Faecal Sludge Management
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Description
Contents
Reviews
Language
English
ISBN
9781780404721
Cover
Contents
Chapter 1: The Global Situation
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 WHAT IS FAECAL SLUDGE?
1.3 GLOBAL RELEVANCE
1.4 BOOK OBJECTIVE
1.5 DESIGNING FOR FAECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT TREATMENT ENDUSE
1.5.1 Systems approach
Chapter 2 Quantifi cation, Characterisation and Treatment Objectives
Chapter 3 Treatment Mechanisms
Chapter 4 Methods and Means for Collection and Transport
Chapter 5 Overview of Treatment Technologies
Chapter 6 Settling-Thickening Tanks
Chapter 7 Unplanted Drying Beds
Chapter 8 Planted Drying Beds
Chapter 9 Co-treatment with Wastewater
Chapter 10 Enduse of Treatment Products
Chapter 11 Operation, Maintenance and Monitoring
Chapter 12 Institutional Frameworks
Chapter 13 Financial Transfers and Responsibilities
Chapter 14 Assessment of the Initial Situation
Chapter 15 Stakeholder Analysis
Chapter 16 Stakeholder Engagement
Chapter 17 Planning Integrated Systems
Chapter 18 The Way Forward
Available Resources
Community-Led Urban Environmental Sanitation (CLUES), EAWAG/WSSCC/UN-Habitat
Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies
How to Design Wastewater Systems for Local Conditions in Developing Countries (RTI/IWA)
Expanding your knowledge in a course
1.6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 2:
Faecal Sludge Quantifi cation, Characterisation and Treatment Objectives
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 QUANTIFICATION OF FAECAL SLUDGE
2.2.1 Sludge production method
2.2.2 Sludge collection method
2.3 CHARACTERISATION OF FAECAL SLUDGE
2.4 OPERATIONAL FACTORS THAT IMPACT THE VARIABILITY OF FAECAL SLUDGE
2.4.1 Toilet usage
2.4.2 Storage duration
2.4.3 Infl ow and infi ltration
2.4.4 Collection method
2.4.5 Climate
2.5 TREATMENT TARGETS
2.6 TREATMENT OBJECTIVES
2.6.1 Dewatering
2.6.2 Pathogens
2.6.3 Nutrients
2.6.4 Stabilisation
2.7 TREATMENT CONCERNS
2.8 SAMPLING PROCEDURES AND PROGRAMMES
2.9 PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
2.9.1 Nutrients
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
2.9.2 pH
2.9.3 Total solids
2.9.4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand
2.9.5 Oil and grease
2.9.6 Grit and sand
2.9.7 Municipal solid waste
2.10 PATHOGENS IN FAECAL SLUDGE
2.10.1 The use of indicators
2.10.2 Coliform bacteria
Helminths
Viruses
2.11 CONCLUSION
2.12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Additional Reading Material
Chapter 3: Treatment Mechanisms
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 PHYSICAL MECHANISMS
3.2.1 Gravity separation
3.2.2 Filtration
3.2.3 Evaporation and evapotranspiration
3.2.4 Centrifugation
3.2.5 Heat drying
3.2.6 Screening
3.3 BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS
3.3.1 Metabolism
3.3.2 Temperature
3.3.3 Types of microorganisms
3.3.4 Aerobic treatment
3.3.5 Composting
3.3.6 Anaerobic treatment
3.3.7 Nitrogen cycling
Nitrification
Denitrification
Phosphorus cycling
3.3.8 Pathogen reduction
Temperature
Time
Sorption
Desiccation
UV
pH
3.4 CHEMICAL MECHANISMS
3.4.1 Alkaline stabilisation
3.4.2 Ammonia treatment
3.4.3 Coagulation and fl occulation
3.4.4 Conditioning
3.4.5 Disinfection of liquid effl uents
3.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 4: Methods and Means for Collection and Transport of Faecal Sludge
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 TYPICAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
4.2.1 Interfacing with clients
4.2.2 Locating the system to be emptied
4.2.3 Determining accessibility
Width of the road
Access to the site
Location of the site
