molar mass
3.8 Empirical formulae
3.9 Molecular formulae
3.10 Calculations of percentage composition
3.11 Equations for reactions of solids
3.12 Equations for reactions of gases
3.13 Concentration
3.14 Volumetric analysis
3.15 Equations for oxidation-reduction reactions
3.16 Oxidation number
3.17 Oxidation numbers and nomenclature
3.18 Titrimetric analysis, using redox reactions
3.19 Equilibrium
3.20 Chemical equilibria
Concept map: Quantitative chemistry
Questions on Chapter 3
CHAPTER 4: THE CHEMICAL BOND
4.1 Diamond and graphite - the difference lies in the bonds
4.2 Ions
4.3 The ionic bond
4.4 The covalent bond
4.5 Properties of ionic and covalent substances
4.6 Covalent compounds
4.7 The coordinate bond
4.8 Intermolecular forces
Concept map: The chemical bond
Questions on Chapter 4
CHAPTER 5: THE SHAPES OF MOLECULES
5.1 Haemoglobin
5.2 The arrangement in space of covalent bonds
5.3 Shapes of molecules: a molecular orbital treatment
5.4 Delocalised orbitals
Concept map: The shapes of molecules
Questions on Chapter 5
CHAPTER 6: CHEMICAL BONDING AND THE STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS
6.1 Profile: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910-1995)
6.2 X ray diffraction
6.3 The metallic bond
6.4 Ionic structures
6.5 Molecular solids
6.6 Macromolecular structures
6.7 Layer structures
6.8 The structure of metals
6.9 The structure of ionic crystals
6.10 Liquid crystals
Concept map: The structure of solids
Questions on Chapter 6
PART 2: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 7: GASES
7.1 Air bags
7.2 States of matter
7.3 The gas laws
7.4 Avogadro's hypothesis
7.5 The ideal gas equation
7.6 Dalton's Law of partial pressures
7.7 The kinetic theory of gases
7.8 Real gases: non-ideal behaviour
Concept map: Gases
Questions on Chapter 7
CHAPTER 8: LIQUIDS
8.1 An incredible liquid
8.2 The liquid state
8.3 Vaporisation
8.4 Molar mass determination
8.5 Solutions of liquids in liquids
8.6 Partition of a solute between two solvents
8.7 Partition chromatography
Concept map: Liquids
Questions on Chapter 8
CHAPTER 9: SOLUTIONS
9:1 An unusual solvent
9.2 Solutions of solids in liquids
9.3 Recrystallisation
Concept map: Solutions
CHAPTER 10: THEMOCHEMISTRY
10.1 Sources of energy
10.2 Fossil fuels
10.3 Why do reactions happen?
10.4 Forms of energy
10.5 Exothermic and endothermic reactions
10.6 Enthalpy changes
10.7 Standard enthalpy changes
10.8 Methods for finding the standard enthalpy of reaction
10.9 Hess's Law
10.10 Standard enthalpy change for a chemical reaction
10.11 Average standard bond enthalpy
10.12 The Born-Haber cycle
10.13 Lattice enthalpies
10.14 Enthalpy changes involved when ionic compounds dissolve
10.15 Entropy
10.16 Free energy, the deciding factor
10.17 Link with kinetics
Concept map: Thermodynamics
Questions on Chapter 10
CHAPTER 11: EQUILIBRIA
11.1 Fritz Haber
11.2 Reversible reactions
11.3 The equilibrium law
11.4 Position of equilibrium
11.5 The effect of conditions on the position of equilibrium
11.6 Examples of reversible reactions
11.7 Oxidation-reduction equilibria
11.8 Phase equilibrium diagrams
Concept map: Equilibrium
Questions on Chapter 11
CHAPTER 12: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
12.1 Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1867)
12.2 Electrolysis
12.3 Examples of electrolysis
12.4 Explanation of electrolysis
12.5 Applications of electrolysis
Concept map: Electrolysis
12.6 Ionic equilibria
12. 7 Indicators
12.8 Buffer solutions
12.9 Salt hydrolysis
12.10 Complex ions
Concept map: Acid-base equilibria
Questions on Chapter 12
CHAPTER 13: OXIDATION-REDUCTION EQUILIBRIA
13.1 Electrochemical transport
13.2 Electrode potentials
13.3 Redox systems
13.4 Rusting and standard electrode potential
13.5 Electrochemical cells
Concept map: Radox equilibria
Questions on Chapter 13
CHAPTER 14: REACTION KINETICS
14.1 The speeds of chemical reactions
14.2 Factors which affect the speeds of chemical reactions
14.3 The collision theory
14.4 Catalysis
14.5 Homogeneous catalysis
14.6 Heterogeneous catalysis
14.7 Catalytic converters
14.8 Autocatalysis
14.9 Link with thermodynamics
14.10 The study of reaction kinetics
14.11 Average rate
