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Boundless Economics

Name: Boundless Economics
ISBN: 621-689-680-6

By Boundless

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Book Description

Table of Contents

1: Principles of Economics
- 1.1: The Study of Economics
  - 1.1.0: The Magic of the Economy
  - 1.1.1: Is Economics a Science?
- 1.2: Individual Decision Making
  - 1.2.0: Scarcity Leads to Tradeoffs and Choice
  - 1.2.1: Individuals Face Opportunity Costs
  - 1.2.2: Individuals Make Decisions at the Margins
  - 1.2.3: Individuals Respond to Incentives
- 1.3: Interaction of Individuals, Firms, and Societies
  - 1.3.0: Introducing the Firm
  - 1.3.1: Trade Leads to Gains
  - 1.3.2: Thinking about Efficiency
  - 1.3.3: The Function and Nature of Markets
  - 1.3.4: Markets are Typically Efficient
  - 1.3.5: Government Intervention May Fix Inefficient Markets
  - 1.3.6: Full Economy Interactions
- 1.4: Basic Economic Questions
  - 1.4.0: Production Outputs
  - 1.4.1: Production Inputs and Process
  - 1.4.2: Production Recipients
  - 1.4.3: Differences Between Centrally Planned and Market Economies
  - 1.4.4: Mixed Economies
- 1.5: Economic Models
  - 1.5.0: Math Review
  - 1.5.1: Assumptions
  - 1.5.2: Hypotheses and Tests
  - 1.5.3: Economic Models
  - 1.5.4: Normative and Positive Economics
- 1.6: Differences Between Macroeconomics and Microeconomics
  - 1.6.0: Macroeconomics
  - 1.6.1: Microeconomics
  - 1.6.2: Key Differences
2: The Market System
- 2.1: Introducing the Market System
  - 2.1.0: Defining a Market System
  - 2.1.1: Gains from Markets
  - 2.1.2: Production Possibility Frontier
  - 2.1.3: The Circular Flow Model
3: Introducing Supply and Demand
- 3.1: Demand
  - 3.1.0: The Law of Demand
  - 3.1.1: Demand Schedules and Demand Curves
  - 3.1.2: Market Demand
  - 3.1.3: Ceteris Paribus
  - 3.1.4: Changes in Demand and Shifts in the Demand Curve
- 3.2: Supply
  - 3.2.0: The Law of Supply
  - 3.2.1: Supply Schedules and Supply Curves
  - 3.2.2: Market Supply
  - 3.2.3: Determinants of Supply
  - 3.2.4: Changes in Supply and Shifts in the Supply Curve
- 3.3: Market Equilibrium
  - 3.3.0: Clearing the Market at Equilibrium Price and Quantity
  - 3.3.1: Impacts of Surpluses and Shortages on Market Equilibrium
  - 3.3.2: Changes in Demand and Supply and Impacts on Equilibrium
- 3.4: Government Intervention and Disequilibrium
  - 3.4.0: Why Governments Intervene In Markets
  - 3.4.1: Price Ceilings
  - 3.4.2: Price Ceiling Impact on Market Outcome
  - 3.4.3: Price Floors
  - 3.4.4: Price Floor Impact on Market Outcome
  - 3.4.5: Introduction to Deadweight Loss
  - 3.4.6: Arguments for and Against Government Price Controls
  - 3.4.7: Taxes
  - 3.4.8: Taxation Impact on Economic Output
4: Economic Surplus
- 4.1: Consumer Surplus
  - 4.1.0: Willingness to Pay and the Demand Curve
  - 4.1.1: The Demand Curve and Consumer Surplus
  - 4.1.2: Impacts of Price Changes on Consumer Surplus
- 4.2: Producer Surplus
  - 4.2.0: Market Power
  - 4.2.1: Defining Producer Surplus
