The Pupil’s View Limited

Conservatism in the Community as a Natural Consequence

Demand for a Broad Scientific Study

Beginnings of the Science of Education

Effectiveness of Studies of Retardation

A Study of High-School Courses

An Experimental Analysis of a Fundamental Subject

A Study of the Relation of Education to General Social Life

The Scientific Study of Educational Problems

The Comparative and Historical Methods

The American Textbook Method of Teaching

Independence of Thought based on Reading

European Schools Caste Schools, American Schools Truly Public

Influence of European Schools on the Educational System of This Country

Adoption of the German Model

Results of the Adoption of the German Example.

The Reorganization of American Schools

Origin of the High School

Education of Girls

Higher Education Free

American Public Schools Secular

The School System and its Domination of the Teacher

The Primitive Attitude One of Neglect

Compulsory Education

Compulsion of Communities

Later Stages of Compulsory Legislation

American Education to 1850

Compulsory Attendance

Obstacles to Enforcement of Compulsory Attendance

Newer Legislation recognizing Complexity of Problems of Attendance

Supervision a Necessary Corollary to Compulsion

Higher Education and Public Control

Public Control Adequate only when directed by Science

Fiscal Problem Typical

The Cost of Educating an Individual

Total School Expenditures in the United States

Cost a Determining Consideration in School Organization

Relation of School Expenditures to Other Public Expenses

Urgent Demands for Economy and Efficiency

Expenditures in Relation to Wealth

Costs of Different Levels of Education

Costs of Different Subjects of Instruction

Costs of Classes of Different Sizes

Salaries

Books and Supplies

The Meaning of Financial Organization and Educational Accounting

Class Instruction given over to the Teacher

Supervision

Sketch of Development of a School System

The Community Slow to delegate School Control

Limits of Authority and Responsibility not Clear

Statement by a Public Education Association

Report of Committee of Superintendents

Organization under Scientific Principles

Control of School Work through Tests

A Study of the Building Needs of a City

The Errors of Democracy

Contrasts in Plans of Rural Schools

Contrasts in Urban Elementary Schools

A High-School Building of the Early Type

The Hygiene of Lighting

The Hygiene of Ventilation and Heating

Hygienic Equipment

Relation of Equipment to the Course of Study

Modern School Construction and Costs

The Gary Plan for distributing Pupils and enlarging the Scope of School Work

Requirements to be met when the Gary Plan is adopted

The Construction of Consolidated Schools

Transition to Problems of Internal Organization

Economy a First Motive for Grouping

Social Influence an Important Motive

Grouping in the One-Room School

Courses of Instruction in Relation to the Problem of Grouping

New Problems of Grouping in Large Schools

Fundamentally Different Views on the Curriculum

The Ungraded Class in Graded Schools

Cases where Failures show the Urgency of the Grading Problem

Efforts to adjust Instruction to Pupils

Readjustments of the Curriculum

Problems of Grouping in High School

Illegitimate Reasons for promoting Pupils

Experiments and Studies which aim to supply both Individual Instruction and Class Instruction

Arrangement of the Materials of Instruction

Importance of a Study of the Curriculum

The Specialized Curriculum of Higher Schools

Problems of Generalizing a Specialized Curriculum

Traditional Character of Mathematics Courses in High Schools

Suggestions of New Subjects

Present-Day Social Demands

Traditional Neglect of Industrial Education on the Part of the Public

The Demand for Revision of the Curriculum

Present-Day Wavering between Specialized and General Training

The Theory of Separate Schools for Different Classes of People

Public Demand for a New Curriculum

Commercial Courses in High Schools

Agricultural High Schools

Part-Time Courses

Various Types of Trade Schools

Practical Applications as Parts of Academic Courses

Studies of Social Activities

A General Social Movement

Credit for Home Activities

Relation of Home Work to Traditional School Work

After-School Classes and Vacation Classes

Continuation Classes for Adults

Demonstrations as Means of Economic and Social Improvement

Entertainment as Part of the Educational Program

Associations aimed directly at the Improvement of Schools

Correspondence Schools

Principles required to systematize Educational Activities

Necessity of Practical Decisions in Spite of Confusion

The Doctrine of Discipline

The Doctrine of Natural Education in the Form of the Doctrine of Freedom

Concentration and Interest

Popular Attitude toward Discipline

Examples of Discipline and Freedom

Natural Education and Recognition of Individual Differences

Natural Education as Training for Life

Training in the Methods of Knowledge and General Training

Examples of Views on Formal Training

Formal Discipline and Transfer of Training

Relation of Subjects to Maturity of Pupils

Adaptation of Curriculum to Individual Pupils

Low Grades of Intelligence

Differentiated Courses

Tests of General Intelligence

Exceptionally Bright Pupils

Sex Differences

Differences in Industrial Opportunity for the Sexes and Corresponding Demands for Training

