The Microscope. Its History, Construction, and Application 15th ed.
Being a familiar introduction to the use of the instrument, and the study of microscopical science
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THE MICROSCOPE ITS HISTORY, CONSTRUCTION, AND APPLICATION BEING A FAMILIAR INTRODUCTION TO THE USE OF THE INSTRUMENT, AND THE STUDY OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE By JABEZ HOGG, M.R.C.S., F.R.M.S., FORMERLY AND FOR TWENTY-FIVE YEARS SURGEON TO THE ROYAL WESTMINSTER OPHTHALMIC HOSPITAL; PAST PRESIDENT OF THE MEDICAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA; OF THE MEDICO-LEGAL SOCIETY, NEW YORK; OF THE BELGIAN MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY, ETC.; AUTHOR OF “ELEMENTS OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY,” “A MANUAL OF OPHTHALMOSCOPIC SURGERY,” ETC. WITH UPWARDS OF NINE HUNDRED ENGRAVED AND COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS BY TUFFEN WEST AND OTHER ARTISTS An 18th Century Microscope. FIFTEENTH EDITION RE-CONSTRUCTED, RE-WRITTEN, REVISED, AND ENLARGED THROUGHOUT LONDON AND NEW YORK GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, LIMITED 1898
PREFACE TO THE FIFTEENTH EDITION.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
CONTENTS.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES, COLOURED AND PLAIN.
FRONTISPIECE.
RADIOLARIA.
PLATE I.—Page 400.
PROTOPHYTA. THALLOPHYTES.
PLATE II.—Page 412.
PROTOPHYTA. ALGÆ.
PLATE III.—Page 479.
PROTOZOA.
PLATE IV.—Page 514.
METAZOA. BRYOZOA.
PLATE V.—Page 556.
MOLLUSCA.
PLATE VI.—Page 582.
INSECTA.
PLATE VII.—Page 633.
VERTEBRATA.
PLATE VIII.—Page 220.
POLARISCOPE OBJECTS.
PLATE IX.—Page 362.
TYPICAL PLATE OF BACTERIA AND SCHIZOMYCETES.
PLATE X.—Page 420.
DESMIDIACEÆ.
PLATE XI.—Page 428.
DIATOMACEÆ.
PLATE XII.—Page 438.
MICRO-PHOTOGRAPH OF TEST DIATOMS.
PLATE XIII.—Page 454.
PHANEROGAMIÆ—ELEMENTARY TISSUE OF PLANTS.
PLATE XIV.—Page 472.
STELLATE AND CRYSTALLINE TISSUE.
PLATE XV.—Page 482.
RHIZOPODA.—GROMIA.—FORAMINIFERA.
PLATE XVI.—Page 510.
SPONGE SPICULES.
PLATE XVII.—Page 518.
ZOOPHYTES, ASTEROIDS, NUDIBRANCHS, AND ECHINOIDS.
PLATE XVIII.—Page 558.
SHELLS OF MOLLUSCA.
PLATE XIX.—Page 636.
VERTEBRATA.
PLATE XX.—Page 658.
BONE STRUCTURE.
ERRATA.
THE MICROSCOPE.
PART I.
Early History of the Microscope.
The Modern Microscope.
CHAPTER I.
Elementary Optics.
Indices of Refraction.
Lenses.
Concave Lenses.
The Human Eye.
The Theory of Microscopical Vision.
Lord Rayleigh’s Theory of the Formation of Optical Images, with Special Reference to the Microscope.12
Definition of Aperture; Principles of Microscopic Vision.
Numerical Aperture.
Abbe’s Apertometer.
Stereoscopic Binocular Vision.
CHAPTER II.
Simple and Compound Microscope.
The Compound Microscope.
Evolution of the Modern Achromatic Microscope.
Ross’s Microscopes.
Messrs. Beck’s Microscopes.
Messrs. Watson’s Microscopes.
Watson’s Mechanical Draw-tube.
Messrs. Swift’s Microscopes.
Messrs. Baker’s Microscopes.
Pillischer’s Microscopes.
Continental Microscopes.
The Bacteriological Microscope.
CHAPTER III.
Applied Optics:—Eye-pieces; Achromatic Objectives; Condensers.
