Migration, Gender and Social Justice: Perspectives on Human Insecurity
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Contents
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Language
English
ISBN
978-3-642-28012-2
Migration, Gender and Social Justice
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I Introduction
1 Migration, Gender, Social Justice, and Human Insecurity
1.1 Context of the Book
1.2 Concepts and Objectives
1.2.1 From International Migration to Transnational Mobility
1.2.2 Gender Equality and Women’s Rights in Migration: Siting the Power of Denial
1.2.3 Gender as a Social Structure and Structuring Process
1.2.4 From Citizenship and Legal Liminality to Acknowledging Multiple Scales of Social Justice
1.2.5 From Human Security as Protection of People on the Move to Critical Studies of Borders and Belonging
1.3 Overview of the Chapters
1.3.1 Social Reproduction, Gender, and Migration: Local-Global Interactions
1.3.2 Women and Internal Migration: Visibility, Rights, and Livelihood Security
1.3.3 Intersectionality in Migration and the Complexity of Gender
1.3.4 Liminal Legality, Citizenship, and Migrant Rights Mobilization
1.3.5 Migration Regimes, Gender Norms, and Public Action
References
Part II Transformation of Social Reproduction Systems and Migration: Local-GlobalInteractions
2 From Breaking the Silence to Breaking the Chain of Social Injustice: Indonesian Women Migrant Domestic Workers in the United Ara
Abstract³
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Framing Domestic Labour from the Perspective of Gender Equality: Context, Issues, and Implications
2.3 The Place of Domestic Work in Indonesian National Law on Labour Migration and the UAE Labour Law
2.3.1 Domestic Work Undefined in Migration Law in Indonesia
2.3.2 Exclusion of the Category of Domestic Worker in the UAE’s Federal Law No. 8 and the Role of the Kafala System
2.4 Recruitment and Placement as a Business: The View from Condet and the Voices of Women Domestic Workers in Abu Dhabi
2.4.1 Field Research Methodology
2.4.2 Condet as a One-stop Service Centre
2.4.3 The Weight of Dysfunctional Law and Policy on Domestic Workers: Voices from the Embassy’s Shelters in Abu Dhabi and Dubai
2.5 Conclusion
References
3 From Temporary Work in Agriculture to Irregular Status in Domestic Service: The Transition and Experiences of Senegalese Migrant
Abstract³
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methodology
3.3 Senegalese migration to the EU and Spain: A Brief History and Institutional Framework
3.4 The Temporary Agricultural Work Scheme: Process and Outcomes
3.5 Becoming a Migrant with Irregular Immigration Status: Senegalese Women in the Domestic Work Sector in Spain
3.6 Working Without Being Visible: A Denial of Existence
3.7 Seeking Access to Social Protection Rights
3.8 Conclusions
References
4 Burmese Female Migrant Workers in Thailand: Managing Productive and Reproductive Responsibilities
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Research Methodology and Context
4.3 Regulation and Control of Migrant Factory Workers in Thailand’s Border Areas
4.3.1 Creating ‘Cheap Labour’ for Thailand’s Export Industries
4.3.2 Restricting Women Migrant Workers’ Mobility
4.4 Gender and the Daily Reproduction of Labour Power
4.5 Gender and Generational Reproduction of Labour Power
4.6 Women Migrant Workers in Mae Sot’s Export Factories: Negotiating Political, Economic, and Gendered Constraints
4.7 Conclusion
References
5 Transnational Marriage Migration and the East Asian Family-Based Welfare Model: Social Reproduction in Vietnam, Taiwan, and South Korea
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Viewing Commercially Arranged Transnational Marriages from the Perspective of Social Reproduction