  - 4.2.2: Impact of Changing Price on Producer Surplus
5: Consumer Choice and Utility
- 5.1: The Demand Curve and Utility
  - 5.1.0: Defining Utility
  - 5.1.1: Theory of Utility
  - 5.1.2: Marginal Utility
  - 5.1.3: Principle of Diminishing Marginal Utility
- 5.2: Theory of Consumer Choice
  - 5.2.0: Introducing the Budget Constraint
  - 5.2.1: Mapping Preferences with Indifference Curves
  - 5.2.2: Properties of Indifference Curves
  - 5.2.3: Impact of Income on Consumer Choices
  - 5.2.4: Impact of Price on Consumer Choices
  - 5.2.5: Deriving the Demand Curve
  - 5.2.6: Applications of Principles on Consumer Choices
6: Elasticity and its Implications
- 6.1: Price Elasticity of Demand
  - 6.1.0: Defining Price Elasticity of Demand
  - 6.1.1: Measuring the Price Elasticity of Demand
  - 6.1.2: Interpretations of Price Elasticity of Demand
  - 6.1.3: Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand
- 6.2: Other Demand Elasticities
  - 6.2.0: Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand
  - 6.2.1: Income Elasticity of Demand
  - 6.2.2: Calculating Elasticities
- 6.3: Price Elasticity of Supply
  - 6.3.0: Definition of Price Elasticity of Supply
  - 6.3.1: Measuring the Price Elasticity of Supply
  - 6.3.2: Applications of Elasticities
7: Market Failure: Externalities
- 7.1: Introducing Market Failure
  - 7.1.0: Defining Market Failure
  - 7.1.1: Causes of Market Failure
  - 7.1.2: Introducing Externalities
  - 7.1.3: Externality Impacts on Efficiency
- 7.2: Externalities in Depth
  - 7.2.0: Negative Externalities
  - 7.2.1: Positive Externalities
- 7.3: Government Policy Options
  - 7.3.0: Regulation
  - 7.3.1: Tax
  - 7.3.2: Quotas
- 7.4: Private Solutions
  - 7.4.0: Types of Private Solutions
  - 7.4.1: The Coase Theorem
8: Market Failure: Public Goods and Common Resources
- 8.1: Public Goods
  - 8.1.0: Defining a Good
  - 8.1.1: Private Goods
  - 8.1.2: Public Goods
  - 8.1.3: Optimal Quantity of a Public Good
  - 8.1.4: Demand for Public Goods
  - 8.1.5: Cost-Benefit Analysis
- 8.2: Common Resources
  - 8.2.0: The Tragedy of the Commons
  - 8.2.1: The Free-Rider Problem
9: Production
- 9.1: The Production Function
  - 9.1.0: Defining the Production Function
  - 9.1.1: The Law of Diminishing Returns
  - 9.1.2: Inputs and Outputs of the Function
- 9.2: Production Cost
  - 9.2.0: Types of Costs
  - 9.2.1: Average and Marginal Cost
  - 9.2.2: Short Run and Long Run Costs
  - 9.2.3: Economies and Diseconomies of Scale
  - 9.2.4: Economic Costs
- 9.3: Economic Profit
  - 9.3.0: Difference Between Economic and Accounting Profit
  - 9.3.1: Sources and Determinants of Profit
10: Competitive Markets
- 10.1: Perfect Competition
  - 10.1.0: Definition of Perfect Competition
  - 10.1.1: Conditions of Perfect Competition
  - 10.1.2: The Demand Curve in Perfect Competition
- 10.2: Production Decisions in Perfect Competition
  - 10.2.0: Relationship Between Output and Revenue
  - 10.2.1: Marginal Cost Profit Maximization Strategy
  - 10.2.2: Shut Down Case
  - 10.2.3: The Supply Curve in Perfect Competition