4.2.4 Tools of the trade
4.3 PROPERTIES OF FAECAL SLUDGE IN RELATION TO COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT
4.4 MANUAL COLLECTION
4.4.1 Cartridge containment devices
4.4.2 Direct lift
4.5 MANUALLY OPERATED MECHANICAL COLLECTION
4.5.1 Sludge Gulper
4.5.2 Manually operated diaphragm pumps
4.5.3 Nibbler
4.5.4 MAPET
4.5.5 Comparison of equipment
4.6 FULLY MECHANISED COLLECTION
4.6.1 Motorised diaphragm pumps
4.6.2 Trash pump
4.6.3 Motorised pit screw auger
4.6.4 Gobbler
4.6.5 Vehicle-mounted vacuum equipment
Conventional vacuum trucks
BREVAC
Vacutug
4.6.6 Delivering vehicle-mounted vacuum services
4.6.7 Summary of fully mechanised systems
4.7 TRANSPORT OF FAECAL SLUDGE
4.7.1 Manual transport
4.7.2 Motorised transport
4.7.3 Delivering faecal sludge to the treatment plant or transfer station
4.8 TRANSFER STATIONS
4.8.1 Introduction
4.8.2 Types of transfer stations
Fixed transfer stations
Mobile transfer stations
4.8.3 Siting of transfer stations
Optimising coverage
Land availability
Acceptance
Access
4.9 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
4.9.1 Physical hazards
4.9.2 Chemical hazards
4.9.3 Biological hazards
4.9.4 Other hazards
4.9.5 Mitigating risks
4.10 CONCLUSION
4.11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Additional Reading Material
Chapter 5:
Overview of Treatment Technologies
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
5.3 ESTABLISHED FAECAL SLUDGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
5.3.1 Co-composting of faecal sludge
Potential advantages and constraints of co-composting
5.3.2 Co-treatment in waste stabilisation ponds
Potential advantages and constraints of waste stabilisation ponds
5.3.3 Deep row entrenchment
Potential advantages and constraints of deep row entrenchment
5.4 TRANSFERRED SLUDGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
5.4.1 Anaerobic digestion
Experience with faecal sludge
Potential advantages and constraints of anaerobic digestion for faecal sludge management
5.4.2 Imhoff tank
Potential advantages and constraints of Imhoff tanks
5.4.3 Sludge incineration
Potential advantages and constraints of sludge incineration
5.4.4 Mechanical sludge treatment
Potential advantages and constraints of mechanical sludge treatment
5.4.5 Lime addition
Potential advantages and constraints of lime treatment
5.5 INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR FAECAL SLUDGE TREATMENT
5.5.1 Vermicomposting
Potential advantages and constraints of vermicomposting
5.5.2 Black Soldier flies
Potential advantages and constraints of Black Soldier fl ies
5.5.3 Ammonia treatment
Potential advantages and constraints of ammonia treatment
5.5.4 Thermal drying and pelletising
Potential advantages and constraints of thermal drying
Potential advantages and constraints of sludge drying and pelletising
5.5.5 Solar drying
Potential advantages and constraints of solar drying
5.6 SELECTING TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
5.7 CONCLUSIONS
5.8 BIBILOGRAPHY
Chapter 6: Settling-Thickening Tanks
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS
6.2.1 Settling
6.2.2 Thickening
6.2.3 Flotation
6.2.4 Anaerobic digestion
6.2.5 Solids-liquid zones
6.3 DESIGN OF SETTLING-THICKENING TANKS
6.3.1 Laboratory tests and faecal sludge characteristics infl uencing the design
6.3.2 Tank surface and length
6.3.3 Tank volume
6.3.4 Inlet and outlet configuration
6.4 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SETTLING-THICKENING TANKS
6.4.1 Sludge and scum removal
6.4.2 Start-up period and seasonal variations
6.5 PERFORMANCE OF SETTLING-THICKENING TANKS
6.5.1 Solids-liquid separation
6.5.2 Treatment performance
6.6 ADVANTAGES AND CONSTRAINTS OF SETTLING-THICKENING TANKS
