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College ESL Writers: Applied Grammar and Composing Strategies for Success
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College ESL Writers: Applied Grammar and Composing Strategies for Success
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GALILEO, University System of Georgia
GALILEO Open Learning Materials
Spring 2018
College ESL Writers: Applied Grammar and Composing Strategies for Success
Barbara Hall
Elizabeth Wallace
Recommended Citation
Preface
A Note to the Instructor
A Note to the Student
Features
CHAPTER 1: WRITING BASICS – WHAT MAKES A GOOD SENTENCE?
1.1 Sentence Writing
Learning Objectives
Components of a Sentence
Subjects
Compound Subjects
Prepositional Phrases
Verbs
Action Verbs
Linking Verbs
Helping Verbs
1.2 Sentence Structure
Sentence Patterns
Subject–Verb
Subject–Linking Verb–Noun
Subject–Linking Verb–Adjective
Subject–Verb–Adverb
Subject–Verb–Direct Object
Subject–Verb–Indirect Object–Direct Object
1.3 Pronouns
Pronoun Agreement
Indefinite Pronouns and Agreement
Collective Nouns
Subject and Object Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
1.4 Adjectives and Adverbs
1.5 Writing basics: End-of-chapter Exercise
CHAPTER 2: SENTENCE VARIETY - HOW DO I REFINE MY WRITING?
2.1 Sentence Variety
Learning Objectives
Incorporating Sentence Variety
Using Sentence Variety at the Beginning of Sentences
Starting a Sentence with an Adverb
Exercise 1
Starting a Sentence with a Prepositional Phrase
Unmovable Prepositional Phrases
Overuse of Prepositional Phrases
Starting a Sentence by Inverting Subject and Verb
Exercise 2
Connecting Ideas to Increase Sentence Variety
Joining Ideas Using an –ing Modifier
Joining Ideas Using an –ed Modifier
Joining Ideas Using a Relative Clause
Joining Ideas Using an Appositive
Exercise 3
2.2 Coordination and Subordination
Learning Objectives
Coordination and Sentence Combining
Coordinating Conjunctions
Conjunctive Adverbs
Exercise 1
Subordination and Sentence Combining
Subordinating Conjunctions
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
2.3 Sentence Structure Boundaries and Associated Errors
Sentence Structure
Fragments
Common Sentence Errors Which Cause Fragments
Exercise 1
Run-on Sentences
Correcting a Run-on Sentence
Punctuation
Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS)
Dependent Words (Conjunctive Adverbs)
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
2.4 Parallelism
Learning Objectives
Using Parallelism
Creating Parallelism Using Coordinating Conjunctions
Exercise 1
Creating Parallelism Using Than or As
Exercise 2
Creating Parallelism Using Correlative Conjunctions
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
2.5 Refining Your Writing: End-of-Chapter Exercises
CHAPTER 3: WRITING PARAGRAPHS – SEPARATING IDEAS AND SHAPING CONTENT
3.1 Effective Means for Writing a Paragraph
Learning Objectives
Developing a Topic Sentence
Main Idea versus Controlling Idea
Exercise 1
Characteristics of a Good Topic Sentence
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Developing Paragraphs That Use Topic Sentences, Supporting Ideas, and Transitions Effectively
Identifying Parts of a Paragraph
Exercise 4
Supporting Sentences
Concluding Sentences
Exercise 5
Transitions
Exercise 6
3.2 Purpose, Audience, Tone, and Content
Learning Objectives
Identifying Common Academic Purposes
Summary Paragraphs
Analysis Paragraphs
Synthesis Paragraphs
Evaluation Paragraphs
Exercise 1
Identifying the Audience
Selecting an Appropriate Tone
Choosing Appropriate, Interesting Content
3.3 Writing Paragraphs: End-of-Chapter Exercises
CHAPTER 4: WRITING ESSAYS – FROM START TO FINISH
4.1 The Writing Process: Prewriting and Drafting
Learning Objective
Prewriting
Choosing a Topic
Using Experience and Observations
The Importance of Reading as Related to Writing
Freewriting
Exercise 1
More Prewriting Techniques
Narrowing the Focus
Idea Mapping
Topic Checklist – Developing a Good Topic
