The Historians' History of the World in Twenty-Five Volumes, Volume 08
Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy
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THE HISTORIANS’ HISTORY OF THE WORLD
Contributors, and Editorial Revisers.
CONTENTS
PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABS
THE SCOPE AND INFLUENCE OF ARABIC HISTORY
ARABS PAST AND PRESENT
THE NAME OF ARAB
THE ARABS AND THEIR NEIGHBOURS
ARAB CIVILISATION
THE KOREISH OF MECCA
ARAB POETRY
RELIGION OF THE ANCIENT ARABS
MOHAMMED
SUCCESSORS OF MOHAMMED
MOSLEM CONQUESTS
CIVIL WARS AMONG THE MOSLEMS
INFLUENCE OF PERSIA ON THE MOSLEMS
ARAB RECORDS AND TRADITIONS
ARAB LEARNING
INFLUENCE OF THE ARABS UPON EUROPE
LATER EVENTS OF ARABIC CIVILIZATION
LATER ISLAMITE MOVEMENTS
FOOTNOTES
HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABS
THE PARTHIAN EMPIRE (250 B.C.-228 A.D.)
THE EMPIRE OF THE SASSANIDS (228-651 A.D.)
THE ARABS
THE KINGDOM OF ARMENIA (189 B.C.-1375 A.D.)
CHAPTER I. THE PARTHIAN EMPIRE
Justin’s Account of the Parthians
THEIR CUSTOMS
SELEUCUS AND ARSACES
WARS WITH ROME
Modern Accounts of Parthia
THE PARTHIAN EMPIRE
ARSACES AND THE ARSACIDS
PARTHIAN CUSTOMS
BACTRIA AND PARTHIA CONSOLIDATE
CONQUESTS OF MITHRIDATES
MEDIA AND BABYLONIA CONQUERED
PARTHIAN “KINGDOMS”
SCYTHIAN CONQUEST OF BACTRIA
THE SCYTHIANS RAVAGE PARTHIA
FIRST CONFLICT WITH ROME
ORODES DEFEATS THE ROMANS
PLUTARCH’S ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF CARRHÆ
PHRAATES IV REPELS MARK ANTONY
ANARCHY IN PARTHIA
THE ROMANS INTERVENE
THE DECAY OF PARTHIAN GREATNESS
PERSIA CONQUERS PARTHIA
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER II. THE EMPIRE OF THE SASSANIDS
SASSANIAN POWER
SAPOR FIGHTS ROME
THE WAR WITH PALMYRA
A NEW WAR WITH ROME
ARDASHIR II TO BAHRAM IV
THE RULE OF YEZDEGERD I
THE ARABS AID IN WAR WITH ROME
WAR WITH THE HEPHTHALITES
KAVADH I
NEW CONFLICT WITH ROME
EXPLOITS OF MUNDHIR
CHOSROES “THE JUST”
CHOSROES ATTACKS ROME
HORMUZD IV
CIVIL WAR
VICES OF CHOSROES II
CONFLICT WITH HERACLIUS; FALL OF CHOSROES II
SUCCESSORS OF CHOSROES II
ANARCHY AND CHAOS
ARAB INCURSIONS
ARAB CONQUEST
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER III. EARLY HISTORY OF THE ARABS
ARAB HISTORY BEFORE MOHAMMED
CHAPTER IV. MOHAMMED
Mohammed ben Abdallah ben Abdul-Muttalib
RELIGIOUS UNREST
Mohammed’s Life
HIS MARRIAGE WITH KHADIJA
MOHAMMED AS A PROPHET (610 OR 612 A.D.)
MOHAMMED AN OUTLAW
THE HEGIRA (622 A.D.)
THE BATTLE OF BEDR (624 A.D.)
BATTLE OF OHOD (MARCH, 625 A.D.)
EXPEDITION AGAINST THE JEWS (626 A.D.)
SIEGE OF MEDINA, EXTERMINATION OF THE JEWS (627-628 A.D.)
MOHAMMED’S PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA (629 A.D.)
SUBJECTION OF MECCA (630 A.D.)
THE VICTORY OF HONAIN AND AUTAS
THE LAST YEARS OF MOHAMMED’S LIFE (630-632 A.D.)
