Sophisms of the Protectionists
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SOPHISMS
OF THE
PROTECTIONISTS.
M. FREDERIC BASTIAT,
PREFACE.
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
PART I.
PART I.
SOPHISMS OF PROTECTION.
INTRODUCTION.
INTRODUCTION.
I.
ABUNDANCE—SCARCITY.
ABUNDANCE—SCARCITY.
II.
OBSTACLE—CAUSE.
OBSTACLE—CAUSE.
III.
EFFORT—RESULT.
EFFORT—RESULT.
IV.
EQUALIZING OF THE FACILITIES OF PRODUCTION.
EQUALIZING OF THE FACILITIES OF PRODUCTION.
V.
OUR PRODUCTIONS ARE OVERLOADED WITH TAXES.
OUR PRODUCTIONS ARE OVERLOADED WITH TAXES.
VI.
BALANCE OF TRADE.
BALANCE OF TRADE.
VII.
PETITION FROM THE MANUFACTURERS OF CANDLES, WAX-LIGHTS, LAMPS, CHANDELIERS, REFLECTORS, SNUFFERS, EXTINGUISHERS; AND FROM THE PRODUCERS OF TALLOW, OIL, RESIN, ALCOHOL, AND GENERALLY OF EVERY THING USED FOR LIGHTS.
PETITION FROM THE MANUFACTURERS OF CANDLES, WAX-LIGHTS, LAMPS, CHANDELIERS, REFLECTORS, SNUFFERS, EXTINGUISHERS; AND FROM THE PRODUCERS OF TALLOW, OIL, RESIN, ALCOHOL, AND GENERALLY OF EVERY THING USED FOR LIGHTS.
VIII.
DISCRIMINATING DUTIES.
DISCRIMINATING DUTIES.
IX.
WONDERFUL DISCOVERY!
WONDERFUL DISCOVERY!
X.
RECIPROCITY.
RECIPROCITY.
XI.
ABSOLUTE PRICES.
ABSOLUTE PRICES.
XII.
DOES PROTECTION RAISE THE RATE OF WAGES?
DOES PROTECTION RAISE THE RATE OF WAGES?
XIII.
THEORY—PRACTICE.
THEORY—PRACTICE.
XIV.
CONFLICTING PRINCIPLES.
CONFLICTING PRINCIPLES.
XV.
RECIPROCITY AGAIN.
RECIPROCITY AGAIN.
XVI.
OBSTRUCTED RIVERS PLEADING FOR THE PROHIBITIONISTS.
OBSTRUCTED RIVERS PLEADING FOR THE PROHIBITIONISTS.
XVII.
A NEGATIVE RAILROAD.
A NEGATIVE RAILROAD.
XVIII.
"THERE ARE NO ABSOLUTE PRINCIPLES."
"THERE ARE NO ABSOLUTE PRINCIPLES."
XIX.
NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE.
NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE.
XX.
HUMAN LABOR—NATIONAL LABOR.
HUMAN LABOR—NATIONAL LABOR.
XXI.
RAW MATERIAL.
RAW MATERIAL.
XXII.
METAPHORS.
METAPHORS.
CONCLUSION.
PART II.
PART II.
SOPHISMS OF PROTECTION.
I.
NATURAL HISTORY OF SPOLIATION.
NATURAL HISTORY OF SPOLIATION.
II.
TWO SYSTEMS OF MORALS.
TWO SYSTEMS OF MORALS.
III.
THE TWO HATCHETS.
THE TWO HATCHETS.
IV.
INFERIOR COUNCIL OF LABOR.
INFERIOR COUNCIL OF LABOR.
V.
DEARNESS—CHEAPNESS.
DEARNESS—CHEAPNESS.
VI.
TO ARTISANS AND LABORERS.
TO ARTISANS AND LABORERS.
VII.
A CHINESE STORY.
A CHINESE STORY.
VIII.
POST HOC, ERGO PROPTER HOC.
POST HOC, ERGO PROPTER HOC.
IX.
ROBBERY BY BOUNTIES.
ROBBERY BY BOUNTIES.
X.
THE TAX COLLECTOR.
THE TAX COLLECTOR.
XI.
UTOPIAN IDEAS.
UTOPIAN IDEAS.
XII.
SALT, POSTAGE, AND CUSTOMS.
SALT, POSTAGE, AND CUSTOMS.
XIII.
THE THREE ALDERMEN.
THE THREE ALDERMEN.
XIV.
SOMETHING ELSE.
SOMETHING ELSE.
XV.
THE LITTLE ARSENAL OF THE FREE TRADER.
THE LITTLE ARSENAL OF THE FREE TRADER.
XVI.
THE RIGHT AND THE LEFT HAND.
THE RIGHT AND THE LEFT HAND.
XVII.
SUPREMACY BY LABOR.
PART III.
PART III.
SUPREMACY BY LABOR.
PART III.
PART III.
SPOLIATION AND LAW.[16]
PART IV.
PART IV.
CAPITAL AND INTEREST.
Footnotes
Footnotes
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