Including a Discussion of the Factors Affecting the Mechanical Properties, and Methods of Timber Testing

BY

SAMUEL J. RECORD, M.A., M.F.

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF FOREST PRODUCTS, YALE UNIVERSITY

FIRST EDITION FIRST THOUSAND 1914

Identification of the Economic Woods of the United States. 8vo, vi + 117 pages, 15 figures. Cloth, $1.25 net.

TO THE STAFF OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY, AT MADISON, WISCONSIN IN APPRECIATION OF THE MANY OPPORTUNITIES AFFORDED AND COURTESIES EXTENDED THE AUTHOR

INTRODUCTION

FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS AND DEFINITIONS

TENSILE STRENGTH

COMPRESSIVE OR CRUSHING STRENGTH

SHEARING STRENGTH

TRANSVERSE OR BENDING STRENGTH: BEAMS

Beams

Stiffness of Beams

Strength of Beams

Kinds of Loads

Application of Loads

Failures in Timber Beams

TOUGHNESS: TORSION

HARDNESS

CLEAVABILITY

INTRODUCTION

RATE OF GROWTH

HEARTWOOD AND SAPWOOD

WEIGHT, DENSITY, AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

COLOR

CROSS GRAIN

KNOTS

FROST SPLITS

SHAKES, GALLS, PITCH POCKETS

INSECT INJURIES37

MARINE WOOD-BORER INJURIES

FUNGOUS INJURIES39

PARASITIC PLANT INJURIES.46

LOCALITY OF GROWTH

SEASON OF CUTTING

WATER CONTENT48

TEMPERATURE

PRESERVATIVES

WORKING PLAN

FORMS OF MATERIAL TESTED

SIZE OF TEST SPECIMENS

MOISTURE DETERMINATION

MACHINE FOR STATIC TESTS

SPEED OF TESTING MACHINE

BENDING LARGE BEAMS

BENDING SMALL BEAMS

ENDWISE COMPRESSION

COMPRESSION ACROSS THE GRAIN

SHEAR ALONG THE GRAIN

IMPACT TEST

HARDNESS TEST: ABRASION AND INDENTATION

CLEAVAGE TEST

TENSION TEST PARALLEL TO THE GRAIN

TENSION TEST AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THE GRAIN

TORSION TEST64

SPECIAL TESTS

Spike-pulling Test

Packing Boxes

Vehicle and Implement Woods

Cross-arms

Other Tests

SAMPLE WORKING PLAN OF THE U.S. FOREST SERVICE

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOODS GROWN IN THE UNITED STATES

Working Plan No. 124

PURPOSE OF WORK

MATERIAL

DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS

RECORDS

PHOTOGRAPHS

SHRINKAGE AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Appendix to Working Plan 124

PURPOSE OF WORK

MATERIAL

RADIAL AND TANGENTIAL SHRINKAGE

VOLUMETRIC SHRINKAGE AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

STRENGTH VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBERS

(From Cir. 189, U.S. Forest Service)

Part I: Some general works on mechanics, materials of construction, and testing of materials.

Part II: Publications and articles on the mechanical properties of wood, and timber testing.

Part III: Publications of the U.S. Government on the mechanical properties of wood, and timber testing.

PART I. SOME GENERAL WORKS ON MECHANICS, MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION, AND TESTING OF MATERIALS

PART II. PUBLICATIONS AND ARTICLES ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD, AND TIMBER TESTING

PART III. PUBLICATIONS OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD, AND TIMBER TESTING

MISCELLANEOUS

FOREST SERVICE

REPORTS OF TESTS ON THE STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL MATERIAL, MADE AT THE WATERTOWN ARSENAL, MASS.