GIBBON’S ESTIMATE OF MOHAMMED AND MOHAMMEDANISM
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER V. THE SPREAD OF ISLAM
ABU BEKR, FIRST CALIPH AFTER MOHAMMED
THE CALIPH OMAR
THE CONQUEST OF PERSIA
THE SYRIAN CONQUEST COMPLETED
EGYPT CAPTURED (639 A.D.)
THE ALLEGED BURNING OF THE LIBRARY
OTHMAN, THE THIRD CALIPH
ALI (656-661 A.D.)
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER VI. THE OMAYYADS
FOUNDATION OF THE OMAYYADS
YAZID MADE CALIPH
SIEGE OF MECCA
ABDUL-MALIK, CALIPH (685-705 A.D.)
SIEGE OF MECCA
THE EASTERN CALIPHATE
SULEIMAN’S AMBITIONS
THE LAST OMAYYADS (717-750 A.D.)
CHAPTER VII. THE ARABS IN EUROPE
THE INVASION OF FRANCE
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER VIII. THE ABBASIDS
FOUNDING OF BAGHDAD (762 A.D.)
HARUN AR-RASHID (786-809 A.D.)
AL-MAMUN AND HIS SUCCESSORS
BAGHDAD UNDER THE CALIPHS
GRADUAL DECLINE OF ARABIAN DOMINION IN THE EAST
THE VARIOUS RELIGIOUS SECTS
THE SELJUK TURKS
ARABS AND TURKS UNITE AGAINST THE CHRISTIANS
SALADIN AND HIS SUCCESSORS AGAINST THE CRUSADERS
THE MONGOLS UNDER JENGHIZ KHAN INVADE WESTERN ASIA
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER IX. THE DECLINE OF THE MOSLEMS IN SPAIN
ALMANSOR
DECAY OF POWER
END OF THE OMAYYADS
INDEPENDENT KINGDOMS
THE ALMORAVIDS
DYNASTY OF THE ALMOHADS
THE BATTLE OF LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA (1212 A.D.)
THE DECLINE OF ARAB POWER
CHAPTER X. ARAB CIVILISATION
THE KORAN
DOZY’S ESTIMATE OF THE KORAN
DOCTRINE OF ISLAMISM
THE PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA
THE HOLY WAR
ARAB CULTURE
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
PAPER, COMPASS, AND GUNPOWDER
INFLUENCE OF THE ARABS ON EUROPEAN CIVILISATION
SCHOLASTICISM
MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE
MEDICINE
ARCHITECTURE
MUSIC
CHAPTER XI. TRIBAL LIFE OF THE EPIC PERIOD
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XII. THE PRINCIPLES OF LAW IN ISLAM
FOOTNOTES
BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS
Chapter I. The Parthian Empire
Chapter II. The Empire of the Sassanids
Chapter III. Early History of the Arabs
Chapter IV. Mohammed
Chapter V. The Spread of Islam
Chapter VI. The Omayyads
Chapter VII. The Arabs in Europe
Chapter VIII. The Abbasids
Chapter IX. The Decline of the Moslems in Spain
Chapter X. Arab Civilisation
THE HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES AND THE PAPACY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BOOK I. THE CRUSADES
PREFATORY ESSAY THE VALUE OF THE CRUSADES IN THE LIGHT OF MODERN HISTORY
HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF THE CRUSADES
CHAPTER I. ORIGIN OF THE CRUSADES
CHAPTER II. THE FIRST CRUSADE
CHAPTER III. THE SECOND CRUSADE
CHAPTER IV. THE THIRD CRUSADE
CHAPTER V. THE FOURTH TO THE SIXTH CRUSADES
CHAPTER VI. THE LAST CRUSADES
CHAPTER VII. CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADES
APPENDIX. FEUDALISM
BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS
BOOK II. THE PAPACY
INTRODUCTION HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF THE PAPACY
CHAPTER I. ORIGIN AND RISE OF THE PAPACY
CHAPTER II. “THE NIGHT OF THE PAPACY”—CHARLEMAGNE TO OTTO THE GREAT
CHAPTER III. THE HIGH NOON OF THE PAPACY
CHAPTER IV. FROM EXILE TO SUPREMACY
BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS
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