Concrete Construction Methods and Costs
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Concrete Construction Methods and Costs

By Charles Shattuck Hill, Halbert Powers Gillette
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Table of Contents
  • CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
  • METHODS AND COST
    • BY
    • HALBERT P. GILLETTE
      • M. Am. Soc. C. E.; M. Am. Inst. M. E.
        • Managing Editor, Engineering-Contracting
      • Managing Editor, Engineering-Contracting
      • AND
    • M. Am. Soc. C. E.; M. Am. Inst. M. E.
      • Managing Editor, Engineering-Contracting
    • Managing Editor, Engineering-Contracting
    • AND
    • CHARLES S. HILL, C. E.
      • Associate Editor, Engineering-Contracting
        • NEW YORK AND CHICAGO
      • NEW YORK AND CHICAGO
      • THE MYRON C. CLARK PUBLISHING CO.
        • 1908
      • 1908
    • Associate Editor, Engineering-Contracting
      • NEW YORK AND CHICAGO
    • NEW YORK AND CHICAGO
    • THE MYRON C. CLARK PUBLISHING CO.
      • 1908
    • 1908
    • PREFACE.
    • TABLE OF CONTENTS.
    • Concrete Construction Methods and Cost
    • CHAPTER I.
      • METHODS AND COST OF SELECTING AND PREPARING MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE.
        • CEMENT.
        • SAND.
        • AGGREGATES.
        • Quarry.
        • Crusher.
        • Summary:
      • CEMENT.
      • SAND.
      • AGGREGATES.
      • Quarry.
      • Crusher.
      • Summary:
    • METHODS AND COST OF SELECTING AND PREPARING MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE.
      • CEMENT.
      • SAND.
      • AGGREGATES.
      • Quarry.
      • Crusher.
      • Summary:
    • CEMENT.
    • SAND.
    • AGGREGATES.
    • Quarry.
    • Crusher.
    • Summary:
    • CHAPTER II.
      • THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PROPORTIONING CONCRETE.
        • Table I.—Showing Effect of Additions of Different Percentages of Moisture on Volume of Sand.
        • Table II.—Showing Granulometric Compositions of Different Sands.
        • Table III.—Showing Measured Voids in Sand from Different Localities.
        • Table IV.—Showing Determined Percentages of Voids in Broken Stone from Various Common Rocks.
        • Table V.—Showing Percentages of Voids in Gravel and Broken Stone of Different Granulometric Compositions.
        • Table VI.—Specific Gravity of Stone. (Condensed from Merrill's "Stones for Building.")
        • Table VII.—Specific Gravity of Common Minerals and Rocks.
        • Table VIII.—Showing Weight of Stone with Different Percentages of Voids for Different Specific Gravities.
        • Table IX.—Showing Settlement of Broken Stone due to Different Lengths of Haul on Ordinarily Good Road in Wagons.
        • Table X.—Barrels of Portland Cement per Cubic Yard of Mortar.
        • Table XI.—Barrels of Portland Cement per Cubic Yard of Mortar.
        • Table XII.—Ingredients in 1 Cubic Yard of Concrete.
        • Table XIII.—Ingredients in 1 Cubic Yard of Concrete.
        • Table XIV.—Showing Barrels of Cement per Cubic Yard of Various Mixtures of Cement and Pit Gravel.
      • Table I.—Showing Effect of Additions of Different Percentages of Moisture on Volume of Sand.
      • Table II.—Showing Granulometric Compositions of Different Sands.
      • Table III.—Showing Measured Voids in Sand from Different Localities.
      • Table IV.—Showing Determined Percentages of Voids in Broken Stone from Various Common Rocks.
      • Table V.—Showing Percentages of Voids in Gravel and Broken Stone of Different Granulometric Compositions.
      • Table VI.—Specific Gravity of Stone. (Condensed from Merrill's "Stones for Building.")
