The Philosophy of Spinoza
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THE PHILOSOPHY
OF
SPINOZA
edited by JOSEPH RATNER
PREFACE
CONTENTS
THE LIFE OF SPINOZA
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF SPINOZA
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
FIRST PART
ON GOD
CHAPTER I
OF SUPERSTITION[1]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER II
OF THE INTERPRETATION OF SCRIPTURE[2]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER III
OF PROPHETS AND PROPHECY[4]
I
II
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER IV
OF THE VOCATION OF THE HEBREWS[6]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER V
OF THE DIVINE LAW[7]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VI
OF THE CEREMONIAL LAW[8]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VII
OF MIRACLES[10]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VIII
OF THE DIVINE NATURE
Definitions
Axioms
The Essence of God
The Corporeality of God
The Properties of God
I
II
III
The Necessity of All Things
General Conclusions
FOOTNOTES:
SECOND PART
ON MAN
CHAPTER IX
THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF THE HUMAN MIND
Introductory
Definitions
Axioms
The Mind of God
The Order and Dependence of Ideas in God
The Origin of the Human Mind
The Nature of the Human Mind
The Complexity of the Human Mind
Imagination
Association of Ideas and Memory
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER X
THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE
Of Truth
Of Falsity
The Origin and Nature of Confused Ideas
The Origin and Nature of Adequate Ideas
The Three Kinds of Knowledge
Reason and Imagination
Sub Specie Æternitatis
The Limits of Human Knowledge
I
II
III
The Mind's Knowledge of God
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XI
DETERMINISM AND MORALS
The Mind Is Necessarily Determined
Faculty Psychology Fallacious
False Doctrines about Error Exposed
Freedom of the Will
The Independence of Mind and Body
The Moral Values of Determinism
I
II
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XII
THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF THE EMOTIONS
Introductory
Definitions
Postulates
The Two States of Mind: Active and Passive
The Basic Endeavor of All Things
The Three Primary Emotions
I
Desire
II
Joy and Sorrow
Definitions of the Principal Emotions
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XIII
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE EMOTIONS
The Association of the Emotions
The Imitation and Reciprocation of the Emotions
I
II
The "Herd Instinct"
The Varieties of Emotion
The Inconstancy of the Emotions
The Power of Love Over Hate
FOOTNOTES:
THIRD PART
ON MAN'S WELL-BEING
CHAPTER XIV
OF HUMAN BONDAGE
Introductory
Definitions
Axiom
Man's Place in Nature
The Nature of Good and Evil
The Control of the Emotions
How the Strength of the Emotions Varies
I
II
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XV
THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE MORAL LIFE
Introductory
The Essence of Virtue
I
II
The Highest Virtue of Reason
THE MORAL VALUE OF THE EMOTIONS
I
General Principles
II
Value of Joy and Sorrow
III
The Good Emotions
IV
The Evil Emotions
V
Necessary Evils
(i)
(ii)
VI
Diseased Emotions
VII
Reasonable Emotions
The Life of Virtue
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
XXIII
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
XXVII
XXVIII
XXIX
XXX
XXXI
XXXII
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XVI
OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF A STATE[32]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XVII
OF SUPREME AUTHORITIES
I
Of the Right of Supreme Authorities[36]
II
Of the Functions of Supreme Authorities[38]
III
Of the Best State of a Dominion[39]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XVIII
FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND SPEECH[41]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XIX
OF HUMAN FREEDOM
Introductory
Axioms
The Strength of the Emotions
The Power of the Intellect Over the Emotions
I
General Principles
II
The Natural Basis of Rational Control
III
The Function of the Intellectual Order
IV
Summary
CHAPTER XX
OF HUMAN BLESSEDNESS AND THE ETERNITY OF THE MIND
Human Blessedness: The Intellectual Love of God
I
II
III
IV
V
The Eternity of the Mind
I
II
III
Conclusion
FOOTNOTES:
APPENDIX
Transcriber's Notes
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