This volume contains a fresh English translation of Josephus' apologetic treatise 'Against Apion', based on the new textual research conducted by the Münster Josephus project. It also provides the first English commentary on this treatise, with comprehensive treatment of the historical, literary, and rhetorical features of Josephus' most engaging literary product. 'Against Apion' contains the most important evidence for hostility to Judeans in antiquity, as Josephus responds to both Egyptian and Hellenistic slurs on the Judean people, their origins and character. Josephus' robust defense of his people, with his striking account of the Judean constitution ("theocracy"), also constitutes the finest example of Judean apologetics from antiquity.