      • Table VII.—Specific Gravity of Common Minerals and Rocks.
      • Table VIII.—Showing Weight of Stone with Different Percentages of Voids for Different Specific Gravities.
      • Table IX.—Showing Settlement of Broken Stone due to Different Lengths of Haul on Ordinarily Good Road in Wagons.
      • Table X.—Barrels of Portland Cement per Cubic Yard of Mortar.
      • Table XI.—Barrels of Portland Cement per Cubic Yard of Mortar.
      • Table XII.—Ingredients in 1 Cubic Yard of Concrete.
      • Table XIII.—Ingredients in 1 Cubic Yard of Concrete.
      • Table XIV.—Showing Barrels of Cement per Cubic Yard of Various Mixtures of Cement and Pit Gravel.
    • THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PROPORTIONING CONCRETE.
      • Table I.—Showing Effect of Additions of Different Percentages of Moisture on Volume of Sand.
      • Table II.—Showing Granulometric Compositions of Different Sands.
      • Table III.—Showing Measured Voids in Sand from Different Localities.
      • Table IV.—Showing Determined Percentages of Voids in Broken Stone from Various Common Rocks.
      • Table V.—Showing Percentages of Voids in Gravel and Broken Stone of Different Granulometric Compositions.
      • Table VI.—Specific Gravity of Stone. (Condensed from Merrill's "Stones for Building.")
      • Table VII.—Specific Gravity of Common Minerals and Rocks.
      • Table VIII.—Showing Weight of Stone with Different Percentages of Voids for Different Specific Gravities.
      • Table IX.—Showing Settlement of Broken Stone due to Different Lengths of Haul on Ordinarily Good Road in Wagons.
      • Table X.—Barrels of Portland Cement per Cubic Yard of Mortar.
      • Table XI.—Barrels of Portland Cement per Cubic Yard of Mortar.
      • Table XII.—Ingredients in 1 Cubic Yard of Concrete.
      • Table XIII.—Ingredients in 1 Cubic Yard of Concrete.
      • Table XIV.—Showing Barrels of Cement per Cubic Yard of Various Mixtures of Cement and Pit Gravel.
    • Table I.—Showing Effect of Additions of Different Percentages of Moisture on Volume of Sand.
    • Table II.—Showing Granulometric Compositions of Different Sands.
    • Table III.—Showing Measured Voids in Sand from Different Localities.
    • Table IV.—Showing Determined Percentages of Voids in Broken Stone from Various Common Rocks.
    • Table V.—Showing Percentages of Voids in Gravel and Broken Stone of Different Granulometric Compositions.
    • Table VI.—Specific Gravity of Stone. (Condensed from Merrill's "Stones for Building.")
    • Table VII.—Specific Gravity of Common Minerals and Rocks.
    • Table VIII.—Showing Weight of Stone with Different Percentages of Voids for Different Specific Gravities.
    • Table IX.—Showing Settlement of Broken Stone due to Different Lengths of Haul on Ordinarily Good Road in Wagons.
    • Table X.—Barrels of Portland Cement per Cubic Yard of Mortar.
    • Table XI.—Barrels of Portland Cement per Cubic Yard of Mortar.
    • Table XII.—Ingredients in 1 Cubic Yard of Concrete.
    • Table XIII.—Ingredients in 1 Cubic Yard of Concrete.
    • Table XIV.—Showing Barrels of Cement per Cubic Yard of Various Mixtures of Cement and Pit Gravel.
    • CHAPTER III.
      • METHODS AND COST OF MAKING AND PLACING CONCRETE BY HAND.
    • METHODS AND COST OF MAKING AND PLACING CONCRETE BY HAND.
    • CHAPTER IV.
      • METHODS AND COST OF MAKING AND PLACING CONCRETE BY MACHINE.
    • METHODS AND COST OF MAKING AND PLACING CONCRETE BY MACHINE.
    • CHAPTER V.