14.12 Methods of finding the rates of chemical reactions
14.13 The results of measurements of reaction rates
14.14 Order of reaction
14.15 Photochemical reactions
14.16 The effect of temperature on reaction rates
14.17 Theories of reaction rates
14.18 Rate-determining step
Concept map: Chemical kinetics
Questions on Chapter 14
PART 3: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 15: PATTERNS OF CHANGE IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
15.1 Primo Levi's Periodic Table
15.2 Physical properties
15.3 Elements of the s block, d block and p block
15.4 The elements of Period 3
15.5 Compounds of Period 3
15.6 Oxides, chlorides and hydrides in the Periodic Table
15.7 Variable oxidation state
Concept map: The Periodic Table
Questions on Chapter 15
CHAPTER 16: GROUP 0: THE NOBLE GASES
16.1 The 'new gas'
16.2 Members of the group
16.3 Compounds of the noble gases
Questions on Chapter 16
CHAPTER 17: HYDROGEN
17.1 Occurrence
17.2 Manufacture and uses
17.3 Laboratory preparation and reactions
17.4 Water
17.5 Fluoridation of water
Questions on Chapter 17
CHAPTER 18: THE s BLOCK METALS: GROUPS 1 AND 2
18.1 Two industries based on salt
18.2 The members of the groups
18.3 Uses
18.4 Occurrence and extraction
18.5 Reactions of Group 1
18.6 Compounds of Group 1
18.7 Lithium
18.8 Reactions of Group 2
18.9 Compounds of Group 2
Concept map: Group 1 and Group 2
Concept map: Group 2
18.10 Extracting metals from their ores
Concept map: Extraction of metals I
Questions on Chapter 18
CHAPTER 19: GROUP 3
19.1 The aluminium problem
19.2 The members of the group
19.3 Aluminium
19.4 Aluminium compounds
Questions on Chapter 19
CHAPTER 20: THE HALOGENS
20.1 DDT: a life-saving compound of chlorine
20.2 The members of the group
20.3 Bond formation
20.4 Oxidising reactions
20.5 Commercial extraction
20.6 Reaction with water
20.7 Reaction with alkalis
20.8 Metal halides
20.9 Non-metal halides
20.10 Summary of Group 7
20.11 Uses of halogens
Concept map: The halogens
Questions on Chapter 20
CHAPTER 21: GROUP 6
21.1 Oxygen - the breath of life
21.2 The members of the group
21.3 Reactions of oxygen and sulphur
21.4 Allotropes of oxygen
21.5 The ozone layer
21.6 Hydrides of oxygen and sulphur
21.7 Oxides
21.8 Sulphur dioxide
21.9 Sulphuric acid
21.10 Acid rain
Questions on Chapter 21
CHAPTER 22: GROUP 5
22.1 Two chemical messengers
22.2 The nitrogen cycle
22.3 The members of the group
22.4 The Haber process
22.5 Ammonia
22.6 Nitric acid
22.7 NPK fertilisers
Questions on Chapter 22
CHAPTER 23: GROUP 4
23.1 Silicon the semiconductor
23.2 A comparative look at Group 4
23.3 Special features of carbon chemistry
23.4 Sources and uses of Group 4 elements
23.5 The compounds of Group 4
23.6 The greenhouse effect
Concept map: Group 4
Questions on Chapter 23
CHAPTER 24: THE TRANSITION METALS
24.1 Metals and civilisation
24.2 The first transition series
24.3 Physical properties of transition metals
24.4 Chemical properties
24.5 Methods of extraction
24.6 Uses of transition metals
24.7 Oxidation states
24.8 Catalysis by transition metals
24.9 Paramagnetism
24.10 Complex compounds
24.11 Transition metals in gemstones
Concept map: Transition metals I
24.12 Oxides and hydroxides of transition metals
24.13 Oxo-ions of transition metals
24.14 Chlorides
24.15 Sulphides
24.16 Complex ions
24.17 Iron
24.18 Copper
24.19 Zinc
Concept map: Transition metals II
Concept map: Extraction of metals III
Questions on Chapter 24
PART 4: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 25: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
25.1 Carbon compounds
25.2 Hydrocarbons
25.3 Isomerism among alkanes
25.4 System of naming hydrocarbons
25.5 Alicyclic hydrocarbons
25.6 Aromatic hydrocarbons
25.7 Functional groups
25.8 Reactions of organic compounds
25.9 Isomerism
Questions on Chapter 25
CHAPTER 26: THE ALKANES
26.1 Methane
26.2 Petroleum oil
26.3 Physical properties
26.4 Reactions of alkanes
26.5 The car
26.6 Catalytic converters
Questions on Chapter 26
CHAPTER 27: ALKENES AND ALKYNES
27.1 Ethene
27.2 Alkenes
27.3 Source of alkenes
27.4 Physical properties of alkenes
27.5 Structural isomerism
27.6 Reactivity of alkenes
27.7 Combustion
27.8 Addition reactions
27.9 Alkynes
27.10 Ethyne
