Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa: Where do we Stand?
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Contents
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Language
English
ISBN
9781780405414
Cover
Contents
Foreword
Overview
Chapter 1:
AfricaSan: From conference to movement1
1.1 LOOKING BACK
1.1.1 Where did the idea of AfricaSan come from?
1.1.2 What was the vision of the first AfricaSan meeting?
1.1.3 Regional expansion
1.1.4 Who has led the SANs?
1.1.5 Civil society engagement
1.1.6 What have been the SAN meeting products?
1.1.7 AfricaSan’s distinctive approaches
1.2 LOOKING FORWARD
1.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF AFRICASAN
1. Importance of country preparatory work and post conference follow up
2. A strong, accountable regional body with a specific interest in sanitation is needed
to undertake follow-up and preparation between meetings
3. Making political commitments measurable and extending commitments
to different stakeholder groups
4. Improving governance
5. SAN technical meeting agendas need balanced designs and more evidence-based dialogue
6. Sanitation development trajectories and sanitation sector performance models
7. Fitting SANs into a logical and strategic global architecture
8. Developing a sustainable SAN business model
9. Measuring impact
10. Competitive selection for the location and topics of future SAN meetings
11. A strong national organizing committee
12. Taking on messages of poor performance
13. Could SANs evolve into a social movement?
Chapter 2:
Status of sanitation and hygiene in Africa
2.1 STATUS UPDATE FOR AFRICA1
2.1.1 Current progress
2.1.2 Open defecation
2.1.3 The equity imperative
2.1.4 Aid environment for sanitation3
2.1.5 eThekwini commitments
2.1.6 Sustainable sanitation: The drive to 2015
2.2 ADDRESSING THE SANITATION GAP
2.2.1 Country priorities and actions4
2.2.2 High-level commitments
2.3 CONCLUSIONS
2.4 REFERENCES
Understanding the Impacts of Poor Sanitation and Hygiene
Chapter 3:
Health impacts of sanitation and hygiene
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 SANITATION AND DIARRHOEA
3.3 THE WIDER HEALTH IMPACT OF SANITATION
3.4 CONCLUSION
3.5 REFERENCES
Chapter 4:
Economics of inadequate sanitation in Africa
4.1 METHODOLOGY
4.2 RESULTS
4.2.1 Use of study results
4.3 NEXT STEPS
4.4 REFERENCES
Chapter 5:
Equity and inclusion in sanitation and hygiene in Africa
5.1 THE PROBLEM
5.2 THE WAY FORWARD
5.3 CASE STUDIES
5.3.1 Case study 1: Menstrual Hygiene – initiatives in Zimbabwe, Rwanda
and other countries
5.3.2 Case study 2: People living with HIV/Aids
5.3.3 Case study 3: Hope out of conflict – How sanitation plays a vital role in protecting
women and children from sexual violence in DRC
5.4 MAINSTREAMING EQUITY AND INCLUSION: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED FROM CASE STUDIES IN AFRICA
5.4.1 Political commitment
5.4.2 Monitoring
5.4.3 Institutional structure and capacity
5.4.4 Approach to creating demand and scaling up
5.4.5 Technology promotion and supply chain
5.4.6 Finance and incentives
5.5 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
5.5.1 None of these steps will be effective or sustainable unless they are driven by committed leadership at the highest level in each country in Africa and then
put into action drawing on our collective strengths
5.5.2 A shared challenge but we have different role and responsibilities
5.6 RECOMMENDATIONS
5.6.1 Looking at services with an equity lens
5.6.2 Applying human rights to sanitation in practice
5.6.3 Applying an equity lens to the eThekwini framework
5.6.4 Advocating for an equity approach – key issues for Africa
Acknowledgements
5.7 REFERENCES
Understanding Demand and Behaviour Change
Chapter 6:
Changing WASH behaviour
6.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF BEHAVIOUR IN WASH
6.2 KEY PREDICTORS OF BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
6.3 THE INTERVENTION DESIGN PROCESS
One: Define
Two: Understand
Three: Design
Four: Pre-test
Five: Finalise plan
Six: Implement
Seven: Measurement and evaluation (M&E)
6.3.1 Spotlight on formative research
6.3.2 Spotlight on design
6.3.3 Spotlight on measuring behaviour
6.4 WHAT WE STILL NEED TO KNOW
6.5 REFERENCES
Chapter 7:
Integrating handwashing into other programs
7.1 WHY HANDWASHING WITH SOAP?
7.2 THE CHALLENGE OF REACHING SCALE
7.2.1 The role of government
7.3 INTEGRATING HWWS – CASE STUDIES
7.3.1 Case Study 1 – integration with sanitation
7.3.2 Case Study 2 – integration with education
7.4 MEASURING HANDWASHING BEHAVIOUR
7.5 SUMMARY
Matching Supply and Demand
Chapter 8:
Moving households up the sanitation ladder through sanitation marketing
8.1 WHAT IS SANITATION MARKETING?
8.2 WHY IS SANITATION MARKETING NEEDED?
8.3 WHAT ARE THE KEY PRINCIPLES INVOLVED?
8.4 EMERGENT LEARNING
8.5 ROLES OF VARIOUS SECTORS
Non-profit or public sector
Private sector
8.6 ENABLING FURTHER UPTAKE AND SCALING UP OF SANITATION MARKETING IN AFRICA
Chapter 9: Food security in Sub-Saharan Africa – What could
be the contribution of productive sanitation?