      • METHODS AND COST OF DEPOSITING CONCRETE UNDER WATER AND OF SUBAQUEOUS GROUTING.
    • METHODS AND COST OF DEPOSITING CONCRETE UNDER WATER AND OF SUBAQUEOUS GROUTING.
    • CHAPTER VI.
      • METHODS AND COST OF MAKING AND USING RUBBLE AND ASPHALTIC CONCRETE.
    • METHODS AND COST OF MAKING AND USING RUBBLE AND ASPHALTIC CONCRETE.
    • CHAPTER VII.
      • METHODS AND COST OF LAYING CONCRETE IN FREEZING WEATHER.
    • METHODS AND COST OF LAYING CONCRETE IN FREEZING WEATHER.
    • CHAPTER VIII.
      • METHODS AND COST OF FINISHING CONCRETE SURFACES.
    • METHODS AND COST OF FINISHING CONCRETE SURFACES.
    • CHAPTER IX.
      • METHODS AND COST OF FORM CONSTRUCTION.
        • Table XV.—Safe Strength of Timber Struts for Frame Work.
      • Table XV.—Safe Strength of Timber Struts for Frame Work.
    • METHODS AND COST OF FORM CONSTRUCTION.
      • Table XV.—Safe Strength of Timber Struts for Frame Work.
    • Table XV.—Safe Strength of Timber Struts for Frame Work.
    • CHAPTER X.
      • METHODS AND COST OF CONCRETE PILE AND PIER CONSTRUCTION FOR FOUNDATIONS.
    • METHODS AND COST OF CONCRETE PILE AND PIER CONSTRUCTION FOR FOUNDATIONS.
    • CHAPTER XI.
      • METHODS AND COST OF HEAVY CONCRETE WORK IN FORTIFICATIONS, LOCKS, DAMS, BREAKWATERS AND PIERS.
    • METHODS AND COST OF HEAVY CONCRETE WORK IN FORTIFICATIONS, LOCKS, DAMS, BREAKWATERS AND PIERS.
    • CHAPTER XII.
      • METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING BRIDGE PIERS AND ABUTMENTS.
        • Table XVI.—Cost of Concrete Backing for Masonry Piers.
        • TABLE XVII.—ITEMIZED COST OF CONCRETING SOUTH CAISSON FOR BROOKLYN TOWER OF THE WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE: COST OF CONCRETING CAISSONS ABOVE ROOF.
        • TABLE XVIII.—ITEMIZED COST OF CONCRETING NORTH CAISSON FOR BROOKLYN TOWER OF THE WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE:
        • Example I.—Indian Creek Culvert. 14×15 ft., 250 long, completed November, 1905:
        • Example II.—Third Street Abutments and Retaining Wall. Completed November, 1906:
        • Example III.—Abutments, Overhead Crossing with Union Pacific and Rock Island. Completed May, 1907:
      • Table XVI.—Cost of Concrete Backing for Masonry Piers.
      • TABLE XVII.—ITEMIZED COST OF CONCRETING SOUTH CAISSON FOR BROOKLYN TOWER OF THE WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE: COST OF CONCRETING CAISSONS ABOVE ROOF.
      • TABLE XVIII.—ITEMIZED COST OF CONCRETING NORTH CAISSON FOR BROOKLYN TOWER OF THE WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE:
      • Example I.—Indian Creek Culvert. 14×15 ft., 250 long, completed November, 1905:
      • Example II.—Third Street Abutments and Retaining Wall. Completed November, 1906:
      • Example III.—Abutments, Overhead Crossing with Union Pacific and Rock Island. Completed May, 1907:
    • METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING BRIDGE PIERS AND ABUTMENTS.
      • Table XVI.—Cost of Concrete Backing for Masonry Piers.
      • TABLE XVII.—ITEMIZED COST OF CONCRETING SOUTH CAISSON FOR BROOKLYN TOWER OF THE WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE: COST OF CONCRETING CAISSONS ABOVE ROOF.