The Achromatic Objective.
Relative Merits of the English and German Objectives.
Abbe’s Test-plate.
COVER-GLASS GAUGE.
English Immersion and Dry Objectives.
Magnifying Powers of Eye-Pieces and Objectives.
A TYPICAL AND INITIAL SELECTION OF POWERS OF EYE-PIECES CALCULATED FOR THE 10-INCH TUBE-LENGTH.
Compensating Eye-pieces for use with Apochromatic Objectives.
Initial Powers of Objectives calculated for the 10-inch Tube-length.
High-Power Objectives.
Achromatic Condensers.
Abbe’s Condenser.
Oblique Illumination.
Method of Employing the Achromatic Condenser to the Greatest Advantage.
THE DIAPHRAGM.
The Mirror.
Accessories of the Microscope.
The Bull’s-eye Condensing Lens.
Nose-pieces and Objective Changers.
Micro-Photography.
Apparatus and Material.
Polarisation of Light.
Rotation of Plane of Polarisation.
Molecular Rotation.
Formation and Polarisation of Crystals.
SALTS.
MINERALS.
ANIMAL STRUCTURES.
VEGETABLE CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCES.
The Micro-spectroscope.
Method of using the Micro-Spectroscope.
Absorption Spectrum of Chromule.
CHAPTER IV.
Practical Microscopy: Manipulation, and Mode of Using the Microscope.
Directions for finding the best Focus.
Working Accessories.
Troughs—Live-cages—Compressors.
Methods of Preparing, Hardening, Staining and Section Cutting.
Staining Animal Structures.
Double and Treble Staining.
Injecting Small Animal Bodies.
Cutting, Grinding, and Mounting Hard Structures.
Bacteria Cultivation, Sterilising, and Preparing for Microscopical Examination.
Apparatus, Material, and Reagents employed in Bacteriological Investigations.
Apparatus for Incubation and Cultivations in Liquid Media.
THE WARM CHAMBER, STERILISER, AND INCUBATOR.
Preparation of Nutrient Media—Separation, and Cultivation of Bacteria.
Microscopical Examination of Bacteria.
Staining of Flagella.
Bacteria in Sections of Tissues.
Preparing, Mounting, Cementing and Collecting Objects.
Collection of Objects.
PART II.
CHAPTER I.
Microscopic Forms of Life—Thallophytes—Pteridophyta, Phanerogamæ—Structure and Properties of the Cell.
Pathogenic Fungi and Moulds.
Parasitic Diseases of Plants.
Habitat of Fungi and Moulds.
Habitat, Specialised Forms of Parasites.
Parasitic Fungi of Men and Animals.
Industrial uses of Fungi and Saccharomycetes.
Results of De Bary’s Investigations in Parasitism.
Desmidiaceæ and Diatomaceæ.
Movements of Diatoms.
Diatomaceæ, Recent and Fossil.
Lichenaceæ.
Musci, Bryophyta.
Structure of Phanerogamiæ or Flowering Plants.
CHAPTER II.
The Sub-kingdom Protozoa.
Infusoria.
Porifera. Spongiadæ.
CHAPTER III.
Zoophytes, Cœlenterata, Medusæ, Corals, Hydrozoa.
Bryozoa, Moss-animals.
Annulosa, Worms, and Entozoa.
Crustacea.
CHAPTER IV.
Arthropoda—Insecta.
CHAPTER V.
Vertebrata.
CHAPTER VI.
The Mineral and Geological Kingdoms.
APPENDICES AND TABLES USEFUL TO THE MICROSCOPIST.
Appendix A.
ILLUMINATION ARRANGEMENTS OF THE MICROSCOPE.
Appendix B.
MICRO-PHOTOGRAPHY.
Appendix C.
CLEARING AGENTS.
CEMENTS.
DECALCIFYING AND BLEACHING.
HARDENING, FREEZING, AND EMBEDDING.
MOUNTING MEDIA.
STAINS AND STAINING METHODS.
Appendix D.
THE METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
Appendix E.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CENTIGRADE AND FAHRENHEIT THERMOMETERS.
INDEX.
FOOTNOTES:
Transcriber’s Note:
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