9.1 THE LINK BETWEEN SANITATION AND AGRICULTURE
9.1.1 Food security and sanitation coverage in SSA
9.1.2 Productive/ecological sanitation
9.1.3 Soil fertility in SSA and the potential of productive sanitation
9.1.4 Relative nutrient quantities – comparing human excreta to chemical
fertilizer inputs, manure and erosion in SSA
What could excreta recycling mean for food production?
9.2 RURAL AND URBAN PRODUCTIVE SANITATION IN SSA
9.2.1 Rural recycling
9.2.2 Urban recycling
9.3 ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR ECOLOGICAL SANITATION
9.3.1 Research
9.4 LOOKING FORWARD
9.5 REFERENCES
Chapter 10:
Profitability of private fecal sludge emptying businesses in Africa and Asia
10.1 THE STUDY
10.2 KEY RESULTS
10.2.1 Trucks used for FSM emptying
10.2.2 Access to finance
10.2.3 Financial performance
10.3 WHY IS AFRICA MORE EXPENSIVE?
10.3.1 Profile of profitable FSM businesses
10.3.2 Growing profitable FSM businesses
10.4 CONCLUSIONS
Acknowledgments
10.5 APPENDIX 1
10.6 REFERENCES
Chapter 11:
Advancing health, learning and participation through WASH in schools in Africa
11.1 INTRODUCTION TO WinS
11.2 ACCESS TO WASH IN SCHOOLS
11.2.1 WASH in schools in Africa
11.2.2 WASH in schools is effective in Africa
11.2.3 WinS reaches communities across Africa
11.3 KEY ACTIONS TO IMPROVE WinS
11.4 REFERENCES
Chapter 12:
Unleash the sanitation marketplace
12.1 THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE
12.2 EMERGENCE OF MARKET-BASED APPROACHES
12.2.1 Case study – sanitation marketing failure in Chikhwawa: Were market-based
approaches followed?
12.3 LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE RMA
12.3.1 Masons are not entrepreneurs
12.3.2 The need to complement household financing
12.3.3 The market area was limited by the program
12.3.4 Previous subsidies hurt the program
12.3.5 Humanure was not a viable payment option
12.3.6 Readjusting the approach
12.4 NEXT GENERATION MARKET-BASED APPROACHES – BUSINESSDEVELOPMENT SERVICES
12.5 REFERENCES
Putting it all Together
Chapter 13:
Lessons from Rwanda
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 TRADITIONAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS, HISTORICAL – 1994
13.2.1 Drawing on traditional factors
13.3 RECONSTRUCTION AND RECONCILIATION, 1995–2000
13.3.1 Housing reconstruction and villagization
13.3.2 Land reform
13.3.3 Linkages with health sector reform: community health workers
13.3.4 Shifting from emergency relief to a development path: Vision 2020
13.4 CONSOLIDATING THE STRATEGY, 2001–2005
13.4.1 Placing sanitation at the center of poverty reduction strategies
13.4.2 Increasing productivity because of better health
13.4.3 Decentralization and donor harmonization
13.5 2005 – PRESENT: ACCELERATING PROGRESS
13.5.1 Community based health promotion
13.5.2 Strengthening decentralized service delivery
13.6 LOOKING AHEAD: EVALUATING SECTOR PERFORMANCE
13.7 CONCLUSIONS
13.8 REFERENCES
Chapter 14:
Sanitation in urban areas
14.1 SCALE OF THE CHALLENGE
14.2 MEETING THE CHALLENGE: WHAT WE KNOW
14.2.1 Focus on service delivery
14.2.2 Existing urban services and infrastructure
14.2.3 Conceptual frameworks, tools and resources
14.2.4 Creating an enabling environment
Finance
Institutional arrangements
Norms and regulations
14.2.5 Infrastructure development
Sewerage
Community toilets
Integrated slum upgrading programs
Fecal sludge management
14.3 THE WAY FORWARD
14.3.1 Service delivery framework
14.3.2 Drivers of change
14.3.3 Key technical challenges
14.3.4 Partnerships
14.4 SOME EXAMPLES OF SUCCESSFUL INTERVENTIONS
14.4.1 PAQPUD, Dakar
Context
Overview
Outcome
Implications for meeting the sanitation needs of the poor, at scale
14.4.2 PSAO, Ouagadougou
Context
Overview
Outcome
Implications for meeting the sanitation needs of the poor, at scale
14.4.3 Shared and community toilets in Mukuru, Nairobi
Context
Overview
Outcome
Implications for serving the poor at scale
14.5 REFERENCES
Chapter 15:
What does it take to scale up rural sanitation?