6.7 DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR A SETTLING-THICKENING TANK
6.7.1 Initial situation
6.7.2 Assumptions and design decisions
6.7.3 Design calculations
Thickening zone volume
Tank configuration
Zone depth
6.7.4 Mass fl ow analysis of faecal sludge treatment
6.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 7: Unplanted Drying Beds
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 TREATMENT PRINCIPLE
7.3 UNPLANTED SLUDGE DRYING BED DESIGN PARAMETERS
7.3.1 Climate factors
7.3.2 Type of faecal sludge
7.3.3 Sludge loading rate
7.3.4 Thickness of the sludge layer
7.3.5 Number of beds
7.3.6 Summary of design parameters
7.4 CONSTRUCTION OF AN UNPLANTED SLUDGE DRYING BED
7.4.1 Gravel and sand
7.4.2 Sludge removal
7.5 QUALITY OF DRIED SLUDGE AND LEACHATE
7.6 DESIGN EXAMPLE
7.6.1 Example 1: Known drying time (two weeks per bed at a loading depth of 20 cm)
7.6.2 Example 2: Design for settled sludge under good climate conditions
7.7 INNOVATIONS AND ADAPTATIONS IN SLUDGE DRYING BEDS
7.7.1 Piping systems
7.7.2 Greenhouses
7.7.3 Wedge wire
7.7.4 Additives to the sludge to enhance drying
7.8 CONCLUSIONS
7.9 REFERENCES
Chapter 8:
Planted Drying Beds
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 MACROPHYTES
8.3 TREATMENT MECHANISMS
8.3.1 Infiltration (percolation)
8.3.2 Evapotranspiration
8.3.3 Stabilisation/mineralisation
8.3.4 Oxygen transfer
8.4 PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
8.4.1 Dewatering
8.4.2 Nutrient removal
8.4.3 Fate of heavy metals
8.4.4 Pathogen removal
8.4.5 Other considerations
8.5 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
8.6 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
8.6.1 Commissioning/start-up
8.6.2 Loading rates and sludge accumulation
8.6.3 Feeding frequency and resting phase
8.6.4 Plant harvesting and regrowth
8.6.5 Bed emptying
8.6.6 Leachate
8.6.7 Factors affecting performance
8.7 COSTS AND BENEFITS
8.8 EXAMPLE PROBLEM
8.8.1 Practice question
8.9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
8.10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9: Co-treatment of Faecal Sludge in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 FAECAL SLUDGE BIODEGRADABILITY AND FRACTIONATION
9.2.1 Characterisation ratios
9.2.2 Biodegradability and fractionation
9.2.3 Faecal sludge strength
9.3 CO-TREATMENT IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS
9.3.1 Influence on removal effi ciencies and effluent quality
9.3.2 Effects on oxygen demand
9.3.3 Impact on sludge generation
9.3.4 Impact on aeration requirements
9.3.5 Impact on secondary settling tanks
9.3.6 Effects of the dynamic discharge of faecal sludge
9.4 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CO-TREATMENT OF FAECAL SLUDGE IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS
9.5 ANAEROBIC CO-TREATMENT OF FAECAL SLUDGE
9.5.1 COD overloading
UASB
Anaerobic digesters
Ponds
9.5.2 Ammonia inhibition
9.5.3 pH variations
9.5.4 Sulphide inhibition
9.6 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CO-TREATMENT OF FAECAL SLUDGE IN ANAEROBIC SYSTEMS
9.7 CONCLUSIONS
9.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 10: Enduse of Treatment Products
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 RESOURCE RECOVERY OPTIONS
10.3 GENERAL CONCERNS
10.3.1 Pathogens
10.3.2 Heavy metals
10.3.3 Social factors
10.4 USE OF FAECAL SLUDGE AS A SOIL CONDITIONER
10.4.1 Nutrient content
10.4.2 Untreated faecal sludge
Deep row entrenchment
Land application
10.4.3 Treated faecal sludge in land application
Sludge from drying beds
Co-composting
Vermicomposting
Pellets
10.5 USE OF LIQUID STREAMS
10.5.1 Untreated liquid faecal sludge in irrigation
