UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

SURVEY OF FIELD

ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS OF THE SEVERAL BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY AND OF OTHER SCIENCES

Mineralogy and Petrology

[Pg 4]Stratigraphy and Paleontology

[Pg 5]Structural Geology

[Pg 6]Physiography

Rock Alterations or Metamorphism

Application of Other Sciences

TREATMENT OF THE SUBJECT IN THIS VOLUME

RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF THE LITHOSPHERE

[Pg 14]RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL MINERALS OF THE LITHOSPHERE

RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL ROCKS OF THE LITHOSPHERE

[Pg 18]Soils and Clays

Water (Hydrosphere)

COMPARISON OF LISTS OF MOST ABUNDANT ROCKS AND MINERALS WITH COMMERCIAL ROCKS AND MINERALS

THE ORIGIN OF COMMON ROCKS AND MINERALS

[Pg 19]Igneous Processes

Weathering of Igneous Rocks and Veins

Sedimentary Processes

Weathering of Sedimentary Rocks

Consolidation, Cementation, and Other Subsurface Alterations of Rocks.

THE METAMORPHIC CYCLE AS AN AID IN STUDYING MINERAL DEPOSITS

VARIOUS METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION

NAMES

MINERAL DEPOSITS AS MAGMATIC SEGREGATIONS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS

[Pg 36]MINERAL DEPOSITS WITHIN AND ADJACENT TO IGNEOUS ROCKS WHICH WERE FORMED IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COOLING AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE MAGMAS THROUGH THE AGENCY OF HOT MAGMATIC SOLUTIONS.

Evidence of Igneous Source

Possible Influence of Meteoric Waters in Deposition of Ores of This Class

Zonal Arrangement of Minerals Related to Igneous Rocks

The Relation of Contact Metamorphism to Ore Bodies of the Foregoing Class.

SECONDARY CONCENTRATION IN PLACE OF THE FOREGOING CLASSES OF MINERAL DEPOSITS THROUGH THE AGENCY OF SURFACE SOLUTIONS

RESIDUAL MINERAL DEPOSITS FORMED BY THE WEATHERING OF IGNEOUS ROCKS IN PLACE

[Pg 51]MINERAL DEPOSITS FORMED DIRECTLY AS PLACERS AND SEDIMENTS

Mechanically Deposited Minerals

Chemically and Organically Deposited Minerals

[Pg 54]SEDIMENTARY MINERAL DEPOSITS WHICH HAVE REQUIRED FURTHER CONCENTRATION TO MAKE THEM COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE

ANAMORPHISM OF MINERAL DEPOSITS

CONCLUSION

WORLD ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF MINERALS IN SHORT TONS

[Pg 62]WORLD ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF MINERALS IN TERMS OF VALUE

SIGNIFICANCE OF GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL PRODUCTION

THE INCREASING RATE OF PRODUCTION

CAPITAL VALUE OF WORLD MINERAL RESERVES

[Pg 65]POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL CONTROL OF MINERAL RESOURCES

RESERVES OF MINERAL RESOURCES

GENERAL GEOLOGIC RELATIONS

DISTRIBUTION OF UNDERGROUND WATER

Approximate Quantity of Water which will be Absorbed by Soils and Rocks1

[Pg 71]MOVEMENT OF UNDERGROUND WATER

WELLS AND SPRINGS

COMPOSITION OF UNDERGROUND WATERS

RELATION OF GEOLOGY TO UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY

SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES

UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE WATERS IN RELATION TO EXCAVATION AND CONSTRUCTION

ECONOMIC FEATURES OF THE COMMON ROCKS

[Pg 82]Granite

Basalt and Related Types

Limestone, Marl, Chalk

Marble

[Pg 84]Sand, Sandstone, Quartzite (and Quartz)

"Sand and Gravel"

Clay, Shale, Slate

[Pg 86]The Feldspars

Hydraulic Cement (including Portland, natural, and Puzzolan cements)