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.1.1 Status and challenges of rural sanitation in Africa
15.2 WHAT IT TAKES TO GO TO SCALE
15.2.1 The enabling environment1
15.2.2 Country examples of going to scale
15.2.3 Tanzania – at scale rural sanitation programming
Policy, strategy, and direction
Institutional arrangements
Program methodology
Implementation capacity
Financing
Availability of products and tools
Monitoring and results
15.2.4 Benin – national scale up of rural sanitation
Policy, strategy, and direction
Institutional arrangement
Program methodology
Implementation Capacity
Financing
Availability of products and tools
Monitoring and results
15.3 CONCLUSIONS
15.4 WHAT DO WE STILL NEED TO KNOW?
15.5 REFERENCES
Chapter 16:
CLTS in Africa: Trajectories, challenges and moving to scale
16.1 A NEW ERA
16.2 WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED: CHALLENGES AND KEY ELEMENTS OF SUCCESS
16.2.1 Government leadership
16.2.2 Networking, partnerships and peer support
16.2.3 Supporting champions at all levels
16.2.4 Follow-up, monitoring, verification and certification
16.2.5 Reflection, documentation, sharing and learning, research
16.3 INNOVATIONS: UCLTS, NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND SLTS
16.3.1 Urban CLTS
16.3.2 Technological innovations
16.3.3 SLTS
16.3.4 Post-emergency/conflict
16.3.5 Beyond ODF
16.4 CONCLUSION: TRANSFORMING AT SCALE
16.5 REFERENCES
Chapter 17:
Sanitation services in towns
17.1 WHAT IS A TOWN?
17.2 DECENTRALIZATION AND THE IMPLICATION FOR SERVICE DELIVERY IN TOWNS
17.3 THE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION LINK
17.4 STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR SANITATION IN TOWNS
17.5 EVOLVING CONSIDERATIONS FOR TOWNS
17.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
17.7 REFERENCES
Sector Management and Financing
Chapter 18:
eThekwini commitments monitoring and national sanitation action plans
18.1 THE eTHEKWINI COMMITMENTS ON SANITATION
18.2 FROM COMMITMENTS TO ACTION
18.3 MONITORING THE eTHEKWINI COMMITMENTS
18.4 AFRICASAN3 MINISTERS STATEMENT AND IMPLICATIONS
18.5 REFERENCES
Chapter 19:
Sustainable financing
19.1 THE CHALLENGE
19.2 WHAT NEEDS TO BE FINANCED?
19.3 WHAT IS BEING FINANCED BY WHOM?
19.4 HOW TO MEET THE FINANCING GAP?
19.5 LOOKING FORWARD
19.6 REFERENCES
Chapter 20: Monitoring sanitation in Africa Ongoing initiatives
and lessons from the field
20.1 THE AFRICAN REGION: LONG ROAD TO THE SANITATION MDG
20.2 RECONCILING JMP AND COUNTRY SANITATION COVERAGE DATA
20.3 COUNTRY MONITORING CAPACITIES ARE WEAK
20.4 SUB-NATIONAL MONITORING AND THE CHALLENGE OF NATIONAL ALIGNMENT
20.5 THE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT MATTERS
20.5.1 The UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS)
20.5.2 The AMCOW country status overview (CSO)
20.6 MONITORING eTHEKWINI COMMITMENTS
20.7 WAYS FORWARD MONITORING SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN AFRICA
20.7.1 Global initiatives
20.7.2 Regional and national initiatives
20.8 REFERENCES
Chapter 21:
Capacity building
21.1 INTRODUCTION
21.2 THE CAPACITY BUILDING CHALLENGE
21.3 SANITATION CAPACITY BUILDING AS A PRIORITY IN AFRICA
21.4 ACTION FOR CAPACITY BUILDING
21.5 FOCUS FOR THE FUTURE
21.6 REFERENCES
Chapter 22:
Making the case for sanitation and hygiene
22.1 WANTED: LEADERSHIP FOR SANITATION AND HYGIENE
22.2 NEW MATERIALS AND NEW WAYS OF WORKING TOGETHER
22.2.1 New advocacy materials using economic arguments
22.2.2 New global platforms
22.2.3 Sanitation and Water for All
22.2.4 Drive to 2015
22.2.5 Civil society – a growing voice within the Regional Sanitation movement
22.3 WHAT NEXT FOR WASH ADVOCACY?
22.4 REFERENCES
Looking Ahead
Chapter 23: Conclusions: The MDGs and Post 2015
23.1 AN AfricaSan BOOK
23.2 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?
23.2.1 Impacts of poor sanitation
23.2.2 Behaviours and market-based approaches to tackle hygiene and sanitation
23.2.3 Specific Settings
23.2.4 Core country priority themes
23.3 WHERE ARE WE NOW?
23.4 AFTER THE MDGS – POST 2015 TARGETS
23.4.1 The Post 2015 Targets for WASH
23.4.2 Indicators for the targets include
23.4.3 Sanitation and Hygiene (household/population) sub-targets and indicators
23.5 LOOKING AHEAD
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