10.5.2 Treated effluent enduse and disposal
10.6 ADDITIONALFORMS OF RESOURCE RECOVERY
10.6.1 Protein
10.6.2 Fodder and plants
10.6.3 Fish and plants
10.6.4 Building materials
10.6.5 Biofuels
Biogas
Incineration/co-combustion
Pyrolysis/gasifi cation
Biodiesel
10.7 GRIT SCREENINGS
10.13 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 11: Operation, Maintenance and Monitoring of Faecal Sludge
Treatment Plant
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 INTEGRATING O&M INTO THE FAECAL SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT PLANNING PROCESS
11.2.1 Location of the faecal sludge treatment plant
11.2.2 Volumes and schedules of faecal sludge delivery
11.2.3 Availability of local resources
11.2.4 Degree of mechanisation of technologies
11.2.5 Final enduse or disposal of treatment products
11.3 RECEIVING FAECAL SLUDGE AT THE TREATMENT PLANT
11.3.1 Traffic
control
11.3.2 Approving faecal sludge for discharge
11.4 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE PLANS
11.4.1 Operational procedures
11.4.2 Maintenance procedures
11.5 ASSET MANAGEMENT
11.6 MONITORING
11.6.1 Monitoring of physical-chemical and microbiological parameters
11.6.2 Analysis manual
11.7 RECORDKEEPING
11.7.1 Operator’s log book
11.7.2 Reception monitoring reports
11.7.3 Treatment unit operation sheets
11.7.4 Interpretation and communication of technical data
11.8 PLANT SECURITY AND SAFETY
11.8.1 Health and safety
11.8.2 Personal protective equipment
11.8.3 Infection control
11.8.4 Emergency contact procedures
11.8.5 Protection against falling and drowning hazards
11.8.6 Confined spaces
11.8.7 Electrical safety
11.9 ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
11.9.1 Financial procedures
11.9.2 Human resource management
11.9.3 Staffing, roles and responsibilities
Plant superintendent
Plant engineer
Plant operator
Plant maintenance technician
11.10 COORDINATION
11.11 STARTUP PERIOD
11.12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12: Institutional Frameworks for Faecal Sludge Management
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 SUCCESS FACTORS
12.3 ENABLING REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
12.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
12.4.1 Overview of the service chain organisation
12.4.2 Role distribution among the stakeholders
12.4.3 Institutional arrangements for colection and transport
12.4.4 Institutional arrangements for treatment of faecal sludge
12.4.5 Institutional arrangements for enduse and disposal
12.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 13: Financial Transfers and Responsibility in Faecal Sludge Management Chains
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 FINANCIAL MODELS
13.2.1 Stakeholders involved in financial transfers
13.2.2 Financial transfers
13.3 FINANCIAL FLOW MODELS
13.4 FINANCIAL PERSPECTIVE OF A COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT ENTERPRISE
13.4.1 Future perspectives
13.4.2 Case study example
13.4.3 Problem information
13.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 14:
Assessment of the Initial Situation
14.1
INTRODUCTION
14.2
TOOLS AND METHODS FOR DATA COLLECTION
14.2.1
Literature review
14.2.2
Semi-structured interviews
14.2.3
Household-level surveys
14.2.4
Qualitative field observations
14.2.5
Mapping
14.2.6
Laboratory analyses
14.2.7
Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis
14.3
DATA TO BE COLLECTED
14.3.1
General context
14.3.2
Sanitation sector
14.3.3
Profile of manual and mechanical service providers
14.3.4
Practices at household level
14.3.5
Legal and regulatory framework
14.3.6
Estimation of design parameters
14.3.7
Climatic data
14.3.8
Spatial data and city structure
14.3.9
