CK-12-Chemistry-for-High-School-Export__v1_dam
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Contents
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Introduction to Chemistry
Scope of Chemistry
History of Chemistry
Alchemy
Areas of Chemistry
Pure and Applied Chemistry
Energy in Chemistry
Medicine
Agriculture
Materials
The Environment
Research
Scientific Method
References
Matter and Change
Matter, Mass, and Volume
Pure Substance
Physical Properties
Extensive and Intensive Properties
States of Matter
Physical Change
Mixture
Homogeneous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
Separating Mixtures
Element
Compound
Chemical Reaction
Chemical Change
Chemical Symbols and Formulas
Chemical Properties and Chemical Reactions
Reactants and Products
Recognizing Chemical Reactions
References
Measurements
SI Base Units
Metric Prefixes
Scientific Notation
Length and Volume
Mass and Weight
Kinetic Energy
Temperature and Temperature Scales
Dimensional Analysis
Metric Unit Conversions
Derived Units
Density
Accuracy and Precision
Percent Error
Measurement Uncertainty
Rounding
Significant Figures
Significant Figures in Addition and Subtraction
Significant Figures in Multiplication and Division
References
Atomic Structure
Democritus' Idea of the Atom
Law of Conservation of Mass
Law of Multiple Proportions
Law of Definite Proportions
Mass Ratio Calculation
Dalton's Atomic Theory
Atom
Electron
Proton
Neutron
Cathode Ray Tube
Oil Drop Experiment
Plum Pudding Atomic Model
Gold Foil Experiment
Atomic Nucleus
Atomic Number
Mass Number
Isotope
Atomic Mass Unit
Calculating Average Atomic Mass
References
Electrons in Atoms
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency Calculations
Quantization of Energy
Photoelectric Effect
Atomic Emission Spectra
Bohr's Atomic Model
Spectral Lines of Hydrogen
de Broglie Wave Equation
Quantum Mechanics
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Quantum Mechanical Atomic Model
Energy Level
Orbital
Quantum Numbers
Aufbau Principle
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Hund's Rule and Orbital Filling Diagrams
Electron Configurations
Valence Electrons
Noble Gas Configuration
References
The Periodic Table
Early History of the Periodic Table
Mendeleev's Periodic Table
Periodic Law
Modern Periodic Table
Metals
Nonmetals
Metalloids
Blocks of the Periodic Table
Hydrogen and Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
Noble Gases
Halogens
Transition Metals
Lanthanides and Actinides
Periodic Trends: Atomic Radius
Ion
Periodic Trends: Ionization Energy
Electron Shielding
Periodic Trends: Electron Affinity
Periodic Trends: Ionic Radii
Periodic Trends: Electronegativity
Periodic Trends: Metallic and Nonmetallic Character
References
Chemical Nomenclature
Molecular Formula
Empirical Formula
Cation
Anion
Transition Metal Ions
The Stock System of Nomenclature
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds
Polyatomic Ions - Naming and Formulas
Ternary Ionic Compounds - Naming and Formulas
Binary Molecular Compounds - Naming and Formulas
Acids - Naming and Formulas
Bases - Naming and Formulas
References
Ionic and Metallic Bonding
Electron Dot Diagrams
Octet Rule
Cation Formation
Anion Formation
Transition Metal Ion Formation
Ionic Bond
Ionic Crystal Structure
Coordination Number
Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds
Metallic Bond
Crystal Structures of Metals
Alloys
References
Covalent Bonding
Chemical Bond
Covalent Bond
Molecular Compounds
Energy and Covalent Bond Formation
Lewis Electron-Dot Structures
Single Covalent Bonds
Multiple Covalent Bonds
Coordinate Covalent Bond
Covalent Bonding in Polyatomic Ions
Resonance
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Bond Energy
VSEPR Theory
Molecular Shapes: No Lone Pairs on Central Atom
Molecular Shapes: Lone Pair(s) on Central Atom
Bond Polarity
Polar Molecules
Van der Waals Forces
Hydrogen Bonding
Physical Properties and Intermolecular Forces
Valence Bond Theory
Hybrid Orbitals - sp3
Hybrid Orbitals - sp and sp2
Sigma and Pi Bonds
References
The Mole
Avogadro's Number
Conversions Between Moles and Atoms
Molar Mass
Conversions Between Moles and Mass
Conversions Between Mass and Number of Particles
Avogadro's Hypothesis and Molar Volume
Conversions Between Moles and Gas Volume
Gas Density
Mole Road Map
Percent Composition
Percent of Water in a Hydrate
Determining Empirical Formulas
Determining Molecular Formulas
References
Chemical Reactions
Word Equations
Writing Chemical Equations
Balancing Equations
Combination Reactions
Decomposition Reactions
Combustion Reaction
Single-Replacement Reactions
Activity Series
Double-Replacement Reactions
References
Stoichiometry
Everyday Stoichiometry
Mole Ratios
Mass-Mole Stoichiometry
Mass-Mass Stoichiometry
Volume-Volume Stoichiometry
Mass-Volume Stoichiometry
Limiting Reactant
Determining the Limiting Reactant
Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield
References
States of Matter
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Gas Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure Units and Conversions
Average Kinetic Energy and Temperature
Surface Tension
Evaporation
Vapor Pressure
Boiling
Vapor Pressure Curves
Melting
Sublimation
Crystal Systems
Unit Cells
Classes of Crystalline Solids
Amorphous Solid
Change of State
Heating and Cooling Curves
Phase Diagrams
Phase Diagram for Water