      • TABLE XVIII.—ITEMIZED COST OF CONCRETING NORTH CAISSON FOR BROOKLYN TOWER OF THE WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE:
      • Example I.—Indian Creek Culvert. 14×15 ft., 250 long, completed November, 1905:
      • Example II.—Third Street Abutments and Retaining Wall. Completed November, 1906:
      • Example III.—Abutments, Overhead Crossing with Union Pacific and Rock Island. Completed May, 1907:
    • Table XVI.—Cost of Concrete Backing for Masonry Piers.
    • TABLE XVII.—ITEMIZED COST OF CONCRETING SOUTH CAISSON FOR BROOKLYN TOWER OF THE WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE: COST OF CONCRETING CAISSONS ABOVE ROOF.
    • TABLE XVIII.—ITEMIZED COST OF CONCRETING NORTH CAISSON FOR BROOKLYN TOWER OF THE WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE:
    • Example I.—Indian Creek Culvert. 14×15 ft., 250 long, completed November, 1905:
    • Example II.—Third Street Abutments and Retaining Wall. Completed November, 1906:
    • Example III.—Abutments, Overhead Crossing with Union Pacific and Rock Island. Completed May, 1907:
    • CHAPTER XIII.
      • METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING RETAINING WALLS.
    • METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING RETAINING WALLS.
    • CHAPTER XIV.
      • METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS FOR PAVEMENTS.
    • METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS FOR PAVEMENTS.
    • CHAPTER XV.
      • METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING SIDEWALKS, PAVEMENTS AND CURB AND GUTTER.
        • CEMENT SIDEWALKS.
        • CONCRETE PAVEMENT.
        • CONCRETE CURB AND GUTTER.
      • CEMENT SIDEWALKS.
      • CONCRETE PAVEMENT.
      • CONCRETE CURB AND GUTTER.
    • METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING SIDEWALKS, PAVEMENTS AND CURB AND GUTTER.
      • CEMENT SIDEWALKS.
      • CONCRETE PAVEMENT.
      • CONCRETE CURB AND GUTTER.
    • CEMENT SIDEWALKS.
    • CONCRETE PAVEMENT.
    • CONCRETE CURB AND GUTTER.
    • CHAPTER XVI.
      • METHODS AND COST OF LINING TUNNELS AND SUBWAYS.
    • METHODS AND COST OF LINING TUNNELS AND SUBWAYS.
    • CHAPTER XVII.
      • METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING ARCH AND GIRDER BRIDGES.
        • Table XIX.—Showing Cost of Tooling Concrete Ornamental Blocks for Connecticut Avenue Bridge.
        • Table XX.—Showing Cost of Mass Concrete Work per Cubic Yard.
        • Table XXI—Detail Cost of Engineering and Inspection for Different Classes of Work.
      • Table XIX.—Showing Cost of Tooling Concrete Ornamental Blocks for Connecticut Avenue Bridge.
      • Table XX.—Showing Cost of Mass Concrete Work per Cubic Yard.
      • Table XXI—Detail Cost of Engineering and Inspection for Different Classes of Work.
    • METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING ARCH AND GIRDER BRIDGES.
      • Table XIX.—Showing Cost of Tooling Concrete Ornamental Blocks for Connecticut Avenue Bridge.
      • Table XX.—Showing Cost of Mass Concrete Work per Cubic Yard.
      • Table XXI—Detail Cost of Engineering and Inspection for Different Classes of Work.
    • Table XIX.—Showing Cost of Tooling Concrete Ornamental Blocks for Connecticut Avenue Bridge.
    • Table XX.—Showing Cost of Mass Concrete Work per Cubic Yard.
    • Table XXI—Detail Cost of Engineering and Inspection for Different Classes of Work.
    • CHAPTER XVIII.
      • METHODS AND COST OF CULVERT CONSTRUCTION.