5.2.1 Defining Transnational Marriages
5.2.2 Social Reproduction and the Reproductive Bargain: A Perspective on Transnational Marriages
5.3 Different Places, Different Social Reproduction Crisis
5.3.1 The East Asian Family-Based Welfare Regime and Transnational Marriages: Deterioration of the Confucian Family?
5.3.2 Social Reproduction Crisis in Vietnam: A Focus on the Rural Sector
5.4 Market Response: Arranging Marriages, Earning Profits, and Constructing ‘Modernity’
5.5 Reproductive Bargaining in the Host Societies: Social Positioning, Self-Consciousness, and Dignity
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 Masculinity at Work: Intersectionality and Identity Constructions of Migrant Domestic Workers in the Netherlands
Abstract³
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Hegemonic Gender Identities – Concept and Context
6.3 Domestic Work and the Production of Migrant Identities
6.4 Contextualising Migrant Domestic Workers’ Experiences in the Netherlands
6.5 Research Methodology
6.6 Balancing Migrant Domestic Work with Gender Identity
6.7 Domestic Work at the Intersection of Class, Race, and Gender
6.8 Conclusion
References
Part III The State and Female Internal Migration: Rights and Livelihood Security
7 Traversing Myriad Trails: Tracking Gender and Labour Migration across India
Abstract³
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Gender, Migration, and Development Paradigms: Interrogating the Database
7.3 Gendering the Macro-view on Labour Migration in India
7.4 CWDS Gender and Migration Surveys: Constructing a Mesolevel View
7.5 Of Temporary and Permanent Migration: Developing a Typology
7.6 Types of Migration and Caste Hierarchies
7.7 Patterns of Change in Women’s Occupations through Migration: Diversification or Concentration?
7.8 Of Contractors and Independence: Modes and Manner of Migration.
7.9 Concluding Remarks
References
8 From ‘Integration into Cities’ to ‘An Integrated Society’: Women Migrants’ Needs and Rights in Fujian Province, China
Abstract²
8.1 Introduction: Studying Migrants’ Differentiated Needs
8.2 Progress in Migrants’ Rights Protection in China within the Current Urban-Centred and Residence-Based Approach
8.3 Women Migrants’ Rights and Aspects of Gender Differences
8.3.1 Fujian and Fuzhou Surveys and Subsequent In-depth Interviews: Research Design
8.3.2 Low Educational Attainment and Unequal Access to Educational Opportunities
8.3.3 Vulnerability in Employment and Income
8.3.3.1 Insecurity and Instability in Employment
8.3.3.2 Segmented Nature of Employment, Little Upward Occupational Mobility, and Age Discrimination
8.3.3.3 Insignificant Roles of Governments and Intermediaries in Providing Employment Information and Training
8.3.3.4 Employers’ Domination in Determining the Migrant Pay and Gender Gap in Income
8.3.3.5 Excessive Overtime
8.3.4 Low Social Insurance Coverage and Unequal Access to Urban Public Services
8.3.4.1 Very Low Proportion of Female Migrants Covered by Various Social Insurance Programmes
8.3.4.2 Migrants’ Unequal Access to Urban Public Services: Housing and Children’s Education
8.3.4.3 Lack of Awareness and Channels for Rights Protection
8.4 Female Migrants’ Complex and Diverse Migration Flows: Limits of the Urban-Centred and Residence-Based Approach
8.4.1 The Mobility Patterns of Women Migrants: Beyond the Conceptualization of a Rural-Urban One-Way Transition
8.4.2 Reassessing the Needs of Female Migrants for Rights Protection: Current Inadequacies
8.5 Policy Suggestions: Seeking New Approaches for the Protection of the Rights of Female Migrants
8.5.1 From ‘Urban Integration’ to ‘SocietalIntegration’: Extending Temporal and Spatial Coverage of the Protection of the Rights of Female Migrants and Respecting their Diverse Needs
8.5.2 Upgrading the Efforts in Addressing the Rights of Migrants: Shifting From a ‘Survival-Oriented’ to a ‘DevelopmentOriented’ Appro
8.5.3 Developing a Clear Legal and Institutional Framework that Defines the Rights of Migrants and Obligations of Governments: Towards
References
9 Migration, Woodcarving, and Engendered Identities in San Martín Tilcajete, Oaxaca, Mexico
