The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria
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HANDBOOKS ON THE HISTORY OF RELIGIONS
EDITED BY MORRIS JASTROW, Jr., PH.D. Professor of Semitic Languages in the University of Pennsylvania
VOLUME II
THE RELIGION OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA
BY
MORRIS JASTROW, Jr., PH.D. (LEIPZIG) PROFESSOR OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
GINN & COMPANY
BOSTON · NEW YORK · CHICAGO · LONDON
COPYRIGHT, 1893 By MORRIS JASTROW, Jr.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
35.11
The Athenæum Press GINN & COMPANY · PROPRIETORS BOSTON · USA
TO
PREFACE.
FOOTNOTES:
CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.
CONTENTS.
THE RELIGION OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA.
CHAPTER I.—INTRODUCTION.
SOURCES AND METHODS OF STUDY.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER II.
THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER III.
GENERAL TRAITS OF THE OLD BABYLONIAN PANTHEON.
CHAPTER IV.
BABYLONIAN GODS PRIOR TO THE DAYS OF HAMMURABI.
En-lil or Bel.
Nin-lil or Belit.
Nin-khar-sag.[27]
Nin-girsu.
Bau.
Ga-tum-dug.[38]
En-ki or Ea.
Nin-a-gal,
Nergal.
Shamash.
Utu.
Â.
Nannar and Sin.
Innanna.
Nanâ.
Ishtar.
Ninâ.
Anu.
Nin-si[78]-a.
Gal-alim.
Nin-shakh
Dun-shagga.
Lugal-banda.
Nin-gul.
Dumuzi-zu-aba.
Dumu-zi,
Lugal-erima.
Nin-e-gal and Ningal.
Nin-gish-zida,
Shul (or Dun)-pa-uddu.
Nin-Mar.
Pa-sag.
Nisaba (or Nidaba).
KU(?)-Anna.
Umu,
Nin-akha-kuddu,[105]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER V.
THE CONSORTS OF THE GODS.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VI.
GUDEA'S PANTHEON.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VII.
SUMMARY.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VIII.
THE PANTHEON IN THE DAYS OF HAMMURABI.
Marduk.
Sarpanitum.
Nabu.
Tashmitum.
Ea.
Ea and Marduk.
Damkina.
Shamash.
Innanna.
Bel and the Triad of Babylonian Theology.
Anu, Bel, and Ea.
Belit.
Anu and Anatum.
Ramman.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER IX.
THE GODS IN THE TEMPLE LISTS AND IN THE LEGAL AND COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER X.
THE MINOR GODS IN THE PERIOD OF HAMMURABI.
Gula.
Malik and Bunene.
Nin-igi-nangar-bu, Gushgin-banda, Nin-kurra, and Nin-zadim.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XI.
SURVIVALS OF ANIMISM IN THE BABYLONIAN RELIGION.
Anunnaki and Igigi.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XII.
THE ASSYRIAN PANTHEON.
Ashur.
Ishtar.
Anu.
Dagan.
Shamash.
Ramman.
Shala.
Nin-ib.
Gula.
Nergal.
Sin.
Nusku.
Bel-Marduk.
Bel.
Belit.
Sarpanitum.
Nabu.
Tashmitum.
Ea.
Damkina.
Nin-gal.
Dibharra.
Damku, Sharru-ilu, and Sha-nit(?)-ka.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XIII.
THE TRIAD AND THE COMBINED INVOCATION OF DEITIES.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XIV.
THE NEO-BABYLONIAN PERIOD.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XV.
THE RELIGIOUS LITERATURE OF BABYLONIA.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XVI.
THE MAGICAL TEXTS.
Demons.
Sorcerers and Sorceresses.
The Exorcisers.
The Gods of the Incantation Texts.
The Ritual and Formulas.
Incantations and Prayers.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XVII.
THE PRAYERS AND HYMNS.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XVIII.
PENITENTIAL PSALMS.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XIX.
ORACLES AND OMENS.
Dreams.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XX.
VARIOUS CLASSES OF OMENS.
Omens From Planets and Stars.
Omen Calendars.
Omens From Terrestrial Phenomena.
Omens from the Actions of Animals.
Omens From Dreams.
Omens From Individual Experiences.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XXI.
THE COSMOLOGY OF THE BABYLONIANS.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XXII.
THE ZODIACAL SYSTEM OF THE BABYLONIANS.
Planets, Stars, and Calendar.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XXIII.
THE GILGAMESH EPIC.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XXIV.
MYTHS AND LEGENDS.
The Etana Legend.
The Legend of Dibbarra.
The Myth of the Storm-God Zu.
The Adapa Legend.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XXV.
THE VIEWS OF LIFE AFTER DEATH.
Location and Names of the Gathering Place of the Dead.
The Condition of the Dead and the Impossibility of an Escape from Aralû.
The Pantheon of Aralû.
The Tombs and the Burial Customs.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XXVI.
THE TEMPLES AND THE CULT.
The Construction and Character of the Zikkurats.
The Temple and the Sacred Quarter.
The Names of the Zikkurats and Temples.
The History of the Temples.
The Sacred Objects in the Temples,—Altars, Vases, Images, Basins, Ships.
The Priests and Priestesses.
Sacrifices and Votive Offerings.
Festivals.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XXVII.
CONCLUSION.
General Estimate and Influence.
FOOTNOTES:
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
NOTE.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
I.
Excavations.—Method of Decipherment.—History of Babylonia and Assyria.—Origin and General Aspects of Babylonian And Assyrian Culture.—General Bibliography.
(a) Excavations and Decipherment.
(b) History.
(c) Origin and General Aspects of Babylonian-Assyrian Culture.
(d) Bibliography.
II.
General Works and Articles on the Religion of Babylonia and Assyria.
III.
Pantheon, Gods, Spirits, Heroes.
IV.
Religious Texts.
V.
Cosmology.
VI.
The Gilgamesh Epic
(including the Deluge Story.)
VII.
Beliefs, Legends, Ethics, and Special Phrases of the Religion.
VIII.
Temples and Cult.
IX.
Bearings on the Old Testament; General Influence.
INDEX.
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