Household Arts as Extras

Demand for New Courses for Girls

Individual Differences which appear during Training

Democratic Recognition of Individual Differences

Recognition of Periodicity in Present Organization

The Meaning of Infancy

The Period before entering School

The Primary Period One of Social Imitation

The Period of Individualism

Early Adolescence as a Period of Social Consciousness

The New School adapted to Adolescence

Later Adolescence a Period of Specialization

The Reorganized School System

The Curriculum based on Authority versus the Living Curriculum

Older Subjects Products of Long Selection

Social Needs and the Curriculum

Systematic Studies as Devices for facilitating Evolution of the Curriculum

A Study of Representative Adults

A Study of Current References

A Study of the Mistakes of Pupils

Prerequisites for Higher Courses

Administrative Studies

Need of Broad, Coöperative Studies

Tests and Measurements of Products

Earlier Standards based on Opinion

Objective and Exact Standards

Beginnings of the Movement

Handwriting Scales

Speed as a Correlate of Quality

Standards, Personal and Impersonal

Social Standards versus Imposed Standards

Comparison through Exact Measurement

Records as a Basis of Standardization

Studies of Oral Reading

Studies dealing with Other Subjects

Mechanical Aspects the First to be Standardized

Standardization and the Science of Education

Meaning of the Term “Method”

Meaning of the Term “Device”

Personal Methods and Devices

Supposed Conflict between Methods and Subject-Matter

Two Examples of Modern Methods

Object Teaching

Laboratory Method in Physics

Spread of the Laboratory Idea

Reaction against the Question and Answer Method

Inefficient Methods of Study

Organizing a School for Supervised Study

Organizing Subject-Matter for Supervised Study

Experiments in Method

Method as a Subject of Scientific Tests

Intellectual Progress and Social Conditions

Social Training General

Types of Social Organization

Social Control through Anticipation

Organization of Routine

Punishments and Rewards

Larger Social Organization

Attempts to classify Unruly Members of the Social Group

Impersonal Discipline

Programs and Marks

The Total School Day

The Class Period

Physiological Fatigue

Conditions like Fatigue

Practical Precepts based on Study of Fatigue

Administrative Considerations controlling Length of the Class Period

Adjustment of Work within the Period

Adjustment of Credits

The Problem of Grading

Experiments with Grading Systems

The Study of Marks as an Introduction to a Study of the School System

Motives for Cultivation of Physical Powers

Earlier Attitude toward Play

Play as Natural Behavior

Periods in the Development of Play

Play as Natural Education

Social Necessity of Recreation

Play as Physical Education

The School and Play

Surveys of Children’s Play in Cities

Systematizing Instruction in Play

Survey of Recreational Facilities

Play as Part of the Regular School Program

Slow Spread of Modern Attitude toward Play

The Relation of Health to School Work

Treatment of Pathological Cases

School Luncheons

Control of Home Feeding

Public Attention to Nutrition of Children

Control of Contagion

The School Health Department

Difficulties of introducing Health Instruction

Health as a Subject of Instruction and as a Mode of Life

Evolution of the Demand for Supervision

The Principal

Other Supervisory Officers

Lack of Public Appreciation of Central Problems

Managerial Training in Relation to Democracy

The Purpose of the Present Discussion

Studies of the Community

Selection and Management of Teachers

Standardization by Measurement of Results

An Example of Public Recognition of the Need of Efficiency Measurements

Scientific Studies and Central Supervision

Scientific Supervision

Scientific Methods of studying Schools

Definition through Enumeration of Methods

The History of Educational Theory and Practice

Courses in Psychology

Educational Psychology

Statistical Studies

The Experimental Method

Extension of Use of Psychological Methods

Studies of Retardation

School Experiments and Laboratory Studies

Examples throughout Earlier Chapters

Studies of Administrative Problems

Method of Comparison

Records Necessary to Scientific Study

Subdivisions of the Science of Education

Rapid Expansion of the Science of Education

Definition of the Science of Education

Increasing Demand for Professional Training

American Normal Schools

American Demands on Secondary-School Teachers

German Training of Secondary-School Teachers

New Courses in Colleges and Universities for Secondary-School Teachers

The Requirements of a Standardizing Association

The California Requirements the Most Advanced in the United States

Continuation Training of School Officers

Specialized Training for Administration

Contributions to the Science of Education

FOOTNOTES:

Transcriber’s Notes