  - 10.2.4: Short Run Firm Production Decision
- 10.3: Long-Run Outcomes
  - 10.3.0: Long Run Supply Decisions
  - 10.3.1: Long Run Market Equilibrium
  - 10.3.2: Productive Efficiency
  - 10.3.3: Allocative Efficiency
  - 10.3.4: Entry and Exit of Firms
11: Monopoly
- 11.1: Introduction to Monopoly
  - 11.1.0: Defining Monopoly
- 11.2: Barriers to Entry: Reasons for Monopolies to Exist
  - 11.2.0: Resource Control
  - 11.2.1: Economies of Scale and Network Externalities
  - 11.2.2: Government Action
  - 11.2.3: Legal Barriers
  - 11.2.4: Natural Monopolies
  - 11.2.5: Other Barriers to Entry
- 11.3: Monopoly Production and Pricing Decisions and Profit Outcome
  - 11.3.0: Market Differences Between Monopoly and Perfect Competition
  - 11.3.1: Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Relationship for Monopoly Production
  - 11.3.2: Profit Maximization Function for Monopolies
  - 11.3.3: Monopoly Production Decision
  - 11.3.4: Monopoly Price and Profit
- 11.4: Impacts of Monopoly on Efficiency
  - 11.4.0: Reasons for Efficiency Loss
  - 11.4.1: Understanding and Finding the Deadweight Loss
- 11.5: Price Discrimination
  - 11.5.0: Elasticity Conditions for Price Discrimination
  - 11.5.1: Analysis of Price Discrimination
  - 11.5.2: Examples of Price Discrimination
- 11.6: Monopoly in Public Policy
  - 11.6.0: Social Impacts of Monopoly
  - 11.6.1: Antitrust Laws
  - 11.6.2: Regulation of Natural Monopoly
12: Monopolistic Competition
- 12.1: Monopolistic Competition
  - 12.1.0: Defining Monopolistic Competition
  - 12.1.1: Product Differentiation
  - 12.1.2: Demand Curve
  - 12.1.3: Short Run Outcome of Monopolistic Competition
  - 12.1.4: Long Run Outcome of Monopolistic Competition
  - 12.1.5: Monopolistic Competition Compared to Perfect Competition
  - 12.1.6: Efficiency of Monopolistic Competition
  - 12.1.7: Advertising and Brand Management in Monopolistic Competition
13: Oligopoly
- 13.1: Prerequisites of Oligopoly
  - 13.1.0: Few Sellers
  - 13.1.1: Product Differentiation
  - 13.1.2: Entry Barriers
  - 13.1.3: Price Leadership
- 13.2: Oligopoly in Practice
  - 13.2.0: Collusion and Competition
  - 13.2.1: Game Theory Applications to Oligopoly
  - 13.2.2: The Prisoner's Dilemma and Oligopoly
  - 13.2.3: Duopoly Example
  - 13.2.4: Cartel Example
14: Inputs to Production: Labor, Natural Resources, and Technology
- 14.1: Demand for Labor
  - 14.1.0: Marginal Product of Labor (Physical)
  - 14.1.1: Marginal Product of Labor (Revenue)
  - 14.1.2: Deriving the Labor Demand Curve
- 14.2: Labor Market Equilibrium and Wage Determinants
  - 14.2.0: Conditions of Equilibrium
  - 14.2.1: The Wage Rate
  - 14.2.2: Compensation Differentials
  - 14.2.3: Performance and Pay
  - 14.2.4: Marginal Revenue Productivity and Wages
  - 14.2.5: Changes in Equilibrium for Shifts in Market Supply and Market Demand
  - 14.2.6: Labor Union Impacts on Equilibrium
- 14.3: Income Distribution
  - 14.3.0: How Income is Allocated
  - 14.3.1: Current Topics in Income Distribution
- 14.4: Capital and Natural Resource Markets
  - 14.4.0: Other Factors of Production