References
The Behavior of Gases
Compressibility
Factors Affecting Gas Pressure
Boyle's Law
Charles's Law
Gay-Lussac's Law
Combined Gas Law
Avogadro's Law
Ideal Gas Law
Calculating the Molar Mass of a Gas
Gas Stoichiometry
Real and Ideal Gases
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
Mole Fraction
Gas Collection by Water Displacement
Diffusion, Effusion, and Graham's Law
References
Water
Structure of Water
Structure of Ice
Physical Properties of Water
Solute and Solvent
Dissolving Process
Liquid-Liquid Solutions
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
Dissociation
Strong and Weak Electrolytes
Suspensions
Colloids
References
Solutions
Solution
Solute-Solvent Combinations
Rate of Dissolving
Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions
Solubility
Supersaturated Solutions
Henry's Law of Solubility
Percent Solutions
Molarity
Molality
Preparing Solutions
Dilution
Vapor Pressure Lowering
Freezing Point Depression
Boiling Point Elevation
Electrolytes and Colligative Properties
Calculating Molar Mass Using Colligative Properties
Molecular and Ionic Equations
Net Ionic Equation
Predicting Precipitates Using Solubility Rules
References
Thermochemistry
Chemical Potential Energy
Heat
Exothermic Reaction
Endothermic Reaction
Exothermic and Endothermic Processes
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
Specific Heat Calculations
Enthalpy
Calorimetry
Thermochemical Equation
Stoichiometry and Thermochemical Equations
Heats of Fusion and Solidification
Heats of Vaporization and Condensation
Multi-Step Problems with Changes of State
Heat of Solution
Hess's Law of Heat Summation
Heat of Combustion
Standard Heat of Formation
Heat of Reaction
References
Kinetics
Reaction Rate
Collision Theory
Activation Energy
Potential Energy Diagrams
Activated Complex
Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
Catalyst
Rate Law and Rate Constant
Reaction Order
Determining the Rate Law from Experimental Data
Reaction Mechanisms and the Elementary Step
Reaction Intermediate
Molecularity
Rate-Determining Step
Reaction Mechanisms and Potential Energy Diagrams
References
Equilibrium
Reversible Reaction
Chemical Equilibrium
Equilibrium Constant (Keq)
Calculations with Equilibrium Constants
Nonreversible Reactions
Le Châtelier's Principle
Effect of Concentration
Effect of Temperature
Effect of Pressure
Le Châtelier's Principle and the Equilibrium Constant
Solubility Product Constant (Ksp)
Calculating Solubility from Ksp
Calculating Ksp from Solubility
Predicting Precipitates
Common Ion Effect
References
Entropy and Free Energy
Entropy Overview
Standard Entropy
Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Reactions
Free Energy
Calculating Free Energy Change (ΔG°)
Temperature and Free Energy
Changes of State and Free Energy
Calculations of Free Energy and Keq
References
Acids and Bases
Acid
Base
Arrhenius Acids
Arrhenius Bases
Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Reactions
Lewis Acids and Bases
Self-Ionization of Water (Kw)
pH
Calculating pH
pOH Scale and Calculations
Strong and Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constant (Ka)
Strong and Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constant (Kb)
Calculating Ka and Kb
Calculating pH of Weak Acid and Base Solutions
Neutralization Reaction and Net Ionic Equations
Titration Experiment
Titration Calculations
Titration Curves
Indicators
Salt Hydrolysis
Calculating pH of Salt Solutions
Buffers
References
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxygen in Reactions
Redox Reactions and Ionic Compounds
Redox Reactions and Molecular Compounds
Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
Corrosion
Assigning Oxidation Numbers
Oxidation-Number Changes in Reactions
Identifying Redox Reactions
Balancing Redox Reactions: Oxidation Number Change Method
Balancing Redox Reactions: Half-Reaction Method
Balancing Redox Reactions: Half-Reaction Method in Basic Solution
References
Electrochemistry
Direct Redox Reactions
Electrochemical Reaction
Voltaic Cells
Batteries
Electrical Potential
Standard Hydrogen Electrode
Calculating Standard Cell Potentials
Electrolytic Cells
Electrolysis of Molten Salts
Electrolysis of Water
Electroplating
References
Nuclear Chemistry
Radioactivity
Types of Radioactive Decay
Half-Life
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Power
Detection of Radioactivity
Background Radiation
Penetrating Ability of Emissions
Effects of Radiation
Radioisotopes in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
PET Scan
Conservation of Mass and Energy in Nuclear Reactions
References
Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry Overview
Hydrocarbon
Straight-Chain Alkanes
Branched Alkanes
Alkenes and Alkynes
Structural Isomers and Stereoisomers
Cyclic Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Alcohols
Ethers
Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Amines
Alkyl Halides
Substitution Reactions
Addition Reactions
Oxidation Reactions
Condensation Reactions
Polymerization - Addition Polymers
Polymerization - Condensation Polymers
References
Biochemistry
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Amino Acids
Peptides
Proteins
Enzymes
Lipid
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Waxes
Nucleic Acid
DNA and RNA
Genetic Code
Protein Synthesis
References
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