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Human Security and Social Justice
9.3 Research Position: Social Representations Theory and Feminist Critical Ethnography
9.3.1 Social Representations Theory
9.3.2 SRT and Critical Feminist Ethnography
9.4 Migration, Gender, and Woodcarving in San Martín Tilcajete
9.4.1 Setting the scene: San Martín Tilcajete
9.4.2 Migration in San Martín Tilcajete
9.4.3 Male Migration in San Martín Tilcajete
9.4.4 Woodcarving in San Martín Tilcajete
9.5 Women and Migration in San Martín Tilcajete
9.5.1 Female Migration in Tilcajete
9.5.2 Case Study Examples: The Women Who Stay Behind
9.5.2.1 Case of Adriana [DAD, R, 18–25] and Erika [DAE, R, 40–45]
9.5.2.2 Case of Cristina [all citations are from DTC, R, 30–35]
9.5.3 Summarized Findings of the Study: List of Implications and Costs
9.6 Concluding Remarks
References
10 Strategic Invisibility as Everyday Politics for a Life with Dignity: Guatemalan Women Migrants’ Experiences of Insecurity at Mex
Abstract³
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Contextualizing Migration at Mexico’s Southern Border
10.3 Stories of Guatemalan Women Migrating to Mexico
10.4 Understanding Strategic In/ visibility
10.5 Reflection on In/visibility as a Form of Everyday Politics
10.6 Conclusions
References
Part IV Complexity of Gender: Embodiment and Intersectionality
11 Masculinities and Intersectionality in Migration: Transnational Wolof Migrants Negotiating Manhood and Gendered Family Roles
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Framing Migrant Men: Transnational Families, Intersectionality, and Hegemonic Masculinity
11.3 ‘Breadwinning’ and Other Markers of Manhood for Senegalese Migrants within their Transnational Families
11.4 Challenges to Manhood and Emerging Masculinities in the Transnational Family Sphere
11.5 Conclusion
References
12 Intersectionality, Structural Vulnerability, and Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health Services: Filipina Domestic Workers in Hong Kong, Singapore and Qatar
12 Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Understanding SRH from the Perspective of Intersectionality and Structural Vulnerability
12.3 Power, Transience, and the Structural Vulnerability of Domestic Workers to SRH Problems
12.3.1 Regulating Domestic Work in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Qatar: Implications for Workers’ SRH
12.4 Individual SRH Problems and Intersecting Power Relations
12.5 Conclusion
References
13 Sub-Saharan Migrants’ Masculinities: An Intersectional Analysis of Media Representations during the Libyan War 2011
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Understanding Masculinities Through the Lens of Intersectionality
13.3 The Production of Vulnerabilities and Instrumentalization of Migrants in Libyan Regulatory Migration Regimes
13.4 Symbolic Violence and Media Representations of the Libyan Conflict
13.5 Visibilizing the Role of Media in the Creation of Human Insecurity: Information on the Libyan War 2011
13.6 Conclusion
References
14 Complexity of Gender and Age in Precarious Lives: Malian Men, Women, and Girls in Communities of Blind Beggars in Senegal
Abstract³
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Contextualizing the Migration of Men, Women, and Children in Senegal and Mali
14.3 Circular Migrations for Begging
14.3.1 Research Methodology
14.3.2 Multiple Conditions of Disability and Migration for Begging as a Livelihood
14.3.3 Gender and Age in Guiding and Living Conditions
14.4 Legal and Policy Responses: The Exclusion of Young Migrant Malian Guides of Beggars
14.5 Conclusion
Appendix: Legal and Institutional Frameworks to Combat Child Trafficking relevant to Mali and Senegal
References
Part V Liminal Legality, Citizenship and Migrant Rights Mobilization
15 Migrants’ Citizenship and Rights: Limits and Potential for NGOs’ Advocacy in Chile
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Citizenship in a Globalized World
15.2.1 The Restrictiveness of Citizens’ Inclusion
15.2.2 Rights and Social Justice Beyond Formal Citizenship
15.2.3 Clashes between Different Regulatory Regimes