GEOLOGIC FEATURES OF THE COMMON ROCKS

Building Stone

Crushed Stone

Stone for Metallurgical Purposes

Clay

Limitations of Geologic Field in Commercial Investigation Of Common Rocks

SOILS AS A MINERAL RESOURCE

Origin of Soils

Composition of Soils and Plant Growth

Use of Geology in Soil Study

GENERAL COMMENTS

[Pg 101]NITRATES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

PHOSPHATES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

PYRITE

Economic Features

Geologic Features

SULPHUR

Economic Features

Geologic Features

POTASH

Economic Features

Geologic Features

COAL

Economic Features

[Pg 123]Geologic Features

[Pg 128]PETROLEUM

Economic Features

[Pg 140]Geologic Features

OIL SHALES

NATURAL GAS

Economic Features

Geologic Features

[Pg 152]ASPHALT AND BITUMEN

Economic Features

[Pg 153]Geologic Features

GENERAL FEATURES

IRON ORES

Economic Features

[Pg 166]Geologic Features

MANGANESE ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

CHROME (OR CHROMITE) ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

NICKEL ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

TUNGSTEN (WOLFRAM) ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

MOLYBDENUM ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

VANADIUM ORES

Economic Features

[Pg 188]Geologic Features

[Pg 189]ZIRCONIUM ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

TITANIUM ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

MAGNESITE

Economic Features

Geologic Features

FLUORSPAR

Economic Features

Geologic Features

[Pg 195]SILICA

Economic Features

Geologic Features

COPPER ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

LEAD ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

ZINC ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

GOLD ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

[Pg 231]SILVER ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

PLATINUM ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

ALUMINUM ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

ANTIMONY ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

ARSENIC ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

[Pg 252]BISMUTH ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

CADMIUM ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

COBALT ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

MERCURY (QUICKSILVER) ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

TIN ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

URANIUM AND RADIUM ORES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

NATURAL ABRASIVES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

ASBESTOS

Economic Features

Geologic Features

BARITE (BARYTES)

Economic Features

Geologic Features

BORAX

Economic Features

Geologic Features

BROMINE

Economic Features

[Pg 278]Geologic Features

FULLER'S EARTH

Economic Features

Geologic Features

GRAPHITE (PLUMBAGO)

Economic Features

Geologic Features

GYPSUM

Economic Features

Geologic Features

MICA

Economic Features

Geologic Features

MONAZITE (THORIUM AND CERIUM ORES)

Economic Features

[Pg 289]Geologic Features

PRECIOUS STONES

Economic Features

Geologic Features

[Pg 294]SALT

Economic Features

Geologic Features

[Pg 299]TALC AND SOAPSTONE

Economic Features

Geologic Features

The General Relations of the Geologist To Exploration And Development

Partly Explored Versus Virgin Territories

The Use of All Available Information

[Pg 305]Coöperation in Exploration

Economic Factors in Exploration

Geologic Factors in Exploration

Mineral Provinces and Epochs

Classification of Mineral Lands

Outcrops of Mineral Deposits

Some Illustrative Cases

Topography and Climate As Aids in Searching for Mineral Outcrops

Size and Depth of Ore Bodies As Determined From Outcrop

The Use of Placers in Tracing Mineral Outcrops

The Use of Magnetic Surveys in Tracing Mineral Ledges

[Pg 319]The Use of Electrical Conductivity and Other Qualities Of Rocks in Exploration

The Use of Structure and Metamorphism in Exploration

Drilling in Exploration

Quantitative Aspects of Geologic Exploration

Origin of Mineral Deposits As a Factor in Exploration

Lake Superior Iron Ore Exploration As an Illustration

Development and Exploitation of Mineral Deposits

POPULAR CONCEPTION OF MINERAL VALUATION

VALUATION AND TAXATION OF MINES

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in Valuation

[Pg 331]Values of Mineral Deposits Not Often Established By Market Transfers

The Ad Valorem Method of Valuation

Other Methods of Mineral Valuation and Taxation

GENERAL COMMENTS ON TAXATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

I

LAWS RELATING TO OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF MINERAL RESOURCES

[Pg 343]On Alienated Lands

On the Public Domain

Nationalization of Mineral Resources

Effect of Ownership Laws on Exploration

Use of Geology in Relation To Ownership Laws

II

LAWS RELATING TO EXTRACTION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

III

LAWS RELATING TO DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

IV

OTHER RELATIONS OF GEOLOGY TO LAW

THE PROBLEM

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC EFFORTS IN CONSERVATION

[Pg 364]THE INTEREST RATE AS A GUIDE IN CONSERVATION

[Pg 365]ANTI-CONSERVATIONAL EFFECTS OF WAR

CONSERVATION OF COAL

Measures Introduced or Proposed to Conserve Coal

Division of Responsibility Between Government and Private Interests in the Conservation of Coal

CONSERVATION OF MINERALS OTHER THAN COAL

WORLD MOVEMENT OF MINERALS

Movement of Minerals Under Pre-war Conditions of International Trade

Changes During the War

Post-war Condition of the Mineral Trade

[Pg 389]TENDENCIES TOWARD INTERNATIONAL COÖPERATION AND POSSIBILITY OF INTERNATIONAL CONTROL[59] OF MINERALS

Methods of International Coöperation

CONSERVATION IN ITS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

EXPLORATION IN ITS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

VALUATION IN ITS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

RELATIVE POSITION OF THE UNITED STATES IN REGARD TO SUPPLIES OF MINERALS

THE COAL AND IRON SITUATION OF WESTERN EUROPE UNDER THE TERMS OF THE PEACE TREATY

CONCLUSION

LITERATURE

GEOLOGY BEHIND THE FRONT

GEOLOGY AT THE FRONT[63]

EFFECT OF THE WAR ON THE SCIENCE OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

FOUNDATIONS

[Pg 414]SURFACE WATERS

TUNNELS

SLIDES

SUBSIDENCE

RAILWAY BUILDING

ROAD BUILDING

[Pg 419]GEOLOGY IN ENGINEERING COURSES

PURE VERSUS APPLIED SCIENCE

COURSE OF STUDY SUGGESTED

Field Work

Specialization in Studies

A Degree of Economic Geology

THE OPPORTUNITIES OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST

ETHICS OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST