The modes of origin of lowest organisms including a discussion of the experiments of M. Pasteur
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THE MODES OF ORIGIN OF LOWEST ORGANISMS: INCLUDING A DISCUSSION OF THE EXPERIMENTS OF M. PASTEUR, AND A REPLY TO SOME STATEMENTS BY PROFESSORS HUXLEY AND TYNDALL.
PREFACE.
THE MODES OF ORIGIN OF LOWEST ORGANISMS.
I. Homogenetic Mode of Origin of Bacteria and Torulæ.
2. Heterogenetic Mode of Origin of Bacteria and of Torulæ.
3. Origin of Bacteria and of Torulæ by Archebiosis.
Limits of ‘Vital Resistance’ to Heat displayed by Bacteria and Torulæ.
Extent to which boiled Fermentable Fluids may be preserved in Vessels with Bent Necks, or in those whose Necks are guarded by a Plug of Cotton-Wool.
Limits of ‘Vital Resistance’ to Heat displayed by Bacteria and Torulæ.
Extent to which boiled Fermentable Fluids may be preserved in Vessels with Bent Necks, or in those whose Necks are guarded by a Plug of Cotton-Wool.
COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTS.
First Set of Experiments (I.–XV.).
a. Fluid exposed to Air in a Flask with a short Open Neck.
b. Fluid in contact with Ordinary Air and its Particles; Neck of Flask Sealed after the Fluid had become Cold.
c. Fluid in a Flask with a Neck two feet long, and having Eight acute Flexures.
d. Fluid in a Flask having a Neck two feet long, bent at right angles shortly above the bulb, and provided with a firm Plug of Cotton-Wool twelve inches in length.
e. Fluid (in vacuo) in a Flask, the Neck of which was hermetically Sealed by means of the Blowpipe Flame during Ebullition.
a. Fluid exposed to Air in a Flask with a short Open Neck.
b. Fluid in contact with Ordinary Air and its Particles; Neck of Flask Sealed after the Fluid had become Cold.
c. Fluid in a Flask with a Neck two feet long, and having Eight acute Flexures.
d. Fluid in a Flask having a Neck two feet long, bent at right angles shortly above the bulb, and provided with a firm Plug of Cotton-Wool twelve inches in length.
e. Fluid (in vacuo) in a Flask, the Neck of which was hermetically Sealed by means of the Blowpipe Flame during Ebullition.
Second Set of Experiments (XVI.–XXI.).
b. Fluid in contact with Ordinary Air and its Particles; Neck of Flask Sealed after the Fluid had become Cold.
c. Fluid in a Bent Neck Flask, having Eight acute Flexures.
e. Fluid (in vacuo) in a Flask which had been Sealed during Ebullition.
b. Fluid in contact with Ordinary Air and its Particles; Neck of Flask Sealed after the Fluid had become Cold.
c. Fluid in a Bent Neck Flask, having Eight acute Flexures.
e. Fluid (in vacuo) in a Flask which had been Sealed during Ebullition.
Third Set of Experiments (XXII.–XXX.).
a. Fluid exposed to Air in a Flask with a short Open Neck.
b. Fluid in contact with Ordinary Air and its Particles; Neck of Flask Sealed after the Fluid had become Cold.
c. Fluid in a Bent Neck Flask, having Eight acute Flexures.
e. Fluid (in vacuo) in a Flask, Sealed during Ebullition.
a. Fluid exposed to Air in a Flask with a short Open Neck.
b. Fluid in contact with Ordinary Air and its Particles; Neck of Flask Sealed after the Fluid had become Cold.
c. Fluid in a Bent Neck Flask, having Eight acute Flexures.
e. Fluid (in vacuo) in a Flask, Sealed during Ebullition.
Fourth Set of Experiments (XXXI.–XXXVII.).
b. Fluid in contact with ordinary Air and its Particles; Flask Sealed after the Fluid had become Cold.
c. Fluid in a Bent-Neck Flask, having Eight acute Flexures.
e. Fluid (in vacuo) in a Flask which had been Sealed during Ebullition.
b. Fluid in contact with ordinary Air and its Particles; Flask Sealed after the Fluid had become Cold.
c. Fluid in a Bent-Neck Flask, having Eight acute Flexures.
e. Fluid (in vacuo) in a Flask which had been Sealed during Ebullition.
Fifth Set of Experiments (XXXVIII.–XLVII.).
Fluids not boiled, but half-filling hermetically Sealed Flasks, containing Ordinary Air.
Fluids boiled for five minutes, and half-filling hermetically Sealed Flasks containing Ordinary Air.
Fluids (in vacuo)—boiled for five minutes, and Flasks Sealed during Ebullition.
Fluids not boiled, but half-filling hermetically Sealed Flasks, containing Ordinary Air.
Fluids boiled for five minutes, and half-filling hermetically Sealed Flasks containing Ordinary Air.
Fluids (in vacuo)—boiled for five minutes, and Flasks Sealed during Ebullition.
Sixth Set of Experiments (XLVIII.–LXV.).
Ammoniacal Solutions, unboiled, and exposed to Ordinary Air in a Corked Bottle.70 (Temp. 60°–65° F.)
Ammoniacal Solutions, unboiled, and exposed to Air in a Corked Bottle, after Inoculation with a Drop of Fluid containing living Bacteria and Torulæ. (Temp. 60°–65° F.)
Ammoniacal Solutions (in vacuo) in Flasks which were hermetically Sealed during Ebullition of their Fluids at a Temperature of 90° F.72 (Subsequently exposed in water-bath to a Temperature of 75°–85° F.).
Ammoniacal Solutions boiled (at 212° F.), and exposed to Air in Flasks whose Open Necks were only loosely covered with Paper Caps: subsequent Inoculation. (Temp. 75°–85° F.).
Solutions of Ammonic Tartrate and Sodic Phosphate were heated, in their respective Flasks, for Fifteen Minutes to the Temperatures mentioned below. The Necks of the Flasks were afterwards loosely covered with Paper Caps, whilst the Bulbs were immersed in a Water-Bath kept at a Temperature of 75°–85° F.
Interpretation of the Experiments: Conclusions as to the Cause of Fermentation, and as to the Occurrence of Archebiosis.
Ammoniacal Solutions, unboiled, and exposed to Ordinary Air in a Corked Bottle.70 (Temp. 60°–65° F.)
Ammoniacal Solutions, unboiled, and exposed to Air in a Corked Bottle, after Inoculation with a Drop of Fluid containing living Bacteria and Torulæ. (Temp. 60°–65° F.)
Ammoniacal Solutions (in vacuo) in Flasks which were hermetically Sealed during Ebullition of their Fluids at a Temperature of 90° F.72 (Subsequently exposed in water-bath to a Temperature of 75°–85° F.).
Ammoniacal Solutions boiled (at 212° F.), and exposed to Air in Flasks whose Open Necks were only loosely covered with Paper Caps: subsequent Inoculation. (Temp. 75°–85° F.).
Solutions of Ammonic Tartrate and Sodic Phosphate were heated, in their respective Flasks, for Fifteen Minutes to the Temperatures mentioned below. The Necks of the Flasks were afterwards loosely covered with Paper Caps, whilst the Bulbs were immersed in a Water-Bath kept at a Temperature of 75°–85° F.
Interpretation of the Experiments: Conclusions as to the Cause of Fermentation, and as to the Occurrence of Archebiosis.
SECTION I.
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, and TRAVELS.
SECTION II.
POETRY AND BELLES LETTRES.
THE GLOBE LIBRARY.
MACMILLAN’S
GOLDEN TREASURY SERIES.
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