15.2.4 Civic capacity to hold states accountable
Civic Actors as Translators
15.3 Migrant NGOs in Chile: From Service Providers to Potential Advocates
15.4 Chilean NGOs’ Possibilities for Agency
15.5 Conclusions
References
16 Diminished Civil Citizenship of Female Migrant Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The Conflicts That Domestic Workers Face
16.3 Data and Research Methods
16.4 Literature on Migrant Domestic Work
16.5 The Two Legal Systems
16.5.1 The Emirates
16.5.2 Saudi Arabia
16.6 Access to Justice by Domestic Workers
16.6.1 Khulwa
16.6.2 Women and their Mahram
16.6.2 Sponsorship System
16.7 Civil Citizenship of Domestic Workers
16.8 Citizenship and Saudi and Emirati Employers
16.9 Connections Between Social and Civil Citizenship
16.10 Conclusions
References
17 The Right to Education for Migrant Children in Thailand: Liminal Legality and the Educational Experience of Migrant Children in
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Methods and Scope of Study
17.3 Thai Policy on Labour Migration
17.3.1 Administration of Thai Labour Migration Policy
17.3.2 Thai Policy on Migrant Children
17.3.3 Migrant Labour in Samut Sakhon Province
17.4 Liminal Legal Status
17.4.1 Liminal Legality and Migrant Children’s Access to Education
17.4.2 Migrant Children’s Education in Samut Sakhon
17.4.3 Tracking Differences and Commonality
17.4.4 Impact of ‘Liminal Legality’ on the Experience of Migrant Children in the Thai Education System
17.5 Conclusion
References
18 Challenges of Recognition, Participation, and Representation for the Legally Liminal: A Comment
Abstract
18.1 Comment on Chapter 17 by Petchot 1
18.2 Comment on Chapter 16 by De Vlieger
18.3 Comment on Chapter 15 by Mora and Handmaker
18.4 Factors facilitating or precluding migrants’ mobilization
18.5 Racialization and Stigmatization of Migrants in Popular Imaginations
18.6 Concerns about Migrant Children's Education and Migrants' Liminal Legality
18.7 Migrants’ de Facto and Formal Statelessness
18.8 The Case of Refugees from El Salvador and the US ‘Deferred Action’ Programme
18.9 Concluding Remark
References
Part VI Migration Regimes, Gender Norms, and Public Action
19 Gender, Masculinity, and Safety in the Changing Lao-Thai Migration Landscape
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Methodology and Data
19.3 Masculinities and Migration
19.4 Gendered Continuity and Change in the Migration Landscape
19.5 The Emergence of a Lao Migration Regime
19.6 Employment Agencies and the Changing Political Economy of Migration
19.7 Uncovering Gender in Migration through Lao Employment Agencies
19.7.1 Gender and the Construction of Legitimate Migrant Labour
19.7.2 Gender and Generation in Entering Migration through Employment Agencies
19.8 Masculinity and the Limitations of Male Privilege
19.9 Conclusion
References
20 Public Social Science at Work: Contesting Hostility Towards Nicaraguan Migrants in Costa Rica
Abstract²
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Nicaraguan Migrants as ‘Threatening Others’ in the Costa Rican Social Imaginary
20.3 Understanding and Countering the Legality that Produces Irregularity – Analytical, Normative, and ‘Translation’ Research
20.4 Social Imaginaries around Immigration –The Absence of Recognition of Interdependence
20.5 Seeking Cosmopolitanism-frombelow
20.6 Conclusions
References
Part VII Conclusion
21 ‘Women in Motion’ in a World of Nation-States, Market Forces, and Gender Power Relations
Abstract
21.1 Themes
21.2 Migration is Major and Normal but is Treated as Exceptional and Ethically Aberrant
21.3 Global Interconnectedness and Global Economic Forces
21.4 The Attempted Maintenance of Nation-State Projects Through Migration Regimes of ‘Temporary’ and ‘Irregular’ Workers
21.5 Who Counts? National Versus Market Versus Humanist Frames
21.6 A Human Development and Human Security Perspective
21.7 A Gender-enriched Human Security Perspective
21.8 Invisibility and Re-Cognition of Women’s Migration: Promoting Human Rights and Security
21.9 Next Steps
References
Abbreviations
Biographies of Contributors
Index
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