  - 14.4.1: The Importance of Factor Prices
  - 14.4.2: Marginal Productivity and Resource Demand
  - 14.4.3: Marginal Productivity and Income Distribution
  - 14.4.4: Capital Market
  - 14.4.5: Natural Resource Market
- 14.5: Capital, Productivity, and Technology
  - 14.5.0: Capital and Technology
  - 14.5.1: Total Factor Productivity
  - 14.5.2: Changes in Technology Over Time
15: Challenges to Efficient Outcomes
- 15.1: Sources of Inefficiency
  - 15.1.0: Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard
  - 15.1.1: Principle-Agent Problem
  - 15.1.2: Public Choice: Median Voters and Inefficient Voting Outcomes
  - 15.1.3: Behavioral Economics: Irrational Actions
  - 15.1.4: Government Failure
16: Taxes and Public Finance
- 16.1: Introduction to Taxes
  - 16.1.0: What Taxes Do
  - 16.1.1: How Taxes Impact Efficiency: Deadweight Losses
- 16.2: Deploying and Measuring Taxes
  - 16.2.0: How Taxes Work in the United States
- 16.3: Progressive, Proportional, and Regressive Taxes
  - 16.3.0: Comparing Marginal and Average Tax Rates
  - 16.3.1: Tax Incidence, Efficiency, and Fairness
  - 16.3.2: Tax Incidence and Elasticity
  - 16.3.3: Trading off Equity and Efficiency
- 16.4: Taxation in the United States
  - 16.4.0: Financing the US Government
  - 16.4.1: Financing State and Local Government
- 16.5: Personal, Property, and Sales Taxes
  - 16.5.0: Corporate and Payroll Taxes
17: Income Inequality and Poverty
- 17.1: Defining and Measuring Inequality, Mobility, and Poverty
  - 17.1.0: Defining and Measuring Poverty
  - 17.1.1: Defining and Measuring Income Inequality
  - 17.1.2: Defining and Measuring Economic Mobility
  - 17.1.3: Measurement Problems
- 17.2: Policies for Reducing Poverty
  - 17.2.0: Social Insurance
  - 17.2.1: Public Assistance
18: Introduction to Macroeconomics
- 18.1: Key Topics in Macroeconomics
  - 18.1.0: Defining Macroeconomics
  - 18.1.1: The Importance of Aggregate Decisions about Consumption versus Saving and Investment
  - 18.1.2: The Role of the Financial System
  - 18.1.3: The Business Cycle: Definition and Phases
  - 18.1.4: Recessions
  - 18.1.5: Managing the Business Cycle
  - 18.1.6: Long Run Growth
19: Measuring Output and Income
- 19.1: Measuring Output Using GDP
  - 19.1.0: Defining GDP
  - 19.1.1: Learning from GDP
  - 19.1.2: The Circular Flow and GDP
  - 19.1.3: GDP Equation in Depth (C+I+G+X)
  - 19.1.4: Calculating GDP
  - 19.1.5: Other Approaches to Calculating GDP
  - 19.1.6: Evaluating GDP as a Measure of the Economy
- 19.2: Other Measures of Output
  - 19.2.0: National Income
  - 19.2.1: Personal Income
  - 19.2.2: Disposable Income
  - 19.2.3: GDP per capita
- 19.3: Comparing Real and Nominal GDP
  - 19.3.0: Calculating Real GDP
  - 19.3.1: The GDP Deflator
- 19.4: Cost of Living
  - 19.4.0: Introduction to Inflation
  - 19.4.1: Defining and Calculating CPI
20: Economic Growth
- 20.1: Comparing Economies
  - 20.1.0: Economic Growth as a Measuring Stick
  - 20.1.1: How to Compare Economies Throughout History
  - 20.1.2: Is Economic Growth a Good Goal?