27.11 Photochemical smog
Questions on Chapter 27
CHAPTER 28: AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
28.1 Profile: Kathleen Lonsdale (1903-1974)
28.2 Benzene
28.3 Some more names of aromatic compounds
28.4 Physical properties of benzene
28.5 Sources of benzene
28.6 Reactivity of benzene
28.7 Addition reactions of benzene
28.8 Substitution reactions
28.9 Methylbenzene (toluene)
28.10 Reactions of the ring
28.11 Reactions of the side chain
28.12 The effect of substituent groups on the benzene ring
Questions on Chapter 28
CHAPTER 29: HALOGENOALKANES AND HALOGENOARENES
29.1 Anaesthetics
29.2 Halogenoalkanes
29.3 Physical properties
29.4 Laboratory methods of preparing halogenoalkanes
29.5 Uses ofhalogenoalkanes
29.6 Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs
29.7 Reactions
29.8 Reactivity
29.9 The mechanisms of hydrolysis and elimination reactions of halogenoalkanes
29.10 Halogenoarenes
Concept map: Halogenoalkanes and Halogenoarenes
29.11 Grignard reagents
Questions on Chapter 29
CHAPTER 30: ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS
30.1 Alcoholic drinks
30.2 Alcohols
30.3 Physical properties
30.4 Industrial sources of alcohols
30.5 Uses of ethanol and methanol
30.6 Reactivity of alcohols
30.7 Reactions of alcohols
30.8 Polyhydric alcohols
30.9 Phenols
30.10 Sources of phenol
30.11 Reactions of phenol
30.12 The explosion at Seveso
Concept map : Alcohols and phenols
Concept map: Relationships between alcohols and other series
Questions on Chapter 30
CHAPTER 31: ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
31.1 Poisons, flavours and perfumes
31.2 The functional group
31.3 Nomenclature for aldehydes and ketones
31.4 The carbonyl group
31.5 Some members of the series
31.6 Laboratory preparations
31.7 Reactions of carbonyl compounds
31.8 The mechanisms of the reactions of aldehydes and ketones
31.9 Carbohydrates
Concept map: carbonyl compounds
Questions on Chapter 31
CHAPTER 32: AMINES
32.1 William Perkin and mauve
32.2 Nomenclature for amines
32.3 Natural occurrence
32.4 Physical properties
32.5 Basicity of amines
32.6 Laboratory preparations
32.7 The reactions of amines
32.8 Diazonium compounds
32.9 Quaternary ammonium compounds
Concept map: Amines
Questions on Chapter 32
CHAPTER 33: ORGANIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
33.1 The sulphonamide antibiotics
33.2 The carboxyl group
33.3 Nomenclature for organic acids and their derivatives
33.4 Physical properties of acids and their derivatives
33.5 Reactivity of carboxylic acids
33.6 Laboratory preparations of carboxylic acids
33.7 Vitamin C: ascorbic acid
33.8 Reactions of carboxylic acids
33.9 Derivatives of carboxylic acids
33.10 Acid chlorides
33.11 Acid anhydrides
33.12 Aspirin
33.13 Esters
33.14 Fats and oils: soaps and detergents
33.15 Amides
33.16 Nitriles
33.17 Amino acids and proteins
Concept map: Carboxylic acid derivatives
Questions on Chapter 33
CHAPTER 34: POLYMERS
34.1 Plastics in use
34.2 Long molecules
34.3 Structure and properties
34.4 Addition polymers
34.5 Condensation polymers
34.6 Summary
34.7 Disposal of plastics
Concept map: Polymers
Questions on Chapter 34
CHAPTER 35: IDENTIFYING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
35.1 'Bucky balls'
35.2 Methods of purification
35.3 Identifying the elements present
35.4 Empirical, molecular and structural formulae
35.5 Instrumental methods
35.6 The energy levels of a molecule
35.7 Visible-ultraviolet spectra
35.8 Infrared spectrometry
Concept map: Infrared spectrometry
35.9 Mass spectrometry
Concept map: Mass spectrometry
35.10 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
Concept map: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
Questions on Chapter 35
CHAPTER 36: SOME GENERAL TOPICS
36.1 Drugs which alter behaviour
36.2 Synthetic routes
36.3 What are these reagents used for?
36.4 How would you distinguish between the following pairs of compounds?
36.5 Questions on some topics which span chapters
Questions on Chapter 36
Periodic Table
Basic SI units and derived units
Index of symbols and abbreviations
Answers to numerical problems and selected questions
Appendix: mathematics
Index
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