    • METHODS AND COST OF CULVERT CONSTRUCTION.
    • CHAPTER XIX.
      • METHODS AND COST OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.
        • CONSTRUCTION, ERECTION AND REMOVAL OF FORMS.
        • FABRICATION AND PLACING OF REINFORCEMENT.
        • MIXING, TRANSPORTING AND PLACING CONCRETE.
      • CONSTRUCTION, ERECTION AND REMOVAL OF FORMS.
      • FABRICATION AND PLACING OF REINFORCEMENT.
      • MIXING, TRANSPORTING AND PLACING CONCRETE.
    • METHODS AND COST OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.
      • CONSTRUCTION, ERECTION AND REMOVAL OF FORMS.
      • FABRICATION AND PLACING OF REINFORCEMENT.
      • MIXING, TRANSPORTING AND PLACING CONCRETE.
    • CONSTRUCTION, ERECTION AND REMOVAL OF FORMS.
    • FABRICATION AND PLACING OF REINFORCEMENT.
    • MIXING, TRANSPORTING AND PLACING CONCRETE.
    • CHAPTER XX.
      • METHOD AND COST OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION OF SEPARATELY MOLDED MEMBERS.
    • METHOD AND COST OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION OF SEPARATELY MOLDED MEMBERS.
    • CHAPTER XXI.
      • METHODS AND COST OF AQUEDUCT AND SEWER CONSTRUCTION.
    • METHODS AND COST OF AQUEDUCT AND SEWER CONSTRUCTION.
    • CHAPTER XXII.
      • METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING RESERVOIRS AND TANKS.
    • METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING RESERVOIRS AND TANKS.
    • CHAPTER XXIII.
      • METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING ORNAMENTAL WORK.
    • METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING ORNAMENTAL WORK.
    • CHAPTER XXIV.
      • MISCELLANEOUS DATA ON MATERIALS, MACHINES AND COSTS.
        • Table XXII—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Advanced Mixers. Cement Machinery Co., Jackson, Mich.
        • Table XXIII—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Scheiffler Proportioning Mixers. The Hartwick Machinery Co., Jackson, Mich.
        • Table XXIV—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Eureka Mixers. Eureka Machine Co., Lansing, Mich.
        • Table XXV—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Snell Mixers.
        • Table XXVI—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepower of Ransome Mixers.
        • Table XXVII—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Chicago Improved Cube Mixers. Municipal Engineering and Contracting Co., Chicago, Ill.
        • Table XXVIII—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Cropp Mixers.
        • Table XXIX—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Chicago Concrete Mixers.
        • Table XXX—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Koehring Mixers.
        • Table XXXI—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Smith Mixers.
        • Table XXXII—Sizes, Weights and Capacities of Polygon Mixer.
        • Table XXXIII—Showing Weight of Steel Per Cubic Foot and Per Cubic Yard of Concrete for Various Percentages of Reinforcement.
        • Table XXXIV—Weights of Round and Square Bars of Dimensions Commonly Used for Reinforcing Concrete.
        • Table XXXV—Dimensions and Weight of Expanded Metal.
        • Table XXXVI—Dimensions and Weight of Kahn Rib Metal.
        • Table XXXVII—Weights of Deformed Bars of Dimensions Commonly Used for Reinforced Concrete.
      • Table XXII—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Advanced Mixers. Cement Machinery Co., Jackson, Mich.
      • Table XXIII—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Scheiffler Proportioning Mixers. The Hartwick Machinery Co., Jackson, Mich.
      • Table XXIV—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Eureka Mixers. Eureka Machine Co., Lansing, Mich.
      • Table XXV—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Snell Mixers.
      • Table XXVI—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepower of Ransome Mixers.
      • Table XXVII—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Chicago Improved Cube Mixers. Municipal Engineering and Contracting Co., Chicago, Ill.