- 20.2: Assessing Growth
  - 20.2.0: Calculating Economic Growth
  - 20.2.1: Growth in the United States
  - 20.2.2: Growth in the Rest of the World
  - 20.2.3: Catch-Up: Possible, but not Certain
- 20.3: Productivity
  - 20.3.0: The Importance of Productivity
  - 20.3.1: Measuring Productivity
  - 20.3.2: Impacts of Technological Change on Productivity
- 20.4: Long-Run Growth
  - 20.4.0: Determinants of Long-Run Growth
  - 20.4.1: Aggregate Production
  - 20.4.2: Changing Worker Productivity
  - 20.4.3: Technological Change
  - 20.4.4: Government Activity
  - 20.4.5: Arguments in Favor and Opposed to Economic Growth
- 20.5: The Impact of Policy on Growth
  - 20.5.0: Incentivizing Saving and Investment
  - 20.5.1: Improving Education and Health Outcomes
  - 20.5.2: Defining and Defending Property Rights
  - 20.5.3: Promoting Free Trade
  - 20.5.4: Investing in Research and Development
21: Inflation
- 21.1: Defining, Measuring, and Assessing Inflation
  - 21.1.0: Defining Inflation
  - 21.1.1: Measuring Inflation
  - 21.1.2: Price Indices and the Rate of Change of Prices
  - 21.1.3: The Costs of Inflation
  - 21.1.4: Distribution Effects of Inflation
  - 21.1.5: Deflation
22: Unemployment
- 22.1: Introduction to Unemployment
  - 22.1.0: Defining Unemployment
  - 22.1.1: Defining Full Employment
  - 22.1.2: Types of Unemployment: Frictional, Structural, Cyclical
- 22.2: Measuring Unemployment
  - 22.2.0: Measuring the Unemployment Rate
  - 22.2.1: Shortcomings of the Measurement
  - 22.2.2: Typical Lengths of Unemployment
- 22.3: Understanding Unemployment
  - 22.3.0: Reasons for Unemployment
  - 22.3.1: Impact of Public Policy on Unemployment
  - 22.3.2: Impact of Unions on Unemployment
  - 22.3.3: Efficiency Wage Theory
  - 22.3.4: Job Creation and Destruction
23: Inflation and Unemployment
- 23.1: The Relationship Between Inflation and Unemployment
  - 23.1.0: The Phillips Curve
  - 23.1.1: The Relationship Between the Phillips Curve and AD-AD
  - 23.1.2: The Long-Run Phillips Curve
  - 23.1.3: The Short-Run Phillips Curve
  - 23.1.4: Relationship Between Expectations and Inflation
  - 23.1.5: Shifting the Phillips Curve with a Supply Shock
  - 23.1.6: Disinflation
24: Aggregate Demand and Supply
- 24.1: Introducing Aggregate Expenditure
  - 24.1.0: Defining Aggregate Expenditure: Components and Comparison to GDP
  - 24.1.1: Aggregate Expenditure at Economic Equilibrium
  - 24.1.2: Graphing Equilibrium
  - 24.1.3: The Multiplier Effect
- 24.2: Introducing Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
  - 24.2.0: Explaining Fluctuations in Output
  - 24.2.1: Classical Theory
  - 24.2.2: Keynesian Theory
- 24.3: Aggregate Demand
  - 24.3.0: Introducing Aggregate Demand
  - 24.3.1: The Slope of the Aggregate Demand Curve
  - 24.3.2: Reasons for and Consequences of Shifts in the Aggregate Demand Curve
- 24.4: Aggregate Supply
  - 24.4.0: Introducing Aggregate Supply
  - 24.4.1: The Slope of the Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve
  - 24.4.2: The Slope of the Long-Run Aggregate Supply Curve
  - 24.4.3: Moving from Short-Run to Long-Run
  - 24.4.4: Reasons for and Consequences of Shifts in the Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve
- 24.5: The Aggregate Demand-Supply Model
  - 24.5.0: Macroeconomic Equilibrium
  - 24.5.1: Reasons for and Consequences of Shift in Aggregate Demand
  - 24.5.2: Reasons for and Consequences of Shift in Aggregate Supply
25: Major Macroeconomic Theories
- 25.1: Major Theories in Macroeconomics