Enduse practices and market studies
14.4
CHARACTERISATION, EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF TREATMENT SITES
14.4.1
Identification of treatment sites
14.4.2
Characterisation and evaluation criteria
14.4.3
Number of sites
14.4.4
Sludge from manual emptying
14.5
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 15:
Stakeholder Analysis
15.1
INTRODUCTION
15.2 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS: WHY AND HOW
15.3
IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS
15.3.1
Faecal sludge management stakeholders
15.3.2
Differences between large and medium-sized cities
15.4 CHARACTERISATION OF STAKEHOLDERS
15.4.1
Information to be collected
15.4.2
Influence and interest
15.4.3
Selection criteria for key stakeholders
15.4.4
Amalgamation of FSM stakeholders' main characteristics and involvement needs
15.4.5
Practical problems faced by faecal sludge management stakeholders
15.5
IN PRACTICE: ITERATIVE SELECTION OF KEY STAKEHOLDERS
15.5.1
STEP1: Identification and preliminary characterisation of the stakeholders
15.5.2
STEP 2: Characterisation and selection of the key stakeholders
15.5.3
STEP 3: Reassessment of the key stakeholders according to the validated options
15.5.4
STEP 4: Reassessment according to the Action Plan
15.5.5
STEP 5: Reassessment before the inauguration of the faecal sludge management plant
15.6
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 16:
Stakeholder Engagement
16.1 INTRODUCTION
16.2
THE IMPORTANCE OF ENGAGING STAKEHOLDERS
16.3
PARTICIPATION LEVELS
16.3.1
From information to delegation
16.3.2
Determination of the participation levels based on the stakeholder analysis
16.3.3
The stakeholder participation matrix
16.4 INVOLVEMENT TOOLS
16.4.1 List of involvement tools
16.4.2
Determining the most appropriate involvement tools
16.5
MILESTONES AND CROSS-CUTTING TASKS
16.5.1
Main milestones in the participatory process
16.5.2
Raising awareness
16.5.3
Training and capacity building
16.6
DISTRIBUTING AND FORMALISING ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
16.6.1
Formalisation documents
16.6.2
Diagram of relationships
16.7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 17:
Planning Integrated Faecal Sludge Management Systems
17.1
INTRODUCTION
17.2 NEED FOR AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
17.2.1
Understanding and working towards an enabling environment
17.2.2
The importance of a participatory approach
17.3
PROPOSAL OF A PLANNING APPROACH AND LOGICAL FRAMEWORK
17.3.1
Exploratory and preliminary studies
17.3.2
Feasibility study
17.3.3
Detailed project development-Action Planning
17.3.4
Implementation
17.3.5
Monitoring and evaluation
17.4
SELECTING CONTEXT-APPROPRIATE TECHNICAL OPTIONS
17.4.1
Combination of services
17.4.2
Criteria for selection of treatment options
17.4.3
Elimination-based approach
17.4.4
Sanitation system proposal
17.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 18: The Way Forward
18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.1.1 Acknowledging the importance of FSM
18.1.2 Setting up frameworks and responsibilities
18.1.3 Increasing knowledge dissemination and capacity development
18.1.4 Creating sustainable business models and fee structures
18.1.5 Implementingintegrated planning methodologies
18.1.6 Developing appropriate technologies
18.2 CHARACTERISATION OF FAECAL SLUDGE
18.3 COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT
18.4 SEMI-CENTRALISED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
18.5 ONSITE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
18.6 RESOURCE RECOVERY
18.7 FINAL REMARKS
18.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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