      • Table XXVIII—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Cropp Mixers.
      • Table XXIX—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Chicago Concrete Mixers.
      • Table XXX—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Koehring Mixers.
      • Table XXXI—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Smith Mixers.
      • Table XXXII—Sizes, Weights and Capacities of Polygon Mixer.
      • Table XXXIII—Showing Weight of Steel Per Cubic Foot and Per Cubic Yard of Concrete for Various Percentages of Reinforcement.
      • Table XXXIV—Weights of Round and Square Bars of Dimensions Commonly Used for Reinforcing Concrete.
      • Table XXXV—Dimensions and Weight of Expanded Metal.
      • Table XXXVI—Dimensions and Weight of Kahn Rib Metal.
      • Table XXXVII—Weights of Deformed Bars of Dimensions Commonly Used for Reinforced Concrete.
    • MISCELLANEOUS DATA ON MATERIALS, MACHINES AND COSTS.
      • Table XXII—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Advanced Mixers. Cement Machinery Co., Jackson, Mich.
      • Table XXIII—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Scheiffler Proportioning Mixers. The Hartwick Machinery Co., Jackson, Mich.
      • Table XXIV—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Eureka Mixers. Eureka Machine Co., Lansing, Mich.
      • Table XXV—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Snell Mixers.
      • Table XXVI—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepower of Ransome Mixers.
      • Table XXVII—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Chicago Improved Cube Mixers. Municipal Engineering and Contracting Co., Chicago, Ill.
      • Table XXVIII—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Cropp Mixers.
      • Table XXIX—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Chicago Concrete Mixers.
      • Table XXX—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Koehring Mixers.
      • Table XXXI—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Smith Mixers.
      • Table XXXII—Sizes, Weights and Capacities of Polygon Mixer.
      • Table XXXIII—Showing Weight of Steel Per Cubic Foot and Per Cubic Yard of Concrete for Various Percentages of Reinforcement.
      • Table XXXIV—Weights of Round and Square Bars of Dimensions Commonly Used for Reinforcing Concrete.
      • Table XXXV—Dimensions and Weight of Expanded Metal.
      • Table XXXVI—Dimensions and Weight of Kahn Rib Metal.
      • Table XXXVII—Weights of Deformed Bars of Dimensions Commonly Used for Reinforced Concrete.
    • Table XXII—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Advanced Mixers. Cement Machinery Co., Jackson, Mich.
    • Table XXIII—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Scheiffler Proportioning Mixers. The Hartwick Machinery Co., Jackson, Mich.
    • Table XXIV—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Eureka Mixers. Eureka Machine Co., Lansing, Mich.
    • Table XXV—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Snell Mixers.
    • Table XXVI—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepower of Ransome Mixers.
    • Table XXVII—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Chicago Improved Cube Mixers. Municipal Engineering and Contracting Co., Chicago, Ill.
    • Table XXVIII—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Cropp Mixers.
    • Table XXIX—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Chicago Concrete Mixers.
    • Table XXX—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Koehring Mixers.
    • Table XXXI—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Smith Mixers.
    • Table XXXII—Sizes, Weights and Capacities of Polygon Mixer.
    • Table XXXIII—Showing Weight of Steel Per Cubic Foot and Per Cubic Yard of Concrete for Various Percentages of Reinforcement.
    • Table XXXIV—Weights of Round and Square Bars of Dimensions Commonly Used for Reinforcing Concrete.
    • Table XXXV—Dimensions and Weight of Expanded Metal.
    • Table XXXVI—Dimensions and Weight of Kahn Rib Metal.
    • Table XXXVII—Weights of Deformed Bars of Dimensions Commonly Used for Reinforced Concrete.
    • CHAPTER XXV.
      • METHODS AND COST OF WATERPROOFING CONCRETE STRUCTURES.
    • METHODS AND COST OF WATERPROOFING CONCRETE STRUCTURES.
    • INDEX.
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