  - 25.1.0: Keynesian Theory
  - 25.1.1: Monetarist
  - 25.1.2: Austrian
  - 25.1.3: Alternative Views
26: Fiscal Policy
- 26.1: Introduction to Fiscal Policy
  - 26.1.0: Defining Fiscal Policy
  - 26.1.1: How Fiscal Policy Relates to the AD-AS Model
  - 26.1.2: Expansionary Versus Contractionary Fiscal Policy
  - 26.1.3: Fiscal Levers: Spending and Taxation
  - 26.1.4: How Fiscal Policy Can Impact GDP
  - 26.1.5: Fiscal Policy and the Multiplier
- 26.2: Evaluating Fiscal Policy
  - 26.2.0: Automatic Stabilizers
  - 26.2.1: Automatic Stabilizers Versus Discretionary Policy
  - 26.2.2: The Role of the Federal Budget
  - 26.2.3: Arguments for and Against Balancing the Budget
  - 26.2.4: Long-Run Implications of Fiscal Policy
  - 26.2.5: Problems of Long-Run Government Debt
  - 26.2.6: Limits of Fiscal Policy
  - 26.2.7: Difficulty in Getting the Timing Right
  - 26.2.8: Crowding-Out Effect
  - 26.2.9: Evaluating the Recent United States Stimulus Package
27: The Monetary System
- 27.1: Introducing Money
  - 27.1.0: The Definition of Money
  - 27.1.1: The Functions of Money
  - 27.1.2: Measuring the Money Supply: M1
  - 27.1.3: Measuring the Money Supply: M2
  - 27.1.4: Other Measurements of the Money Supply
- 27.2: Introducing the Federal Reserve
  - 27.2.0: Introduction to Monetary Policy
  - 27.2.1: The Creation of the Federal Reserve
  - 27.2.2: Structure of the Federal Reserve
  - 27.2.3: The Federal Open Market Committee and the Role of the Fed
  - 27.2.4: The Federal Reserve and the Financial Crisis of 2008
  - 27.2.5: The Structure and Function of Other Banks
- 27.3: Creating Money
  - 27.3.0: The Fractional Reserve System
  - 27.3.1: Example Transactions Showing How a Bank Can Create Money
  - 27.3.2: The Money Multiplier in Theory
  - 27.3.3: The Money Multiplier in Reality
28: Monetary Policy
- 28.1: Introduction to Monetary Policy
  - 28.1.0: The Demand for Money
  - 28.1.1: Shifts in the Money Demand Curve
  - 28.1.2: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
- 28.2: Monetary Policy Tools
  - 28.2.0: The Reserve Ratio
  - 28.2.1: The Discount Rate
  - 28.2.2: The Federal Funds Rate
  - 28.2.3: Open Market Operations
  - 28.2.4: Setting and Achieving the Interest Rate Target
  - 28.2.5: Executing Expansionary Monetary Policy
  - 28.2.6: Executing Restrictive Monetary Policy
  - 28.2.7: The Taylor Rule
- 28.3: Impacts of Federal Reserve Policies
  - 28.3.0: The Impact of Monetary Policy on Aggregate Demand, Prices, and Real GDP
  - 28.3.1: The Effect of Expansionary Monetary Policy
  - 28.3.2: The Effect of Restrictive Monetary Policy
  - 28.3.3: Limitations of Monetary Policy
  - 28.3.4: Using Monetary Policy to Target Inflation
- 28.4: Historical Federal Reserve Policies
  - 28.4.0: Volcker Disinflation
  - 28.4.1: Greenspan Era
  - 28.4.2: Bernanke Era
29: The Financial System
- 29.1: Introducing the Financial System
  - 29.1.0: Institutions, Markets, and Intermediaries
  - 29.1.1: Role in Matching Savings and Investment Spending
  - 29.1.2: Role in Providing a Market for Loanable Funds
- 29.2: Tools of Finance
  - 29.2.0: Present Value and the Time Value of Money
  - 29.2.1: Measuring and Managing Risk
  - 29.2.2: The Value of Diversification
  - 29.2.3: The Relationship Between Risk and Return and the Security Market Line
30: Current Topics in Macroeconomics
- 30.1: Questions for Debate
  - 30.1.0: Arguments For and Against Discretionary Monetary Policy
  - 30.1.1: Arguments For and Against Fighting Recession with Expansionary Monetary Policy