4.2 Developing a Strong, Clear Thesis Statement
Learning Objectives
Elements of a Thesis Statement
A Strong Thesis Statement
Exercise 1
Examples of Appropriate Thesis Statements
Exercise 2
Thesis Statement Revision
4.3 Outlining
Learning Objectives
Organizing Ideas
Methods of Organizing Writing – What You Might See in Freshman Composition
Writing an Outline
Constructing Topic Outlines
Checklist for Writing an Effective Topic Outline
4.4 Writing Introductory Paragraphs
Learning Objectives
Attracting Interest in Your Introductory Paragraph
4.5 Writing Body Paragraphs
Learning Objectives
Select Primary Support for Your Thesis
Identify the Characteristics of Good Primary Support
Prewrite to Identify Primary Supporting Points for a Thesis Statement
Exercise 1
Select the Most Effective Primary Supporting Points for a Thesis Statement
Exercise 2
Using Evidence to Support Your Thesis
Choose Supporting Topic Sentences
Draft Supporting Detail Sentences for Each Primary Support Sentence
4.6 More About the Basic Elements of a First Draft
The Role of Topic Sentences
The Role of Paragraphs
Starting Your First Draft
Continuing the First Draft
4.7 Writing a Conclusion
The Anatomy of a Strong Conclusion
Writing Your Own First Draft
4.8 Writing Essays: End-of-Chapter Exercises
CHAPTER 5: REVISING AND EDITING
5.1 Reviewing Your Essay
Learning Objectives
Understanding the Purpose of Revising and Editing
The Importance of Unity and Coherence
Creating Unity
Exercise 1
Creating Coherence
Exercise 2
Being Clear and Concise
Identifying Wordiness
Choosing Specific, Appropriate Words
Exercise 3
5.2 Completing a Peer Review
Questions for Peer Review
Another Format for Peer Review
Exercise 4
Using Feedback Objectively
Using Feedback from Multiple Sources
5.3 Editing Your Draft for Standard Grammar and Mechanics
Checklist
Formatting
5.4 Keeping Track of Your Sentence-Level Grammar Errors
CHAPTER 6: WORKING WITH WORDS – USAGE, FORM, & CONTEXT
6.1 Commonly Confused Words
Learning Objectives
Recognizing Commonly Confused Words in Your Writing
Commonly Confused Words
Exercise 1
Strategies to Avoid Commonly Confused Words
Exercise 2
6.2 Spelling
Learning Objectives
Common Spelling Rules
Exercise 1
Commonly Misspelled Words
Commonly Misspelled Words
Exercise 2
Homonyms
Commonly Misused Homonyms
Exercise 3
6.3 Word Choice
Learning Objectives
Using a Dictionary and Thesaurus
Using Proper Connotations
Exercise 1
Avoiding Slang
Exercise 2
Avoiding Clichés
Exercise 3
Avoiding Overly General Words
Exercise 4
Synonyms
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Antonyms
Common Antonyms
Exercise 7
6.4 Word Form – Adjectives and Adverbs / Prefixes and Suffixes
Learning Objectives
Adjectives and Adverbs
Comparative versus Superlative
Exercise 2
Irregular Words: Good, Well, Bad, and Badly
Good versus Well
Bad versus Badly
Better and Worse
Best and Worst
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Prefixes
Common Prefixes
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Suffixes
Exercise 7
6.5 Using Context Clues
Learning Objectives
Brief Definition or Restatement
Synonyms and Antonyms
Examples
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
6.6 Working with Words: End-of-Chapter Exercises
CHAPTER 7: OVERVIEW OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR
7.1 Sentence Structure
Learning Objectives
Basic Sentence Structures
The Structure of Questions
Adjectives
7.2 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
Learning Objectives
Misplaced Modifiers
Exercise 1
Dangling Modifiers
7.3 Negative Statements
Learning Objectives
Exercise 1
Double Negatives
Exercise 2
7.4 Count and Noncount Nouns and Articles
Learning Objectives
Count and Noncount Nouns
Table of Count Nouns
Table of Types of Noncount Nouns
Exercise 1
Definite and Indefinite Articles
Two Article Rules – Reminders
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
7.5 Pronouns
Learning Objectives