  - 30.1.2: Arguments For and Against Fighting Recession with Expansionary Fiscal Policy
  - 30.1.3: Arguments For and Against Inflation Targeting Policy Interventions
31: International Trade
- 31.1: Introduction to International Trade
  - 31.1.0: Reasons for Trade
  - 31.1.1: Understanding Production Possibilities
  - 31.1.2: Defining Absolute Advantage
  - 31.1.3: Defining Comparative Advantage
  - 31.1.4: Absolute Advantage Versus Comparative Advantage
  - 31.1.5: Benefits of Specialization
  - 31.1.6: Relationship Between Specialization and Trade
- 31.2: Gains from Trade
  - 31.2.0: Exports: The Economic Impacts of Selling Goods to Other Countries
  - 31.2.1: Imports: The Economics Impacts of Buying Goods from Other Countries
  - 31.2.2: Costs of Trade
- 31.3: The United States in the Global Economy
  - 31.3.0: The Importance of Trade
  - 31.3.1: The Balance of Trade
- 31.4: Barriers to Trade
  - 31.4.0: Tariffs
  - 31.4.1: Quotas
  - 31.4.2: Other Barriers
- 31.5: Arguments for and Against Protectionist Policy
  - 31.5.0: National Security Argument
  - 31.5.1: Infant Industry Argument
  - 31.5.2: Unfair Competition Argument
  - 31.5.3: Jobs Argument
  - 31.5.4: A Summary of International Trade Agreements
32: Open Economy Macroeconomics
- 32.1: Capital Flows
  - 32.1.0: The Balance of Payments
  - 32.1.1: The Current Account
  - 32.1.2: The Financial Account
  - 32.1.3: The Capital Account
  - 32.1.4: Reason for a Zero Balance
- 32.2: Exchange Rates
  - 32.2.0: Introducing Exchange Rates
  - 32.2.1: Finding an Equilibrium Exchange Rate
  - 32.2.2: Real Versus Nominal Rates
  - 32.2.3: Exchange Rate Policy Choices
  - 32.2.4: Exchange Rate Systems
  - 32.2.5: Fixed Exchange Rates
  - 32.2.6: Managed Float
- 32.3: Equilibrium
  - 32.3.0: Open Economy Equilibrium
  - 32.3.1: Impacts of Policies and Events on Equilibrium
  - 32.3.2: Effect of a Government Budget Deficit on Investment and Equilibrium
33: Economic Crises
- 33.1: Fundamentals of Banking Crises
  - 33.1.0: Causes of Banking Crises
  - 33.1.1: Consequences of Banking Crises
- 33.2: The 2007-2009 Crisis
  - 33.2.0: Causes and Immediate Impacts of the Crisis
  - 33.2.1: Recovery
  - 33.2.2: Global Impacts
34: Interest and Profit
- 34.1: Interest
  - 34.1.0: Defining Capital
  - 34.1.1: Interest Rates and Economic Rationale
35: Health Care Economics
- 35.1: Introducing Health Care Economics
  - 35.1.0: Defining Health, Health Care, and Medical Care
  - 35.1.1: Where a Dollar Spent on Health Care Goes: Introducing the Inputs to Health Care
  - 35.1.2: Different Health Care Systems Around the World
  - 35.1.3: Externalities in the Health Care Market
  - 35.1.4: Current Issues in Health Care
36: Natural Resource Economics
- 36.1: Introduction to Natural Resource Economics
  - 36.1.0: Types of Natural Resources
  - 36.1.1: Basic Economics of Natural Resources
  - 36.1.2: Externalities and Impacts on Resource Allocation
37: Agriculture Economics
- 37.1: Introduction to the Agriculture Economics
  - 37.1.0: The Agricultural Market Landscape
  - 37.1.1: Subsidies and Income Supports
  - 37.1.2: Price Supports
  - 37.1.3: Supply Reduction
  - 37.1.4: Evaluating Policies
38: Immigration Economics
- 38.1: Introduction to Immigration Economics
  - 38.1.0: Dimensionalizing Immigration: Numbers of Immigrants around the World
  - 38.1.1: Impact of Immigration on the Immigrant
  - 38.1.2: Impact of Immigration on the Host and Home Country Economies

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