Types of Pronouns
Table of Pronoun Types
Exercise 1
Common Pronoun Errors
Exercise 2
Relative Pronouns
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
7.6 Pronoun Agreement
Learning Objectives
Agreement in Number
Agreement in Person
Exercise 1
Indefinite Pronouns and Agreement
Collective Nouns
Exercise 2
Subject and Object Pronouns
Exercise 3
Who versus Whom
Exercise 4
7.7 Overview of Verb Forms
Learning Objectives
Regular Verb Forms
Irregular Verb Forms
Table of Irregular Verbs
Exercise 1
Gerunds
Table of Gerunds and Verbs
Infinitives
Table of Infinitives and Verbs
Table of Infinitives and Gerund Verbs
Exercise 2
7.8 Verb Tenses
Learning Objectives
Simple Verb Tenses
Table of Regular Simple Present Tense Verbs
Table of Regular Simple Past Tense Verbs
Table of Regular Simple Future Tense Verbs
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
To Be, To Do, and To Have
Table of Verb Forms of To Be, To Do, and To Have
Exercise 4
Perfect Verb Tenses
Exercise 5
Progressive Verb Tenses
Exercise 6
Maintaining Consistent Verb Tense
Exercise 7
7.9 Modal Auxiliaries
Learning Objectives
Modal Auxiliaries
Table of Modal Auxiliaries
Exercise 1
Modals and Present Perfect Verbs
Exercise 2
7.10 Subject-Verb Agreement
Learning Objectives
Agreement
Regular Verbs and Agreement
Exercise 1
Verbs: Be, Have, and Do
Be
Have
Do
Exercise 2
Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement
Compound Subjects
Separation of Subjects and Verbs
Indefinite Pronouns
Collective Nouns
The Subject Follows the Verb
Here or There
Questions
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
7.11 Preposition Use
Learning Objectives
In, At, and On
Exercise 1
Prepositions after Verbs or Phrasal Verbs
Table of Verbs and Prepositions
Exercise 2
Prepositions after Adjectives
Table of Adjectives and Prepositions
Exercise 3
7.12 Overview of English Grammar: End-of-Chapter Exercises
Common Prepositions
CHAPTER 8: PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALIZATION
8.1 Commas
Learning Objectives
Commas after an Introductory Word(s) or Phrase(s)
Exercise 1
Commas in a List of Items
Commas and Coordinating Adjectives
Exercise 2
Commas before Conjunctions in Compound Sentences (FANBOYS)
Exercise 3
Commas before and after Interrupting Words
Exercise 4
Commas in Dates, Addresses, and the Greetings and Closings of Letters
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Commas to Introduce a Quote
8.2 Semicolons
Learning Objectives
Semicolons to Join Two Independent Clauses
Semicolons to Join Items in a List
Exercise 1
8.3 Colons
Learning Objectives
Colons to Introduce a List
Colons to Introduce Examples or Explanations
Exercise 1
8.4 Quotes
Learning Objectives
Direct Quotations
Punctuating Direct Quotations
Quotations within Quotations
Titles
Exercise 1
8.5 Apostrophes
Learning Objectives
Possession
Contractions
Exercise 1
8.6 Parentheses
Learning Objectives
Exercise 1
8.7 Dashes
Learning Objectives
Exercise 1
8.8 Hyphens
Learning Objectives
Hyphens between Two Adjectives That Work as One
Hyphens When a Word Breaks at the End of a Line
8.9 Capitalization
Learning Objectives
Capitalize the First Word of a Sentence
Capitalize Proper Nouns
Exercise 1
Capitalize Days of the Week, Months of the Year, and Holidays
Capitalize Titles
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
8.10 End-of-Chapter Exercises
Learning Objectives
Punctuation Exercises
Capitalization Exercises
CHAPTER 9: GOOD WRITING – MODELS AND SAMPLES
9.1 Qualities of Good Writing
More Qualities of Good Writing
9.2 Samples of Good Paragraph Writing
9.3 Samples of Good Essay Writing
CHAPTER 10: SUGGESTED WRITING TOPICS & GRADING RUBRICS
10.1 Suggested Writing Topics
10.2 Sample Grading Rubrics
Sample Rubric #1 - High Intermediate/Advanced Academic Writing Courses
Sample Rubric #2 - High Intermediate/Advanced Academic Writing Courses
Sample Rubric #3 – Freshman Composition Courses
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